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New Zealand
 
[United Tribes of New
                                    Zealand flag (U.K. gazetted version,
                                    5 pointed stars as made and used)
                                    1835-1840 (New Zealand)]
28 Oct 1835 - 6 Feb 1840 As Gazetted And Used
Flag of United Tribes of New Zealand
[United Tribes of New
                                    Zealand 1835 flag (as used by Maori
                                    chiefs, 8 pointed stars, black
                                    fimbrication] 1835-1840 (New
                                    Zealand)])
28 Oct 1835 - 6 Feb 1840 As Used By Maori
Flag of United Tribes of New Zealand

[flag of
                                    United Kingdom]
6 Feb 1840 - 6 Dec 1902
 
[New
                                    Zealand blue ensign 1867-1869]
10 Jan 1867 - 23 Oct 1869  Merchant Ensign
 
[New
                                    Zealand Merchant Ensign 1 Jan 1900 -
                                    9 Jun 1902]
1 Jan 1900 - 9 Jun 1902  Merchant Ensign
[National
                                    Flag of New Zealand]
23 Oct 1869 - 1 Jan 1900 Merchant Ensign;
Officially Adopted  6 Dec 1902
Map of New Zealand
Hear Co-National Anthem
"God Defend New Zealand"
("Aotearoa")
Adopted 1 May 1940 (co-national
anthem from 21 Nov 1977)

Hear Co-National Anthem
 "God Save the King"
(E te Atua tohungia te Kuini)
Constitution
(1 Jan 1987)
Capital: Wellington
(Auckland 1841-Feb 1865;
Old Russell 1840-1841)
Currency: New Zealand
Dollar (NZD); 1907-1967
New Zealand Pound (NZP)
National Holiday: 6 Feb (1840)
Waitangi Day
Population: 5,161,211 (2024)
GDP: $254.7 billion (2023)
Exports: $59 billion (2023)
Imports: $68.4 billion (2023)
Ethnic groups: European 64.1%, Maori 16.5%, Chinese 4.9%,
Indian 4.7%, Samoan 3.9%, Tongan 1.8%, Cook Islands
Maori 1.7%, English 1.5%, Filipino 1.5%, New Zealander 1%,
other 13.7% (2018)
note: percentages add up to more than 100% because people were able to identify more than one ethnic group.
Total Active Armed Forces: 9,000 (2019)
Merchant marine: 117 ships (2023)
Religions: Christian 37.3% (Roman Catholic 10.1%, Anglican 6.8%, Presbyterian and Congregational 5.2%, Pentecostal 1.8%, Methodist 1.6%, Mormon 1.2%, other 10.7%), Hindu 2.7%, Maori 1.3%, Muslim, 1.3%, Buddhist 1.1%, other religion 1.6% (includes Judaism, Spiritualism and New Age religions, Baha'i, Asian religions other than Buddhism), no religion 48.6%, objected to answering 6.7% (2018)
note: percentages add up to more than 100% because people were able to identify more than one religion.
International Organizations/Treaties: ADB, AG, AIIB (signatory), ANT (consultative), ANZUS (U.S. suspended security obligations to NZ on 11 Aug 1986), APA (observer), APEC, APM, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), BIS, BTWC, C, CCM, CD, CP, CPTPP, CWC, EAS, EBRD, ENMOD, ESCR, FAO, FATF, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, IRENA, ISA, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, Mercosur (observer), MIGA, MTCR, NAM (guest), NATO (global partner), NPT, NTBT, NSG, OECD, OPCW, OST, PA (observer), Paris Club (associate), PC, PCA, PIF, RCEP, SICA (observer), UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNFCC-KP, UNFCC-PA, UNHCR, UPU, WA, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
New Zealand
Index
Chronology

181/186 AD                 Massive super volcanic eruption of Taupo Volcano on
                             the North Island.
13 Dec 1642                South Island is sighted by the Dutch Capt. Abel
                             Janszoon Tasman (b. 1609 - d. 1659) and
named
                             Staeten Landt
, later known as Nieuw Zeeland.
 8 Oct 1769 - 28 Feb 1777  Circumnavigated and claimed for the United Kingdom
                             by Capt. James Cook (b. 1728 - d. 1779).
12 Jun 1772                French Capt. Marc-Joseph Marion du Fresne (b. 1724 -
                             d. 1772) and 26 crew are killed at Te Hue Bay.
1806 - 1845                Musket Wars, series of as many as 3,000 battles and
                             raids fought throughout New Zealand among Māori.
28 Oct 1835                Maori declare independence (Confederation of the
                             United Tribes) under U.K. protectorate.
30 Jan 1840                Boundaries of the government of the British colony
                             of New South Wales (see under Australian states),
                             are extended to territories of New Zealand (which
                             have been or may be) ceded to the U.K. Crown, by
                             proclamation issued by the Lieutenant-Governor
                             of New Zealand on 30 Jan 1840 at Russell
                             (Kororāreka), Bay of Islands.
 6 Feb 1840                Sovereignty¹ over the territories exercised by the
                             chiefs of some tribes of North Island of New
                             Zealand is ceded to the British Crown in
                             accordance with a treaty concluded at Waitangi,
                             North Island.
21 May 1840                British sovereignty proclaimed over the North
                             ("Northern") Island, South ("Middle") Island, and
                             Stewart Island of New Zealand and is vested in the
                             British Crown in accordance with the proclamations
                             issued by the Lieutenant-Governor of New Zealand
                             on 21 May 1840 at Russell (Kororāreka), Bay of
                             Islands.
 3 May 1841                Colony of New Zealand (organized as a separate
                             colony by charter signed by the Queen of the U.K.
                             on 16 Nov 1840).
 1 Nov 1842                Chatham, Bounty, Antipodes, and Auckland Islands 
                             and Campbell Island are annexed to New Zealand.
 6 Jun 1887                Kermadec Islands annexed to New Zealand.
26 Sep 1907                Dominion of New Zealand (from 1946 use of the term
                             'Dominion' limited, but not formally excluded, and
                             was not included in the Royal Style proclaimed on
                             29 May 1953, but remained in use in some judicial
                             documents up to 1 Jan 1987).
11 Dec 1931                Statute of Westminster grants sovereignty to the
                             British dominions, but requires ratification by
                             New Zealand.
25 Nov 1947                Legislative independence of New Zealand from the
                             U.K. is achieved upon the adoption of provisions
                             of the Statute of Westminster 1931 of 11 Dec 1931
                             by the "Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1947."
 1 Nov 1983                New Zealand is defined as the Realm of New Zealand
                             (comprising New Zealand, the self-governing state
                             of the Cook Islands, the self-governing states of
                             Niue, Tokelau, and the Ross Dependency, in a
                             Letters Patent of 27 Oct 1983).
13 Dec 1986                Constitution Act 1986 is passed, patriates the New
                             Zealand constitution to New Zealand and repeals
                             the Statute of Westminster (effective 1 Jan 1987).
 1 Jan 1987                New Zealand (also in official use in Māori from
                             1 Aug 1987, Aotearoa [not defined in statutory
                             legislation]).

Provinces
(1848-1877)
Maori
Kīngitanga
Ngāti Tūwharetoa
Chatham Islands
Ross Dependency
Treaty of Waitangi
 (6 Feb 1840 -
31 Dec 1999)
 
 
 
 

Kings/Queens2
26 Sep 1907 -              the Kings/Queens of the United Kingdom

British Residents
10 May 1833 - 30 Jan 1840  James Busby                        (b. 1802 - d. 1871)
                           - jointly with - 
1834 - 30 Jan 1840         Thomas McDonnell (co-resident)     (b. 1788 - d. 1864)
Lieutenant-Governor of New Zealand
30 Jan 1840 -  3 Jan 1841  William Hobson                     (b. 1792 - d. 1842)
Governors and Commanders-in-Chief in and over the Colony of New Zealand and its Dependencies
 3 Jan 1841 - 10 Sep 1842  William Hobson                     (s.a.)

                             (acting to 3 May 1841)
10 Sep 1842 - 26 Dec 1843  Willoughby Shortland (acting)      (b. 1804 - d. 1869)
Governor and Commander-in-Chief in and over the Colony of New Zealand and its Dependencies
26 Dec 1843 - 18 Nov 1845  Robert FitzRoy                     (b. 1805 - d. 1865)

Lieutenant-Governor and Commanders-in-Chief in and over Her Majesty’s Colony of New Zealand, and its Dependencies
18 Nov 1845 -  1 Jan 1848  George Grey                        (b. 1812 - d. 1898)

Governor-in-Chief in and over the Islands of New Zealand

 1 Jan 1848 -  7 Mar 1853  George Grey                        (s.a.)
                             (from 27 Apr 1848, Sir George Grey)
Governors and Commanders-in-Chief in and over the Colony of New Zealand and its Dependencies
 7 May 1853 - 31 Dec 1853  Sir George Grey (1st time)         (s.a.)

 3 Jan 1854 -  6 Sep 1855  Robert Henry Wynyard (1st time)    (b. 1802 - d. 1864)
                             (acting)
 6 Sep 1855 -  3 Oct 1861  Thomas Robert Gore Browne          (b. 1807 - d. 1887)
 3 Oct 1861 -  4 Dec 1861  Robert Henry Wynyard (2nd time)    (s.a.)
                             (acting)
 4 Dec 1861 -  5 Feb 1868  Sir George Grey (2nd time)         (s.a.)
 5 Feb 1868 - 19 Mar 1873  Sir George Ferguson Bowen          (b. 1821 - d. 1899)
21 Mar 1873 - 14 Jun 1873  Sir George Alfred Arney (acting)   (b. 1810 - d. 1883)
14 Jun 1873 -  3 Dec 1874  Sir James Fergusson, Baronet, of   (b. 1832 - d. 1907)
                             Kilkerran in the County of Ayrshire
 3 Dec 1874 - 21 Feb 1879  Sir George Augustus Constantine    (b. 1819 - d. 1890)
                             Phipps, Marquess of Normanby, of
                             Normanby,
in the County of York,
                             Earl of Mulgrave, in the County
                             of York, Viscount Normanby,
                             of Normanby, in the County of
                             York, Baron Mulgrave, in the
                             County of York

21 Feb 1879 - 27 Mar 1879  James Prendergast (1st time)       (b. 1826 - d. 1921)
                             (acting)
27 Mar 1879 -  9 Sep 1880  Sir Hercules George Robert         (b. 1824 - d. 1897)
                             Robinson (acting to 17 Apr 1879) 
 9 Sep 1880 - 29 Nov 1880  James Prendergast (2nd time)       (s.a.)
                             (acting for Robinson)
29 Nov 1880 - 24 Jun 1882  Sir Arthur Charles Hamilton-Gordon (b. 1829 - d. 1912)
24 Jun 1882 - 20 Jan 1883  James Prendergast (3rd time)       (s.a.)
                             (acting)
20 Jan 1883 - 23 Mar 1889  Sir William Francis Drummond       (b. 1821 - d. 1897)
                             Jervois
23 Mar 1889 -  2 May 1889  James Prendergast (4th time)       (s.a.) 
                             (acting)
 2 May 1889 - 25 Feb 1892  William Hillier, Earl of Onslow    (b. 1853 - d. 1911)
25 Feb 1892 -  6 Jun 1892  James Prendergast (5th time)       (s.a.)
                             (acting)
 7 Jun 1892 -  8 Feb 1897  David Boyle, Earl of Glasgow       (b. 1833 - d. 1915)
 8 Feb 1897 -  9 Aug 1897  James Prendergast (6th time)       (s.a.)
                             (acting)
10 Aug 1897 - 20 Jun 1904  Uchter John Mark Knox,             (b. 1856 - d. 1933)
                             Earl of Ranfurly 
20 Jun 1904 - 27 Nov 1907  William Lee Plunket, Baron         (b. 1864 - d. 1920)
                             Plunket of Newton in County Cork
Governor
s and Commanders-in-Chief in and over the Dominion of New Zealand and its Dependencies
(representing the British monarch as head of state)
27 Nov 1907 - 22 Jun 1910  William Lee Plunket, Baron         (s.a.)

                             Plunket of Newton in County Cork
 8 Jun 1910 - 22 Jun 1910  Sir Robert Stout (1st time)        (b. 1844 - d. 1930) 
                             (acting for Baron Plunket)
22 Jun 1910 - 19 Dec 1912  John Poynder Dickson-Poynder,      (b. 1866 - d. 1936)
                             Baron Islington, of Islington in
                             the County of London, Baronet, of
                             Sydenham, Roxburgh, New Brunswick
 3 Dec 1912 - 19 Dec 1912  Sir Robert Stout (2nd time)        (s.a.) 
                             (acting for Baron Islington)
19 Dec 1912 - 28 Jun 1917  Arthur William de Brito Savile     (b. 1870 - d. 1941)
                             Foljambe, Earl of Liverpool,  
                             Viscount Hawkesbury, of Kirkham in
                             the County of York and of Mansfield
                             in the County of Nottingham, Baron
                             Hawkesbury, of Haselbech in the County
                             of Northampton and of Ollerton, Sherwood
                             Forest, in the County of Nottingham
Governors-General and Commanders-in-Chief in and over the Dominion of New Zealand and
Dependencies
3
(representing the British monarch as head of state)
28 Jun 1917 - 27 Sep 1920  Arthur William de Brito Savile     (s.a.)
                             Foljambe, Earl of Liverpool,  
                             Viscount Hawkesbury, of Kirkham in
                             the County of York and of Mansfield
                             in the County of Nottingham, Baron
                             Hawkesbury, of Haselbech in the County
                             of Northampton and of Ollerton, Sherwood
                             Forest, in the County of Nottingham
 8 Jul 1920 - 27 Sep 1920  Sir Robert Stout (3rd time)        (s.a.)
                             (administrator, acting for Earl of Liverpool) 
27 Sep 1920 - 13 Dec 1924  John Rushworth Jellicoe, Viscount  (b. 1859 - d. 1935)
                             Jellicoe, of Scapa in the County
                             of Orkney

26 Nov 1924 - 13 Dec 1924  Sir Robert Stout (4th time)        (s.a.)
                             (administrator, acting for Viscount Jellicoe)
13 Dec 1924 - 19 Mar 1930  Sir Charles Fergusson, Baronet, of (b. 1865 - d. 1951)
                             Kilkerran in the County of Ayrshire

 8 Feb 1930 - 19 Mar 1930  Sir Michael Myers (1st time)       (b. 1873 - d. 1950) 
                             (administrator, acting for Fergusson)
19 Mar 1930 - 12 Apr 1935  Charles Bathurst, Baron Bledisloe, (b. 1867 - d. 1958)
                             of Lydney and Aylburton in the
                             County of Gloucester

15 Mar 1935 - 12 Apr 1935  Sir Michael Myers (2nd time)       (s.a.) 
                             (administrator, acting for Baron Bledisloe)
12 Apr 1935 - 22 Feb 1941  George Vere Arundell Monckton-     (b. 1882 - d. 1943)
                             Arundell, Viscount Galway, Baron
                             Killard, of the County of Calre,
                             Baron Monckton, of Serlby in the
                             County of Nottingham)

 3 Feb 1941 - 22 Feb 1941  Sir Michael Myers (3rd time)       (s.a.) 
                             (administrator, acting for Viscount Galway)
22 Feb 1941 - 17 Jun 1946  Sir Cyril Louis Norton Newall      (b. 1886 - d. 1963)
19 Apr 1946 - 17 Jun 1946  Sir Michael Myers (4th time)       (s.a.) 
                             (administrator, acting for Newall)
17 Jun 1946 -  2 Dec 1952  Sir Bernard Cyril Freyberg         (b. 1889 - d. 1963)
                            (from 16 Oct 1951, Bernard Cyril Freyberg,
                             Baron Freyberg, of Wellington, New Zealand
                             and of Munstead in the County of Surrey)

15 Aug 1952 -  2 Dec 1952  Sir Humphrey Francis O'Leary       (b. 1886 - d. 1953)
                             (administrator, acting for Freyberg)
Governors-General and Commanders-in-Chief in and over New Zealand
(representing the British monarch as head of state)
 2 Dec 1952 -  5 Sep 1957  Sir Charles Willoughby Moke Norrie (b. 1893 - d. 1977)

                            (from 22 Aug 1957, Charles Willoughby Moke Norrie,
                            
Baron Norrie, of Wellington, New Zealand, and
                             of Hawkesbury Upton in the County of Gloucester)
25 Jul 1957 -  5 Sep 1957  Sir Harold Eric Barrowclough       (b. 1894 - d. 1972)

                             (administrator, acting for Norrie)
                             (1st time)
 5 Sep 1957 -  9 Nov 1962  Charles John Lyttelton, Viscount   (b. 1909 - d. 1962)

                             Cobham, Baron Cobham, of Cobham in
                             the County of Kent, Baron Westcote,
                             of Ballymore in the County of Longford,
                             Lord Lyttleton, Baron of Frankley,
                             in the County of Worcester, Baronet,
                             of Stowe in the County of Buckingham  

13 Sep 1962 -  9 Nov 1962  Sir Harold Eric Barrowclough       (s.a.)
                             (administrator, acting for Viscount Cobham)
                             (2nd time)
 9 Nov 1962 -  1 Dec 1967  Sir Bernard Edward Fergusson       (b. 1911 - d. 1980)

20 Oct 1967 -  1 Dec 1967  Sir Herbert Richard Churton Wild   (b. 1912 - d. 1978)
                             (administrator, acting for Fergusson)
                             (1st time)
 1 Dec 1967 - 27 Sep 1972  Sir Arthur Espie Porritt, Baronet, (b. 1900 - d. 1994)
                             of Hampstead in the County of London

 7 Sep 1972 - 27 Sep 1972  Sir Herbert Richard Churton Wild   (s.a.)
                             (administrator, acting for Porritt)
                             (2nd time)
27 Sep 1972 -  4 Oct 1977  Sir Edward Denis Blundell          (b. 1907 - d. 1984)
 
5 Oct 1977 - 26 Oct 1977  Sir Herbert Richard Churton Wild   (s.a.)
                             (administrator) (3rd time)
26 Oct 1977 - 27 Oct 1980  Sir Keith Jacka Holyoake           (b. 1904 - d. 1983)
28 Oct 1980 -  6 Nov 1980  Sir Ronald Keith Davison (1st time)(b. 1920 - d. 2015)
                             (administrator)
 6 Nov 1980 - 10 Nov 1985  Sir David Stuart Beattie           (b. 1924 - d. 2001)
11 Nov 1985 - 20 Nov 1985  Sir Ronald Keith Davison (2nd time)(s.a.)
                             (administrator)
20 Nov 1985 - 29 Nov 1990  Sir Paul Alfred Reeves             (b. 1932 - d. 2011)
30 Nov 1990 - 12 Dec 1990  Sir Johann Thomas Eichelbaum       (b. 1931 - d. 2018)
                             (1st time) (administrator)
12 Dec 1990 -  3 Mar 1996  Dame Catherine Anne Tizard (f)     (b. 1931 - d. 2021)
 
4 Mar 1996 - 21 Mar 1996  Sir Johann Thomas Eichelbaum       (s.a.)
                             (2nd time) (administrator)
21 Mar 1996 - 21 Mar 2001  Sir Michael Hardie Boys            (b. 1931 - d. 2023)

22 Mar 2001 -  4 Apr 2001  Dame Sian Seerpoohi Elias (f)      (b. 1949)
                             (1st time) (administrator)
 4 Apr 2001 -  4 Aug 2006  Dame Silvia Rose Cartwright (f)    (b. 1943) 
 
5 Aug 2006 - 23 Aug 2006  Dame Sian Seerpoohi Elias (f)      (s.a.)
                             (2nd time) (administrator)
Governors-General and Commanders-in-Chief in and over the Realm of New Zealand
(representing the British monarch as head of state)
23 Aug 2006 -
23 Aug 2011  Anand Satyanand                    (b. 1944)
                             (from 27 Mar 2009, Sir Anand Satyanand
24 Aug 2011 - 31 Aug 2011  Dame Sian Seerpoohi Elias (f)      (s.a.)
                             (3rd time) (administrator)
31 Aug 2011 - 31 Aug 2016  Sir Jeremiah "Jerry" Mateparae     (b. 1954)
 
1 Sep 2016 - 28 Sep 2016  Dame Sian Seerpoohi Elias (f)      (s.a.)
                             (4th time) (administrator)
28 Sep 2016 - 28 Sep 2021  Dame Patricia "Patsy" Lee Reddy (f)(b. 1954)
28 Sep 2021 - 21 Oct 2021  Dame Helen Diana Winkelmann (f)    (b. 1962)
                             (acting)
(administrator)
21 Oct 2021 -              Dame Alcyion Cynthia "Cindy"       (b. 1958)
                             Kiro (f)

Prime ministers4
 7 May 1856 - 20 May 1856  Henry Sewell                       (b. 1807 - d. 1879)  Non-party
20 May 1856 -  2 Jun 1856  William Fox (1st time)             (b. 1812 - d. 1893)  Non-party
 2 Jun 1856 - 12 Jul 1861  Edward William Stafford (1st time) (b. 1819 - d. 1901)  Non-party
12 Jul 1861 -  6 Aug 1862  William Fox (2nd time)             (s.a.)               Non-party
 6 Aug 1862 - 30 Oct 1863  Alfred Domett                      (b. 1811 - d. 1887)  Non-party
30 Oct 1863 - 24 Nov 1864  Frederick Whitaker (1st time)      (b. 1812 - d. 1891)  Non-party
24 Nov 1864 - 16 Oct 1865  Frederick Aloysius Weld            (b. 1823 - d. 1891)  Non-party
16 Oct 1865 - 28 Jun 1869  Edward William Stafford (2nd time) (s.a.)               Non-party
28 Jun 1869 - 10 Sep 1872  William Fox (3rd time)             (s.a.)               Non-party
10 Sep 1872 - 11 Oct 1872  Edward William Stafford (3rd time) (s.a.)               Non-party
11 Oct 1872 -  3 Mar 1873  George Marsden Waterhouse          (b. 1824 - d. 1906)  Non-party
 3 Mar 1873 -  8 Apr 1873  William Fox (4th time)             (s.a.)               Non-party
 8 Apr 1873 -  6 Jul 1875  Julius Vogel (1st time)            (b. 1835 - d. 1899)  Non-party
                             (from 28 May 1875, Sir Julius Vogel)
 6 Jul 1875 - 15 Feb 1876  Daniel Pollen                      (b. 1813 - d. 1896)  Non-party
15 Feb 1876 -  1 Sep 1876  Sir Julius Vogel (2nd time)        (s.a.)               Non-party
 1 Sep 1876 - 13 Oct 1877  Harry Atkinson (1st time)          (b. 1831 - d. 1892)  Non-party
13 Oct 1877 -  8 Oct 1879  Sir George Grey                    (s.a.)               Non-party
 8 Oct 1879 - 21 Apr 1882  John Hall                          (b. 1824 - d. 1907)  Non-party
21 Apr 1882 - 25 Sep 1883  Frederick Whitaker (2nd time)      (s.a.)               Non-party
25 Sep 1883 - 16 Aug 1884  Harry Atkinson (2nd time)          (s.a.)               Non-party
16 Aug 1884 - 28 Aug 1884  Robert Stout (1st time)            (s.a.)               Non-party
28 Aug 1884 -  3 Sep 1884  Harry Atkinson (3rd time)          (s.a.)               Non-party
 3 Sep 1884 -  8 Oct 1887  Robert Stout (2nd time)            (s.a.)               Non-party
                             (from 29 May 1886, Sir Robert Stout) 
 8 Oct 1887 - 24 Jan 1891  Harry Atkinson (4th time)          (s.a.)               Non-party
                             (from 28 Jan 1888, Sir Harry Atkinson)
24 Jan 1891 - 27 Apr 1893  John Ballance                      (b. 1839 - d. 1893)  Lib
 1 May 1893 - 10 Jun 1906  Richard John Seddon                (b. 1845 - d. 1906)  Lib
21 Jun 1906 -  6 Aug 1906  William Hall-Jones (acting)        (b. 1851 - d. 1936)  Lib
 6 Aug 1906 - 28 Mar 1912  Sir Joseph George Ward (1st time)  (b. 1856 - d. 1930)  Lib
                             (from 20 Jun 1911, Sir Joseph George Ward,
                             Baronet of Wellington) 

28 Mar 1912 - 10 Jul 1912  Thomas Mackenzie                   (b. 1854 - d. 1930)  Lib
10 Jul 1912 - 10 May 1925  William Ferguson Massey            (b. 1856 - d. 1925)  Ref
14 May 1925 - 30 May 1925  Sir Francis Henry Dillon Bell      (b. 1851 - d. 1936)  Ref
30 May 1925 - 10 Dec 1928  Joseph Gordon Coates               (b. 1878 - d. 1943)  Ref
10 Dec 1928 - 28 May 1930  Sir Joseph George Ward, Baronet    (s.a.)               Uni
                            
of Wellington (2nd time)
28 May 1930 -  5 Dec 1935  George William Forbes              (b. 1869 - d. 1947)  Uni
 5 Dec 1935 - 27 Mar 1940  Michael Joseph Savage              (b. 1872 - d. 1940)  Lab
27 Mar 1940 - 13 Dec 1949  Peter Fraser                       (b. 1884 - d. 1950)  Lab
                             (acting to 1 Apr 1940)
13 Dec 1949 - 26 Sep 1957  Sidney George Holland              (b. 1893 - d. 1961)  Nat
26 Sep 1957 - 12 Dec 1957  Keith Jacka Holyoake (1st time)    (s.a.)               Nat
12 Dec 1957 - 26 Nov 1960  Walter Nash                        (b. 1882 - d. 1968)  Lab
26 Nov 1960 -  7 Feb 1972  Keith Jacka Holyoake (2nd time)    (s.a.)               Nat
                             (from 13 Jun 1970, Sir Keith Jacka Holyoake)
 7 Feb 1972 -  8 Dec 1972  John Ross Marshall                 (b. 1912 - d. 1988)  Nat
 8 Dec 1972 - 31 Aug 1974  Norman Eric Kirk                   (b. 1923 - d. 1974)  Lab
 1 Sep 1974 -  6 Sep 1974  Hugh Watt (acting)                 (b. 1912 - d. 1980)  Lab
 6 Sep 1974 - 12 Dec 1975  Wallace Edward Rowling             (b. 1927 - d. 1995)  Lab
12 Dec 1975 - 26 Jul 1984  Robert David Muldoon               (b. 1921 - d. 1992)  Nat
                             (from 31 Dec 1983, Sir Robert David Muldoon) 
26 Jul 1984 -  8 Aug 1989  David Russell Lange                (b. 1942 - d. 2005)  Lab
 8 Aug 1989 -  4 Sep 1990  Geoffrey Palmer                    (b. 1942)            Lab
 4 Sep 1990 -  2 Nov 1990  Michael "Mike" Kenneth Moore       (b. 1949 - d. 2020)  Lab
 2 Nov 1990 -  8 Dec 1997  James "Jim" Brendan Bolger         (b. 1935)            Nat
 8 Dec 1997 - 10 Dec 1999  Jennifer "Jenny" Mary Shipley (f)  (b. 1952)            Nat
10 Dec 1999 - 19 Nov 2008  Helen Elizabeth Clark (f)          (b. 1950)            Lab
19 Nov 2008 - 12 Dec 2016  John Phillip Key                   (b. 1961)            Nat
12 Dec 2016 - 26 Oct 2017  Simon William "Bill" English       (b. 1961)            Nat
26 Oct 2017 - 25 Jan 2023  Jacinda Kate Laurell Ardern (f)    (b. 1980)            Lab
                             (on leave 21 Jun -
1 Aug 2018)
21 Jun 2018 -  1 Aug 2018  Winston Raymond Peters             (b. 1945)            NZF
                             (acting for Ardern)
25 Jan 2023 -
27 Nov 2023  Christopher "Chris" John Hipkins   (b. 1978)            Lab
27 Nov 2023 -              Christopher Mark Luxon             (b. 1970)            Nat

[Tino
                          Rangatiratanga Maori flag (New
                          Zealand)(Aotearoa)]
'Tino Rangatiratanga' Maori Flag 
Adopted 14 Dec 2009 "as a flag of New Zealand"

 ¹The term "sovereignty" is used in the English version of the treaty, while the term featuring in the Māori version was kāwanatanga ("governorship"), a loan word and not part of the Māori language at the time. The treaty was signed by a number of chiefs on 6 Feb 1840, more signatures were added to the treaty from February to Sep 1840, including those from some parts of the South Island.

 2full style of the ruler:
(a) 26 Sep 1907 - 12 May 1927: "By the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of the British Dominions beyond the Seas King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India";
(b) 12 May 1927 - 6 Feb 1952: "By the Grace of God, of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India" (the title "Emperor of India" was dropped as of 15 Aug 1947 by retroactive proclamation dated 22 Jun 1948);
(c) 6 Feb 1952 - 29 May 1953: "By the Grace of God, of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas Queen, Defender of the Faith";
(d) 29 May 1953 - 6 Feb 1974: "By the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom, New Zealand and Her other Realms and Territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith";
(e) 6 Feb 1974 - 8 Sep 2022: "By the Grace of God, Queen of New Zealand and Her other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith"; and from 1 Aug 1987 (in Māori: "I te Atawhai a te Atua, ko ia nei te Kuini o Aotearoa me Ērā Atu o Ōna Whenua, Rohe hoki, te Ūpoko o te Kotahitanga o Ngā Whenua i Raro i Tōna Maru, te Kaipupuri i te Mana o te Hāhi o Ingarangi");
(f) from 8 Sep 2022:
"By the Grace of God, King of New Zealand and His other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith" (in Māori: "I te Atawhai o te Atua, ko ia te Kīngi o Aotearoa me Ērā Atu o Ōna Whenua, Rohe hoki, te Ūpoko o te Kotahitanga o Ngā Whenua i Raro i Tōna Maru, te Kaipupuri i te Mana o te Hāhi o Ingarangi").

 3full title of the governors-general:;
(a) 28 Jun 1917 - 2 Dec 1952: "Governor-General and Commander-in-Chief in and over the Dominion of New Zealand and Dependencies";
(b) 2 Dec 1952 - 23 Aug 2006: "
Governor-General and Commander-in-Chief in and over New Zealand"; and from 1 Aug 1987 (in Māori): Kāwana-Tianara o Aotearoa;
(c) from 23 Aug 2006: "Governor-General and Commander-in-Chief in and over the Realm of New Zealand"; and (in Māori): Kāwana-Tianara o te Whenua o Aotearoa."

 4The titles "Premier" and "First Minister" were variously applied to each of the principal ministers until 1869, when Premier became customary. Although the title Prime minister was first used formally in the Schedule of the Civil List Act of 1873, no one used the title officially until Richard John Seddon, beginning in 1893. In 1906 William Hall-Jones was the first person to be officially appointed to such a position. James Edward FitzGerald and Thomas Spencer Forsaith are regarded by some historians as having headed up Governments from the dates 14 Jun 1854 to 2 Aug 1854 and 31 Aug 1854 to 2 Sep 1854 respectively. However, neither held the post of Colonial Secretary which normally denoted the Head of Government back then, and both of them served prior to the introduction of responsible self-government thus most historians regard Sewell as the first Prime minister or Head of Government.

Territorial Dispute: Antarctic territorial claim (Ross Dependency) is not recognized by the United Nations, U.S., Russia, or by other countries (other than Australia, France, Norway and 
U.K.).

Party abbreviations: Lab = New Zealand Labour Party/Rōpū Reipa o Aotearoa (social-democratic, center-left, est.7 Jul 1916); Nat = New Zealand National Party/Rōpū Nāhinara o Aotearoa (conservative, center-right, merger of Ref and UP, est.14 May 1936); NZF = New Zealand First/Aotearoa Tuatahi (centrist, nationalist, populist, social conservative, est.18 Jul 1993);
- Former parties: Lib = Liberal Party (liberal, centrist, 1891-1927); Ref = New Zealand Political Reform League ("Reform Party", conservative, center-right, 1905-1935); Uni = United Party (liberal conservative, center-right, 1927-1936)



Maori community

Kīngitanga (King Movement)

[reconstructed
                          flag of Maori King Potatau I 1857-1860 (New
                          Zealand)]
1858 - 25 Jun 1860
[reconstructed flag of
                      Maori King Tawhiao 1861-1894 (New Zealand)]
1861 - 26 Aug 1894

[Flag of Maori
                          Queen Te Ata-i c.1966- 2006 (New Zealand)]
c.1966 - 15 Aug 2006

Note: The first two kings were leaders of the revolt against the colony; after the second king's surrender he and his successors maintained a symbolic and prestigious community leadership to this day.

 2 Jun 1858                Kingship established (included the area south of Auckland,
                             encompassing Lake Taupo and to the edge of the Taranaki region.
                             Tribes in this area include Waikato [the King's tribe], Ngāti
                             Maniapoto, Ngāti Hauā, Ngāti Raukawa, and Ngāti Tūwharetoa; The
                             King also had kāwana (governors) representing other tribes
                             outside his territory - these seem to have covered most of New
                             Zealand but did not hold universal authority in their regions).
1863/64                    Colonial government conquers the Waikato region and took the
                             King's capital (Ngāruawāhia), the King retreated south of the
                             Puniu River into Ngāti Maniapoto territory and remained head
                             of a reduced 'King Country').
12 Aug 1881                Surrender to the New Zealand government, royalty continues.
12 Apr 1894                Constitution promulgated by Kīngitanga for "Aotearoa", recognizing
                             the Te Kauhanganui (parliament) under a Ngā Tumuaki o te
                             Kīngitanga
(presidents of the King Movement, as premiers of
                             the great council).

Kings (title Te Arikinui)
 2 Jun 1858 - 25 Jun 1860  Pōtatau I Te Wherowhero              (b. 179. - d. 1860)
25 Jun 1860 -  5 Jul 1860  W
īremu Tāmihana Tarapīpipi Te Waharoa(b. c.1805 - d. 1866)
                             (acting)
 
5 Jul 1860 - 26 Aug 1894  Tūkāroto Matutaera                   (b. 1822 - d. 1894)
                             (from Aug 1864, Tāwhiao
                             Pōtatau Te Wherowhero "Te A"
)
26 Aug 1894 - 14 Sep 1894  Tupu Atanatiu Taingākawa Te Waharoa  (b. 1844? - d. 1929)
                             (1st time) (acting)
14 Sep 1894 -  9 Nov 1912  Mahuta Tāwhiao Pōtatau Te
            (b. 1855? - d. 1912)
                             Wherowhero 
 9 Nov 1912 - 24 Nov 1912  Tupu Atanatiu Taingākawa Te Waharoa  (s.a.)
                             (2nd time) (acting)
24 Nov 1912 -  1 Oct 1933  Te Rata
(= Te Rata Mahuta)           (b. 1880 - d. 1933)
 1 Oct 1933 -  8 Oct 1933  Tarapīpipi Taingākawa Te Waharoa     (b. c.1875 - d. 1941)
                             (acting)
 8 Oct 1933 - 18 May 1966  Korokī (= Korokī Te Rata Mahuta) 
   (b. 1909 - d. 1966)
18 May 1966 - 23 May 1966  Te Waharoa Tarapīpipi Tāmehana       (b. 1903? - d. 1968)
                             (Tāmihana) (acting)
Queen

23 May 1966 - 15 Aug 2006  Te Ātairangikaahu                    (b. 1931 - d. 2006)
                             (from 1 Jan 1970, Dame Te Ātairangikaahu)
                             (= Piki Korokī Mahuta)
King

15 Aug 2006 - 21 Aug 2006  Anaru Tarapīpipi Wiripoai Te         (b. 1948? - d. 2022)
                            
Awaitaia Thompson (acting)
21 Aug 2006 - 29 Aug 2024  Tūheitia (= Tūheitia Paki)           (b. 1955 - d. 2024)
                            (from 27 Nov 2009, Sir Tūheitia)
                            (from 14 Aug 2017, Sir
Tūheitia
                             Pōtatau Te Wherowhero VII)
Queen
 5 Sep 2024 -              Ngā Wai Hono i te Pō Pōtatau Te
                             Wherowhero VIII                    (b. 1997)
                            (= Ngā Wai Hono i te Pō Paki)

King Makers (title Ngā Tangata Whakawaahi Kīngi)
 
2 Jun 1858 - 27 Dec 1866  Wīremu Tāmihana Tarapīpipi Te Waharoa(s.a.)
27 Dec 1866 -  2 May 1892  Tupu Atanatiu Taingākawa Te Waharoa  (s.a.)
Presidents of the King Movement (title Ngā Tumuaki o te Kīngitanga)(prime ministers)
 2 May 1892 - 24 Jun 1929  Tupu Atanatiu Taingākawa Te Waharoa  (s.a.)
24 Jun 1929 - 10 May 1941  Tarapīpipi Taingākawa Te Waharoa     (s.a.)
10 May 1941 - 1953         Wīremu (Tawhe Tarapīpipi) Tāmihana   (b. 1897? - d. 1953)
1953 - 1968                Te Waharoa Tarapīpipi Tāmehana       (s.a.)
                             (Tāmihana)
1968 - 1972                Tahiwaru Tarapīpipi Tāmehana         (b. 1908? - d. 1972)
                             (Tāmihana)
1972 - 1974                Ranginui Wiripoai Tāmehana Thompson  (b. 1910? - d. 1974)
1974 - 2000                Wiripoai (Bill) Tarapīpipi Tāmehana  (b. 193. - d. 2000)
                             (Tāmihana)
2000 - Jun 2022            Anaru Tarapīpipi Wiripoai Te Awaitaia(s.a.)
                             Thompson
2022 -                     Hone Tāmihana  


Te Kotahitanga (Unity Movement)

17 Jun 1892                Maori Unity Movement (Te Kotahitanga o te Tiriti o
                             Waitangi) established (not recognized by New Zealand or
                             directly affiliated with the "King Movement").
May 1895                   Attempt to unite the Te Kotahitanga and Te Kīngitanga parliaments
                             fail.
1902                       Final meeting of the
Te Kotahitanga is held at Waiōmatatini,
                             its role is largely superseded by Māori
councils.
14 Jan 1904                Following the death Hamuera Tamahau Mahupuku no one replaces
                             him and the movement dissolves.

Presidents of the Unity Movement (title Tumuaki o te Huinga Kotahitanga)(prime ministers)
17 Jun 1892 - 1893         H
āmiora Mangakāhia (1st time)        (b. 1838? - d. 1918)
1893 - 1895                Hoani Turi Te Whatahoro Jury         (b. 1841 - d. 1923)
1895 - 1898                Hāmiora Mangakāhia (2nd time)        (s.a.)
1898 - 14 Jun 1904         Hāmuera Tamahau Mahupuku             (b. 1840 - d. 1904)


Ngāti Tūwharetoa

[Ngati Tuwharetoa
                flag (New Zealand)(Aotearoa)]

c.1750                     Chiefdom established.

Paramount chiefs (title Ariki Nui)
17.. - ....                Te Rangituamatotoru
.... - ....                Te Wakaiti
.... - c.1820              Herea Te Rangimaheuheu               (b. c.1750 - d. c.1820)
                             (later, Herea Te Heuheu Tūkino I) 
c.1820 -  7 May 1846       Mananui Te Heuheu Tūkino II          (b. 1780 - d. 1846)
1846 - Oct 1862            Iwikau Te Heuheu Tūkino III          (b. 1790 - d. 1862)
1862 - 30 Jul 1888         Horonuku Te Heuheu Tūkino IV         (b. 1821 - d. 1888)
1888 -  1 Jun 1921         Tureiti Te Heuheu Tūkino V           (b. 1865 - d. 1921)
1921 - 27 Apr 1944         Hoani Te Heuheu Tūkino VI            (b. 1897 - d. 1944)
1944 - 31 Jul 1997         Hepi Hoani Te Heuheu Tūkino VII      (b. 1919 - d. 1997)
                            
(from 1 Jan 1979, Sir Hepi Hoani Te Heuheu Tūkino VII)
 5 Aug 1997 -              Tumu Te Heuheu T
ūkino VIII           (b. 1942?)
                             (from 31 Dec 2004, Sir Tumu Te Heuheu T
ūkino VIII)



Chatham Islands

[Chatham Islands
                        unofficial local flag (New Zealand)]
From 1989 Unofficial Local Flag

Map of Chatham Islands
Capital: Waitangi
Population: 663 (2018)

29 Nov 1791                Sighted by Lt. William Broughton on HMS Chatham and
                             claimed for U.K., named after John Pitt, Earl of Chatham.
19 Nov 1835                British mercenary ship arrives carrying armed Maori who
                             proceed to attack the native Moriori.
 1 Nov 1842                Islands (Rēkohu in Moriori, Wharekauri in Māori) annexed to
                             New Zealand as the Chatham Islands.

 
8 Nov 1901                Chatham Islands County
 1 Nov 1995                Chatham Islands Territory (part of New Zealand Outlying Islands).

Resident Magistrates

1855 - 1863                Archibald Watson Shand               (b. 1808 - d. 1878)
1863 - 1869                William Esdaile Thomas               (b. 1826 - d. 1891)
1869 - 1872                Robert Joseph Lanauze                (b. 1832? - d. 1893)
1872                       Felix Edward Wakefield               (b. 1845 - d. 1924)
1873 - 1891                Samuel Deighton                      (b. 1821 - d. 1900)
1891 - 1897                Frederick John William Gascoyne      (b. 1837 - d. 1926)
                             (Gascoigne)                      
Sep 1898 - 1905            Robert Stone Florance                (b. 1856 - d. 1928)
1905 - 1906                Hugh Walter Pigeon                   (b. 1874 - d. 1926)
1906 - 1919                George Homer Gibson                  (b. 1863? - d. 1936)
Apr 1919 - 1920            George Redpath                       (b. 1892 – d. 1951)
1921 - 1922                Geoffrey Sherbourne Clayton          (b. 1856 - d. 1929)
1922 - 1923                Walter Scott Alexander               (b. 1879? - d. 1923)
1923 - 1925                Edward Pohau Ellison                 (b. 1884 - d. 1963)
1925 - 1930?               Herbert Greenwood                    (b. 1869? - d. 1937)
1930 - 1949                Ryan Holmes                          (b. 1876? - d. 1949)
Resident Commissioners and Magistrates
1950 - 1952                Geoffrey Nevill                      (b. 1900 - d. 1972)
1952 - 1958                John "Jack" Kenneth Patterson        (b. 1914 - d. 2003)
1958 - 1972                Donald "Don" Stewart Reid            (b. 1916 - d. 2002)
Commissioners
1972 - 1979                Edward Joseph Lynskey                (b. 1909 - d. 1982)
1979 - c.1984              William "Bill" James Sewell          (b. c.1928?)
Mayors of the Chatham Islands Council
1992 - 31 Jan 2010         Patrick "Pat" F. Smith                                    Non-party
 1 Feb 2010 - 23 Oct 2019  Alfred W. Preece (acting to Oct 2010)(b. 1921 - d. 2018)  Non-party
23 Oct 2019 -              Monique Croon (f)                                         Non-party


General Manager
of the Chatham Islands Council
199. - 2002                Terrence "Terry" C. Melville                            
Chief Executive Officers of the Chatham Islands Council
Jan 2002 - 
1 Nov 2023     Owen Pickles                         (b. c.1955)
 1 Nov 2023 -              Tahere Paul Eagle                    (b. 1972)




© Ben Cahoon