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Mozambique
 
[Portugal]
to 25 Jun 1975
 
[Mocambique Proposed Portuguese
                                    Colonial Flag (1967)]
1967  Proposed Colonial Flag
 
[provisional Mozambique flag
                                    1974-1975]
5 Sep 1974 - 25 Jun 1975 (provisional)
 
[First
                                    official Mozambique flag 1975-1983]
25 Jun 1975 - Apr 1983
[Mozambique provisional flag
                                    1983]
Apr 1983 - 1 May 1983 (provisional) 
[Mozambique
                                    flag]
Adopted 1 May 1983
Map of Mozambique
Hear National Anthem
"Pátria Amada"
(Beloved Country)
Adopted 30 Apr 2002
Hear Former Anthem
"Viva, viva a FRELIMO"
(Alive, Alive FRELIMO!)
(25 Jun 1975-30 Apr 2002)
Constitution
(30 Nov 1990)
Capital: Maputo
(Lourenço Marques
1898 - 3 Feb 1976; Ft. São Sebastião de Moçambique 1570-1898;
Ft. São Caetano
[Sofala] 1505-1570;
 Kilwa 1501-1505)
Currency: Metical (MZN);
1922-1980 Mozambique
Escudo (MZE)

National Holiday: 25 Jun (1975)
Dia da Independência de Moçambique
(Independence Day of Mozambique)

Population: 33,350,954 (2024)
GDP: $50.6 billion (2023)
Exports: $9.3 billion (2023)
Imports: $11.2 billion (2023)
Ethnic groups: indigenous tribal groups 99.66% (Makuana 15.3%, Sena 8%, Makua 14.5%, Tswa 5.7%, Tsonga 8.6%, Lomwe 7.1%, Chwabo 8.6% and others 31.8%), Europeans 0.06%, Euro-Africans 0.2%, Indians 0.08% (2000)
Total Active Armed Forces: 11,200 (2010)
Merchant marine: 36 ships (2023)
Religions: Roman Catholic 27.2%, Muslim 18.9%, Zionist
 Christian 15.6%, Evangelical/Pentecostal 15.3%, Anglican 1.7%,
other 4.8%, none 13.9%, unspecified 2.5% (2017)
International Organizations/Treaties: ACP, AfCFTA, AfDB, APM, AU, BTWC, C, CCM, CD, CPLP, CTBT, CWC, EITI, ESCR, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IORA, IPU, IRENA (signatory), ISA, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC, LU, MIGA, NAM, NPT, OIC, OIF (observer), OPCW, SADC, UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNFCC-KP, UNFCC-PA, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Mozambique
Index
Chronology

 1 Mar 1498                Claimed for Portugal by Vasco da Gama (b. c.1460 -
                             d. 1524) who lands on Mozambique Island. 

1501                       Portuguese administration begins based in Kilwa.
 4 Sep 1505                Pêro de Anaia, his son Francisco de Anaia and the 
                             factor Manuel Fernandes reach Sofala harbor.
Nov
1505                   Captaincy of Sofala (Çofalla)(Capitania de Sofala)
                             (subordinated to
Goa).
Nov
1505 - 19 Apr 1752    
Subordinated to Portuguese India (Goa).
 8 Sep 1507                Portuguese occupation of Mozambique Island
                             (Ilha de Moçambique)
.
1531                       First Portuguese inland settlement at Sena.
1534                       Quelimane settlement founded.
1569                       Captaincy of Mozambique and Sofala (Capitania Geral
                             de Moçambique
e Sofala)(subordinate to Goa).
15 Jul 1580 -  1 Dec 1640  Mozambique along with Portugal a Spanish possession.
17 Jun 1604                Dutch pillage Moçambique town, but fail to take the
                             fortress.
29 Mar 1607 - 29 May 1607  First failed Dutch siege of Ft. São Sebastião de
                             Moçambique.

28 Jul 1608 - 19 Aug 1608  Second failed Dutch siege of Ft. São Sebastião de
                             Moçambique.
1609                       Colony of Mozambique, Sofala, Rivers of Cuama, 

                             and Monomatapa (Colónia de Moçambique, Sofala,
                             Rios de Cuama e Monomotapa)(subordinate to Goa).

1676                       Captaincy-General of Mozambique, Rios de Sena
                             and Sofala (Capitania-Geral de Moçambique, Rios
                             de Sena e Sofala)(subordinate to Goa to 1752).
29 Mar 1721 - 27 Dec 1730  Dutch fort 
Lijdzaamheid at Delagoa Bay.
19 Apr 1752                Captaincy-General of Mozambique, Sofala and Rivers
                             of Sena (Capitania-Geral de Moçambique, Sofala e
                             Rios de Sena)
.
 
3 May 1777 - 28 Apr 1781  Austrian Triestier Compagnie forts at Delagoa Bay.
1787                       Portuguese found Fortaleza da Nossa Senhora da
                            
Conceição (Fort of Our Lady of the Conception),
                             commonly called Presídio de Lourenço Marques
                             (abandoned Oct 1796 - Jun 1799).
 6 Oct 1796                French corsairs pillage and burn Lourenço Marques.
 7 Dec 1836                Province of Mozambique (Província de Moçambique), 

                             also called Portuguese East Africa (África
                             Oriental Portuguesa
)
.
29 Apr 1878                Slavery abolished in Mozambique (by 29 Apr 1858
                             Portuguese royal decree).
30 Sep 1891                State of East Africa (Estado da África Oriental).
18 Feb 1887 -
16 Jun 1894  Portuguese occupy the Kionga Triangle area.
11 Jun 1891 - 19 May 1925  Chinde British concession at the mouth of Zambezi
                             River.
22 Dec 1893                Province of Mozambique (Província de Moçambique).
16 Jun 1894 - 10 Apr 1916  Germans occupy the Kionga Triangle as part of
                             German East Africa (see Tanganyika).
23 Nov 1917 -  1 Jul 1918  German East Africa forces under Paul von Lettow-

                             Vorbeck (b. 1870 - d. 1964) invade Mozambique.
10 Jan 1920                Treaty of Versailles cedes the Kionga Triangle to
                             Portuguese Moçambique (officially incorporated
                             2 Apr 1920 by Law No. 962).

17 Nov 1926                Colony of Mozambique (Colónia de Moçambique).
11 Jun 1951                Overseas province of Portugal (Província de
                             Moçambique).

25 Sep 1964 -  8 Sep 1974  Mozambican war of independence.
 
1 Jan 1973                State of Mozambique (Estado de Moçambique).
20 Sep 1974                Local administration begins

25 Jun 1975                People's Republic of Mozambique (República Popular
                             de Moçambique), independence from Portugal.

30 Nov 1990                Republic of Mozambique (República de Moçambique).

Traditional
States

RENAMO Govt.
(1975-1992)
Mozambique
Company
Territories

(1892-1942)
Niassa
Company
Territories

(1894-1929)
Chinde British
Concession

(1892-1925)
Delagoa Bay
(1721-1730,
1777-1781)
Historical Maps
of Mozambique

 
 

Presidents of the Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (FRELIMO)
May 1970 -  19 Oct 1986    Samora Moisés Machel               (b. 1933 - d. 1986)
19 Oct 1986 -  6 Nov 1986  Political Bureau of the Central 
                           Committee (acting)
                           - Marcelino dos Santos             (b. 1929 - d. 2020) 
                           - Joaquim Alberto Chissano         (b. 1939)       
                           - Alberto Joaquim Chipande         (b. 1939) 
                           - Armando Emílio Guebuza           (b. 1943) 
                           - Jorge "Domingo" Rebelo Pinto     (b. 1940)
                               Chicoti
                           - Mariano de Araújo Matsinhe       (b. 1953)       
                           - Sebastião Chinguane Marcos Mabote(b. 1941 - d. 2001)
                           - Jacinto Soares Veloso            (b. 1937)
                           - Mário Fernandes da Graça Machungo(b. 1940 - d. 2020)  
                           - José Óscar Monteiro              (b. 1941)
 6 Nov 1986 - 30 Nov 1990  Joaquim Alberto Chissano           (s.a.)
                         ("leading role" of the party abolished 30 Jul 1989)
 

Captains of Sofala (capitão de Sofala)
25 Sep 1505 -  4 Mar 1506  Pêro de Anaia (d'Anhaya)           (b. c.1450 - d. 1506)
                             (captain-major from Nov 1505)
Mar 1506 - 1506            Francisco de Anaia (Anhaya)(acting)
1506 – Dec 1506            Manuel Fernandes de Meirelles
                             (acting)
Dec 1506 -  8 Sep 1507     Nuno Vaz Pereira (interim)         (d. 1509)
 8 Sep 1507 - Mar 1508     Vasco Gomes de Abreu               (d. 1508)
Mar 1508 - 26 Aug 1509     Rui de Brito Patalim (acting)
26 Aug 1509 – 24 Jun 1512  António de Saldanha             
24 Jun 1512 - 31 Mar 1515  Simão de Miranda de Azevedo        (d. 1515)
31 Mar 1515 – 31 Jul 1515  Sancho de Tovar (1st time)         (b. c.1470 - d. 1545)

31 Jul 1515 -  1 Jul 1518  Cristóvão de Távora  
Jul 1518 –
Jul 1522        Sancho de Tovar (2nd time)         (s.a.)
Jul 1522 - Oct 1525        Diogo de Sepúlveda
Oct 1525 - 20 Feb 1528     Lopo de Almeida                    (b. c.1490 - d. 15..)
20 Feb 1528 - Mar 1529     António da Silveira de Meneses 
Mar 1529 - 20 Oct 1530     João da Costa (acting)
20 Oct 1530 - 1538?        Vicente Pegado
1538 - 1541                Aleixo de Sousa Chichorro
1541 - Sep 1544            João de Sepúlveda
1544 - 1548                Jorge Tello
1548 - 1551                Fernão de Sousa de Távora 
1551 - 1554                Diogo de Mesquita                  (b. c.1510 - d. 15..)
1554 - 1558                Diogo de Sousa                     (b. c.1520 - d. 15..)
1558 - 1560                Sebastião de Sá
1560 - 1562                Pantaleão de Sá                    (b. c.1510 - d. 15..)
1562 - 1563?               Fernando Martins Freire            (d. 1563?)
1563 - 1564                Francisco de Mascarenhas           (b. c.1530 - d. 1608)
1564                       Belchior Botelho (acting)
1564 - 1567                Jerónimo Barreto
1567 - 1569                Pedro Barreto Rolim
Captains-major of
Moçambique and Sofala (Capitão de Moçambique e Sofala)
1569 - 1571                Francisco Barreto                  (b. 1520 - d. 1571)
1571                       Fernando de Monroy (Mora)
1571 - 1572                Vasco Fernandes Homem (interim)
1572 - 1577                Simão da Silveira
1577 - 1583                Pedro de Castro
1583 - 1586                Nuno Velho Pereira 
1586 - 1589                Jorge de Meneses 
1589 - 1591                Lourenço de Brito 
1591 - 1595                Pedro de Sousa
1595 - 1598                Nuno da Cunha de Ataíde (Athayde)
1598 - 1601                Álvaro de Abranches
1601 - 1604                Vasco de Mascarenhas               (b. c.1605 - d. 1678)
1604 - 1607                Sebastião de Macedo de Carvalho    (d. 1614)
1607 - 1609                Estêvão de Ataíde (1st time)       (b. c.1570 - d. 1613)
                             (= Estevam de Athayde)
Captains-general of
Moçambique, Sofala, Rios de Cuama, and Monomotapa
1609 - 1611                Nuno Álvares Pereira (1st time)    (d. 1630)
1611 – 1612                Estêvão de Ataíde (2nd time)       (s.a.)
1612                       João de Azevedo                    (d. c.1615)
1612                       Diogo Simões de Madeira          
1612 - 1614                João de Azevedo                    (d. c.1615)
1614 - 1616                Rui de Melo de Sampaio (1st time)
1616 – 1617                Salvador Vaz Guerra
1617 - 1618                Rui de Melo de Sampaio (2nd time)
1618 - 1623                Nuno Álvares Pereira (2nd time)    (s.a.)
1623                       Nuno da Cunha                      (d. 1623)
1623 - 1624                Lopo d'Almeida (acting)
28 Feb 1624 - 1628         Diogo de Sousa de Meneses 
                             (1st time)
1628 - 1630                Nuno Álvares Pereira (3rd time)    (s.a.)
1630 - 1632                Cristóvão de Brito de Vasconcelos, 
                             castellão de Moçambique (acting)
1632 - 1633                Diogo de Sousa de Meneses  
                             (2nd time)
1633 - 1635                Filipe de Mascarenhas              (b. 1580 - d. 16..)
1635 - Oct 1638            Lourenço de Sottomaior             (d. 1638)
Oct 1638 - 1639            Francisco de Sottomaior (1st time)
10 Jan 1639 - Mar 1640     Diogo de Vasconcellos e Menezes    (d. 1640)
1640                       António de Brito Pacheco,
                             castellão de Moçambique (interim)
1640 - 1641                Francisco de Sottomaior (2nd time)
                             (interim)
 3 Jan 1641 - 1642         Francisco da Silveira              (d. 1642)
1642                       Domingos Gouveia Coutinho
1642 - Feb 1643            Luís Rêgo de Negreiros (acting)
Feb 1643 - 1646            Júlio Moniz da Silva               (d. 1646)
19 Dec 1646 - 1650         Álvaro de Sousa de Távora          (d. 1651/52)
1650 - 1652                Francisco de Mascarenhas           (d. 1699)
1652 - 1657                Francisco de Lima
                             (acting to 1654)
18 Jan 1657 - 1660         Manuel Côrte-Real de Sampaio       (b. c.1630 - d. ....) 
18 Dec 1660 - 1664         Manuel de Mascarenhas              (d. 1664)
1664 - 1667                António de Melo e Castro           (b. c.1640 - d. 1669)
 6 Jan 1667 - 1670         Ignácio Sarmento de Carvalho       (b. c.1616 - d. 1676)
20 Jan 1670 - 1673         João de Sousa Freire (1st time)
23 Jan 1673 - 1675         Simão
Gomes da Silva  
17 Jan 1675 - 1675         André Pinto da Fonseca             (d. 1675)
1675 - 1676                Manuel da Silva Aguiar (acting)
11 Jan 1676 - 1681         João de Sousa Freire (2nd time)
1681 - 1682                Diogo de Abreu
1682 - 1683                Gaspar de Sousa Lacerda
 3 Dec 1683 - 1686         Caetano de Melo e Castro           (d. 1718)

1686 - 1689                Miguel de Almeida                  (b. c.1640 - d. 1691)
1689 - 1691                Manuel dos Santos Pinto
23 Jan 1691 - 1693         Thomé de Sousa Correia             (d. 1693)
1693 - 1694                Francisco Correia de Mesquita
                             (acting)
28 Dec 1694 - 1695         Estêvão José da Gama               (b. 1666 - d. 1695)
27 Jan 1696 - 1696         Francisco José da Costa            (d. 1696)
1696 – 1699                Luís de Melo Sampaio   
17 Jan 1699 – 1703         Jácome de Moraes Sarmento
 8 Dec 1703 - 1707         João Fernandes de Almeida
                             (1st time)
22 Jan 1707 - 1707         Luís de Brito Freire               (d. 1707)
1708 - 1712                Luís de Gonçalves da Câmara        (d. 1717)
                             Coutinho
27 Feb 1712 - 20 Aug 1714  João Fernandes de Almeida  
                             (2nd time)

12 Jan 1714 - 1715         Francisco de Mascarenhas           (d. 1715)
 1 Jan 1716 - 1719         Francisco de Sottomaior            (b. c.1700 - d. 17..)
1719 - 1722                Francisco de Alarcão Sottomaior
1722 - 1723                Álvaro Caetano de Melo e Castro
1723 -  1 Mar 1724         Dionísio Manuel Viegas (1st time)
                             (acting)
 1 Mar 1724 - 1726         António João de Sequeira e Faria 
1726 - 1730                António Cardim Fróis
                             (
António Cerdim Fróes)
1730 - 11 Aug 1732         António Casco de Melo
11 Aug 1732 - 1733         Dionísio Manuel Viegas (2nd time)
                             (acting)
1733 - 1736                José Barbosa Leal
1736 - 1739                Nicolau Tolentino de Almeida
1740 - 1743                Lourenço de Noronha e Tavora       (b. c.1690 - d. 17..)
1743 - 1746                Pedro do Rêgo Barreto da Gama 
                             e Castro
1746 - Jan 1750            Caetano Correia de Sá              (b. 1712 - d. 17..)
21 Feb 1750 - 19 Apr 1752  Francisco de Melo e Castro         (b. 1702 - d. bf.1777)
Governors and Captains
-general of Moçambique
19 Apr 1752 - 15 Mar 1758  Francisco de Mello e Castro        (s.a.)
15 Mar 1758 -  6 Apr 1758  João Manuel de Melo                (d. 1758)
 7 Apr 1758 –  5 Aug 1758  David Marques Pereira (acting)
 5 Aug 1758 -  6 Jan 1763  Pedro de Saldanha e Albuquerque    (d. 1783)
                             (1st time)
 6 Jan 1763 - 17 Aug 1765  João Pereira da Silva Barba Alardo (b. 1709 - d. 17..)
17 Aug 1765 -  3 Jun 1779  Balthazar Manuel Pereira do Lago   (b. 1725 - d. 1779)
 4 Jun 1779 - 25 Aug 1779  Provisional Administration
                           - Frei João Nogueira da Cruz
                           - Diogo Guerreiro de Aboim
                           - Pedro da Costa Soares
25 Aug 1779 - 16 Dec 1779  Provisional Administration
                           - Frei José Vitorino de São José
                           - Diogo Guerreiro Aboim

                           - Vicente Caetano da Maia e        (b. 1735 - d. 1789)
                               Vasconcellos
16 Dec 1779 -  7 May 1781  José de Vasconcelos e Almeida      (d. 1781)
                            
(interim)
 7 May 1781 - 21 Aug 1782  Vicente Caetano da Maria e         (s.a.) 
                             Vasconcelos (acting)
21 Aug 1782 - 24 Nov 1783  Pedro de Saldanha e Albuquerque    (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
25 Nov 1783 - 11 Mar 1786  Provisional Administration
                           - Frei Amaro José de São Tomás
,    (b. 1745 - d. 1801)
                               bispo de Pentacomia
                           - António José de Morais Durão
                           - Vicente Caetano da Maia e        (s.a.)
                               Vasconcelos
11 Mar 1786 - 19 Mar 1793  António Manuel de Mello e Castro
19 Mar 1793 - 27 Aug 1797  Diogo de Sousa Coutinho
27 Aug 1797 - 10 Sep 1801  Francisco Guedes de Carvalho e     (b. 1757 - d. 1833)
                             Meneses da Costa
10 Sep 1801 -  8 Aug 1805  Isidro de Almeida de Sousa e Sá

 8 Aug 1805 - 28 Dec 1807  José Francisco de Paula Cavalcanti (b. 1759 - d. 1818)
                             de Albuquerque
28 Dec 1807 - 14 Aug 1809  Provisional Administration
                           - Vasco José da Bona Morte Lobo,   (b. 1757 - d. 1822)
                               bispo de Olba 
                           - Agostinho Bernardo Delgado Pinto (d. 1809)
                             (to 16 Mar 1809)
                           - José António de Araujo e Lima
                             (from 22 Jun 1809)
                           - Elias José Pereira Ramos
14 Aug 1809 - 28 Aug 1812  António Manuel de Mello Castro e   (b. c.1761 - d. 1812)
                             Mendonça 
28 Aug 1812 -  2 Feb 1817  Marcos Caetano de Abreu e Meneses
 2 Feb 1817 - 13 Nov 1818  José Francisco de Paula Cavalcanti (b. 1776 - d. 1818) 
                             de Albuquerque
13 Nov 1818 - 14 Sep 1819  Provisional Administration
                           - Frei Nicolau de Jesus Maria Pegado
                           - Amaro Guedes da Silva e Sousa
                           - Francisco Carlos da Costa Lacé
14 Sep 1819 - 25 Jun 1821  João da Costa de Brito-Sanches
25 Jun 1821 -  6 Sep 1821  Provisional Administration
                           - Bartolomeu dos Mártires de Maia, (b. 1764 - d. 1828)
                               bispo de Moçambique
                             (president of provisional administtration)
                           - João Vicente de Cardenas
                           - Joaquim António Ribeiro
                           - António Alvares de Macedo
                           - António Lourenço de Sousa
                           - Baltazar Manuel de Sousa Brito
                               e Francisco de Paula
 6 Sep 1821 - 25 Jun 1824  Provisional Administration
                           - João Manuel da Silva
                             (president of provisional administtration)
                           - Bartolomeu dos Mártires de Maia, (s.a.)                           
                               bispo de Moçambique
                           - João Vicente de Cardenas
                           - António Alvares de Macedo
                           - Dionísio Ignácio de Lemos Pinto
                           - Baltazar Manuel de Sousa Brito
                               e Francisco de Paula
                           - António Lourenço de Sousa
25 Jun 1824
– 25 Jan 1825  João Manuel da Silva
20 Jan 1825 - 21 Aug 1829  Sebastião Xavier Botelho           (b. 1768 - d. 1840)
21 Aug 1829 - 28 Jan 1832  Paulo José Miguel de Brito         (d. 1832)
29 Jan 1832 - 13 Mar 1834  Provisional Administration
                           - Joaquim Xavier Diniz da Costa  
                             (president of provisional administration)
                           - Frei António José da Maia
                           - Francisco Henrique Ferrão
13 Mar 1834 - 10 Oct 1834  Provisional Administration
                           - Frei António José da Maia
                             (president of provisional administration)
                           - João de Alexandre de Campos
                           - Adolfo João Pinto de Magalhães
                           - Francisco Xavier Ferreira Nobre
                           - Teodorico José de Abranches      (d. 1849)
10
Oct 1834 -  3 Mar 1836  José Gregório Pegado               (d. 1846)
                             (military governor)
 3 Mar 1836 - 12 Mar 1837  Provisional Administration
                          
- Padre Custódio José Vaz
                             (president of p
rovisional administration)
                          
- Cândido da Costa Soares
                           - António de Ramalho de Sá         (d. 1860)
                           - António Francisco Cardoso
                           - José Ignácio Andrade de Nery
12 Mar 1837 -  1 Aug 1837  António José de Mello de Saldanha  (b. 1803 - d. 1883)
 1 Aug 1837 -  5 Oct 1837  Provisional Administration

                           - Joaquim da Sant'Anna Garcia de
                              Miranda
                           - António Francesco Cardoso
                           - João da Costa Xavier

Governors-general of the Province of Moçambique
 5 Oct 1837 - 28 Mar 1838  João Carlos Augusto de Oeynhausen  (b. 1776 - d. 1838)
                             e Gravenburg, marquês de Aracaty
28 Mar 1838 - 29 Mar 1840  António de Ramalho de Sá           (s.a.)
                             (president of Governing Council)
29 Mar 1840 -  7 May 1841  Joaquim Pereira Marinho            (b. 1782 - d. 1854)
 7 May 1841 - 16 Feb 1843  João da Costa Xavier (interim)
16 Feb 1843 - 13 May 1847  Rodrigo Luciano de Abreu e Lima    (b. 1783 - d. 1857)
13 May 1847 - 22 Oct 1851  Domingos Fortunato do Valle
                             (interim)
22 Oct 1851 - 24 Apr 1854  Joaquim Pinto de Magalhães         (b. 1819 - d. 1892)
                             (interim)
24 Apr 1854 - 26 Sep 1857  Vasco Guedes de Carvalho e Meneses (b. 1824 - d. 1905)
26 Sep 1857 - 25 Feb 1864  João Tavares de Almeida            (b. 1816 - d. 1877)
25 Feb 1864 - 20 Apr 1864  Cândido Máximo Moules
                             (president of Governing Council)
20 Apr 1864 - 12 Oct 1867  António do Canto e Castro
1865                       Ant
ónio de Sousa Teixeira
                             (acting for Canto e Castro)
12 Oct 1867 - 31 Aug 1868  António Augusto de Almeida         (b. 1804 - d. 1868) 
                             Portugal Correia de Lacerda
31 Aug 1868 - 16 Feb 1869  Manuel Nicolau Pontes de Ataíde    (b. 1822 - d. 1869)
                             e Azevedo
                             (president of Governing Council)
16 Feb 1869 -  8 Apr 1869  António Tavares de Almeida         (b. 1820 - d. 1901)
 8 Apr 1869 - 29 Dec 1869  Fernando da Costa Leal             (b. 1825 - d. 1869) 
29 Dec 1869 - 25 Jun 1870  Ernesto Kopke da Fonseca e Gouveia (b. 1839 - d. 1915)
                             (president of Governing Council)
25 Jun 1870 - 25 Aug 1870  Inácio Augusto Alves (acting)      (b. 1817 - d. 1872)
25 Aug 1870 - 14 Dec 1873  José Rodrigues Coelho do Amaral    (b. 1808 - d. 1873)
14 Dec 1873 - 10 Aug 1874  José Manuel Crispiniano da Fonseca (b. 1804 - d. 1871)
                             (president of Governing Council)
10 Aug 1874 -  1 Dec 1877  José Guedes de Carvalho e Meneses, (b. 1814 - d. 1879)
                             (from May 1875) conde da Costa
 1 Dec 1877 - 16 Jan 1880  Francisco Maria da Cunha           (b. 1832 - d. 1909)
16 Jan 1880 -  1 Aug 1881  Augusto César Rodrigues Sarmento   (b. 1835 - d. 1881)
                             (acting)
 1 Aug 1881 - 28 Feb 1882  Carlos Eugénio Correia da Silva,   (b. 1834 - d. 1905)
                             visconde de Paço de Arcos
28 Feb 1882 -  8 Apr 1882  José de Almeida de Ávila (acting)  (b. 1843 - d. 1901)
 8 Apr 1882 - Apr 1885     Agostinho Coelho                   (b. 1828 - d. 1888)
Apr 1885 -  5 Jul 1885     Henrique José Real da Silva        (b. 1854 - d. 1930)
                             (president of Governing Council)
 5 Jul 1885 - 16 Mar 1889  Augusto Vidal de Castilho Barreto  (b. 1841 - d. 1912)
                             e Noronha
16 Mar 1889 - 14 Jun 1889  José Joaquim de Freitas de Almeida (b. 1858 - d. 1922)
                             (acting)
14 Jun 1889 - 19 Jun 1890  José António de Brissac das        (b. 1846 - d. 1902)
                             Neves Ferreira
19 Jun 1890 - 11 Jul 1891  Joaquim José Machado (1st time)    (b. 1847 - d. 1925)
11 Jul 1891 - 13 May 1893  Raphael Jácome Lopes de Andrade    (b. 1851 - d. 1900)

13 May 1893 - 13 Jan 1894  Francisco Teixeira da Silva        (b. 1826 - d. 1894)
Jan 1894 - Jul 1894        Joaquim da Graça Correia e Lança   (b. 1856 - d. 1900)
                             (1st time) (acting)
 1 Jul 1894 - Jan 1895     Fernando de Magalhães e Meneses    (b. 1840 - d. 1899)
 9 Jan 1895 - Dec 1895     António José Enes -Commissioner    (b. 1848 - d. 1901)
Jan 1896 - Mar 1896        Joaquim da Graça Correia e Lança   (s.a.)
                             (2nd time) (acting)
21 Mar 1896 - Nov 1897     Joaquim Mousinho de Albuquerque    (b. 1855 - d. 1902)
18 Nov 1897 - Aug 1898     Baltasar Freire Cabral (acting)    (b. 1867 - d. 1924)
13 Aug 1898 - Dec 1898     Carlos Alberto Schultz Xavier
Dec 1898 - Mar 1900        Álvaro António da Costa Ferreira   (b. 1853 - d. 1933)
 6 Mar 1900 - May 1900     Júlio José, marquês da Costa

16 May 1900 - Oct 1900     Joaquim José Machado (2nd time)    (s.a.)
12 Oct 1900 - Dec 1902     Manuel Rafael Gorjão Henriques     (b. 1846 - d. 1918)
 5 Dec 1902 - Feb 1905     Thomás António García Rosado       (b. 1864 - d. 1937)
20 Feb 1905 - Oct 1906     João António de Azevedo Coutinho   (b. 1865 - d. 1944)
                             Fragoso de Sequeira
26 Oct 1906 - Oct 1910     Alfredo Augusto Freire de Andrade  (b. 1859 - d. 1929)
Oct 1910 – Nov 1910        Pedro Luís de Bellegarde da Silva  (b. 1853 - d. 1917?)
Nov 1910 - May 1911        José de Freitas Ribeiro (acting)   (b. 1868 - d. 1929)
May 1911 - Feb 1912        José Francisco de Azevedo e Silva  (b. 1858 - d. 1936)
Feb 1912 - Mar 1913        José Alfredo Mendes de Magalhães   (b. 1870 - d. 1957)
Mar 1913 - Apr 1914        Augusto Ferreira dos Santos        (b. 1870 - d. 1944)
Apr 1914 - May 1915        Joaquim José Machado (3rd time)    (s.a.)
May 1915 - Oct 1915        Alfredo Baptista Coelho            (b. 1865 - d. 1952)
Oct 1915 - Apr 1918        Álvaro Xavier de Castro            (b. 1878 - d. 1928)
Apr 1918 - Apr 1919        Pedro Francisco Massano do Amorim  (b. 1862 - d. 1929)
Apr 1919 - Mar 1921        Manuel Luís Moreira da Fonseca     (b. 1877 - d. 19..)
                             (1st time) (acting)
High Commissioners and Governors-general
Mar 1921 - Sep 1923        Manuel de Brito Camacho            (b. 1862 - d. 1934)
Sep 1923 - Nov 1924        Manuel Luís Moreira da Fonseca     (s.a.)
                             (2nd time) (acting)
Nov 1924 - May 1926        Víctor Hugo de Azevedo Coutinho    (b. 1871 - d. 1955)
May 1926 - Nov 1926        Artur Ivens Ferraz (acting)        (b. 1870 - d. 1933)
Nov 1926 -
Apr 1938        José Ricardo Pereira Cabral        (b. 1879 - d. 1956)
Apr 1938 - 
Mar 1940        José Nicolau Nunes de Oliveira     (b. 1890 - d. 1954)
Mar 1940 – 1946            José Tristão de Bettencourt        (b. 1880 - d. 1954)
1946 – 1947                Paulo Augusto do Rego (acting)
May 1947 - Dec 1948        Luís de Sousa e Vasconcelos e      (b. 1897 - d. 19..)
                             Funchal 
Dec 1948 - 1958            Gabriel Maurício Teixeira          (b. 1897 - d. 1973)
1958                       Juvenal de Carvalho (acting)
1958 - 1961                Pedro Correia de Barros            (b. 1911 - d. 1968)
1961 - 1964                Manuel Maria Sarmento Rodrigues    (b. 1899 - d. 1979)
 7 Jun 1964 - 1968         José Augusto da Costa Almeida      (b. 1912 - d. 1998)
1968 – 12 Jul 1968        
Álvaro de G. e Melo (acting)
12 Jul 1968 - 15 Jan 1970  Baltazar Rebelo de Sousa           (b. 1921 - d. 2002)
 2 Mar 1970 - Oct 1971     Eduardo Arantes e Oliveira         (b. 1907 - d. 1982)
Oct 1971 – 1972            Manuel Marques de Abrantes Amaral  (b. 1914)  
1972 - 27 Apr 1974         Manuel Pimentel Pereira dos Santos (b. 1919 - d. 2006)
27 Apr 1974 - 11 Jun 1974  David Teixeira Ferreira (acting)
11 Jun 1974 - 17 Aug 1974  Henrique Soares de Mello           (b. 1919 - d. 1992)
19 Aug 1974 - 12 Sep 1974  Jorge Augusto da Cunha Ferro       (b. 1928 - d. 1992)
                             Ribeiro (acting)
12 Sep 1974 - 25 Jun 1975  Vítor Manuel Trigueiros Crespo 
   (b. 1932 - d. 2014)
Presidents
25 Jun 1975 - 19 Oct 1986  Samora Moisés Machel               (s.a.)               FRELIMO 
19 Oct 1986 -  6 Nov 1986  Political Bureau of the Central 
                           Committee of FRELIMO (acting)
                           - Marcelino dos Santos             (s.a.)               FRELIMO 
                           - Joaquim Alberto Chissano         (s.a.)               FRELIMO 
                           - Alberto Joaquim Chipande         (s.a.)               FRELIMO 
                           - Armando Emílio Nuno Guebuza      (s.a.)               FRELIMO 
                           - Jorge "Domingo" Rebelo Pinto     (s.a.)               FRELIMO 
                               Chicoti
                           - Mariano de Araújo Matsinhe       (s.a.)               FRELIMO 
                           - Sebastião Chinguane Marcos Mabote(s.a.)               FRELIMO 
                           - Jacinto Soares Veloso            (s.a.)               FRELIMO 
                           - Mário Fernandes da Graça Machungo(s.a.)               FRELIMO
                           - José Óscar Monteiro              (s.a.)               FRELIMO
 6 Nov 1986 -  2 Feb 2005  Joaquim Alberto Chissano           (s.a.)               FRELIMO 
 2 Feb 2005 -
15 Jan 2015  Armando Emílio Nuno Guebuza        (s.a.)               FRELIMO
15 Jan 2015 - 15 Jan 2025  Filipe Jacinto Nyusi               (b. 1959
)            FRELIMO
15 Jan 2025 -              Daniel Francisco Chapo             (b. 1977)            FRELIMO


Prime ministers

20 Sep 1974 - 25 Jun 1975  Joaquim Alberto Chissanó           (s.a.)               FRELIMO
25 Jun 1975 - 12 Jul 1986  Post abolished
17 Jul 1986 - 16 Dec 1994  Mário Fernandes da Graça Machungo  (s.a.)               FRELIMO 
16 Dec 1994 - 17 Feb 2004  Pascoal Manuel Mocumbi             (b. 1941 - d. 2023)  FRELIMO 
17 Feb 2004 - 16 Jan 2010  Luisa Dias Diogo (f)               (b. 1958)            FRELIMO
16 Jan 2010  8 Oct 2012  Aires Bonifacio Baptista Al      (b. 1955)            FRELIMO 
 8 Oct 2012 - 19 Jan 2015  Alberto Clementino António Vaquina (b. 1961)            FRELIMO
19 Jan 2015 -  3 Mar 2022  Carlos Agostinho do Rosário        (b. 1954)            FRELIMO
 3 Mar 2022 -
17 Jan 2025  Adriano Afonso Maleiane            (b. 1949)            FRELIMO
17 Jan 2025 -              Maria Benvinda Delfina Levi (f)    (b. 1969)            FRELIMO

Territorial Disputes: South Africa has placed military units to assist police operations along the border of Lesotho, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique to control smuggling, poaching, and illegal migration; Mozambique and Malawi have held exercises to reaffirm boundaries a number of times.

Party abbreviation: FRELIMO = Frente da Libertação de Moçambique (Mozambique Liberation Front, democratic-socialist, formerly Marxist-Leninist Communist and African nationalist, Jul 1968 - Jul 1989, est.25 Jun 1962)



Alternative government: National Resistance Government of Mozambique

[Mozambican National
                        Resistance (RENAMO) former flag (Mozambique)]
Adopted 1977 RENAMO Flag

1977                       FRELIMO declares itself a Marxist-Leninist party, and RENAMO
                            (backed by Rhodesia and South Africa) is established
                             in rebellion against
Mozambique's FRELIMO government. 
1981                       RENAMO occupies most of the interior of Mozambique (with base
                             at Satungira).

 7 Aug 1992                Truce signed with the government of Mozambique.
 9 Oct 1992                Accord with the government, civil war ended.

Chairmen of the Mozambican National Resistance (RENAMO)
1977 - 17 Oct 1979         André Matade Matsangaissa          (b. 1950 - d. 1979)  MNR/RENAMO
1980 - 1987                Afonso Macacho Marceta Dhlakama    (b. 1953 - d. 2018)  RENAMO
President of the National Council
1987 -  9 Oct 1992         Afonso Macacho Marceta Dhlakama    (s.a.)               RENAMO

Party abbreviation: RENAMO = Resistência Nacional Moçambicana (Mozambican National Resistance, populist conservative, anti-communist, anti-FRELIMO, 1976-1977 as Movimento Nacional de Resistência de Moçambique [Mozambique National Resistance] MNR, est.1977)



Company Territories


Mozambique Company Territory of Manica and Sofala

Map of Mozambique Company Territories
Capital: Beira
Population
: 433,000
 (1940)

31 Jul 1891                Royal decree confirming the creation of Companhia de Moçambique
                             (Company of Mozambique), a chartered company receiving full
                             administrative and economic jurisdiction over the Mozambican
                             territories of Manica and Sofala, with headquarters at Beira.
 5 May 1892                Constitution of the company established.
18 Jul 1892                Manica and Sofala transferred from colonial to company
                             administration (Território de Manica e Sofala).
18 Jul 1942                Charter revoked, Manica and Sofala restored to direct
                             Portuguese colonial administration (as Beira district; from
                             1947, renamed Manica and Sofala district).


Governors of the Territory of Manica and Sofala
18 Jul 1892 - 15 Oct 1894  Joaquim José Machado (1st time)    (b. 1847 — d. 1925)
15 Oct 1894 - 17 Jul 1895  Francisco de Meneses de Meireles   (b. 1850 — d. 1915) 
                             do Canto e Castro (1st time)
17 Jul 1895 - 20 Jul 1895  Guilherme de Oliveira Arriaga      (b. 1858 - d. 1942)
20 Jul 1895 - 11 Jan 1897  Joaquim José Machado (2nd time)    (s.a.)
11 Jan 1897 - 15 Jan 1897  Henrique César da Silva Barahona   (b. 1860 - d. 1953)
                             e Costa
15 Jan 1897 - 19 Nov 1897  Francisco de Meneses de Meireles   (s.a.) 
                             do Canto e Castro (2nd time)
19 Nov 1897 -  4 Dec 1899  Manuel Rafael Gorjão Henriques     (b. 1846 — d. 1918)
 4 Dec 1899 -  1 May 1901  Francisco de Meneses de Meireles   (s.a.)  
                             do Canto e Castro (3rd time)
                           
(from 9 May 1902, visconde de Meireles)
 1 May 1901 - 25 Jul 1903  Teófilo José da Trindade (1st time)(b. 1856 - d. 1936)
25 Jul 1903 - 14 May 1904  Alberto Celestino Ferreira Pinto   (b. 1866 - d. 1932)
                             Basto (1st time)
14 May 1904 -  1 Sep 1905  Teófilo José da Trindade (2nd time)(s.a.)
 1 Sep 1905 - 26 Aug 1909  Alberto Celestino Ferreira Pinto   (s.a.)
                             Basto (2nd time)
26 Aug 1909 -  8 Aug 1910  Nuno de Freitas Queriol            (b. 1855 - d. 1924)
 8 Aug 1910 - 16 Nov 1910  Alberto Celestino Ferreira Pinto   (s.a.)
                             Basto (3rd time)
16 Nov 1910 -  8 May 1913  João Pery de Lind (1st time)       (b. 1861 - d. 1930)
 
8 May 1913 - 21 Jun 1914  Eduardo Augusto Marques
21 Jun 1914 - 16 Jun 1919  João Pery de Lind (2nd time)       (s.a.)
16 Jun 1919 - 26 Aug 1920  ....
26 Aug 1920 -  7 Jul 1921  João Pery de Lind (3rd time)       (s.a.)
 7 Jul 1921 - 22 Apr 1923  José Augusto Alves Roçadas         (b. 1865 - d. 1926)
Apr 1923 - Jul 1923        José Augusto Faure da Rosa (acting)(b. 1873 - d. 1950)
14 Jul 1923 - 16 Mar 1925  Pedro Francisco Massano de Amorim  (b. 1862 - d. 1929)

Mar 1925 - Oct 1925        António Serpa
13 Oct 1925 - 16 May 1927  Henrique Monteiro Correia da Silva (b. 1878 - d. 1935)

16 May 1927 - 22 May 1929  ....
22 May 1929 -  6 Aug 1932  Carlos de Almeida Pereira (1st time)
 6 Aug 1932 - 27 Feb 1933  Jaime dos Santos Pato (acting)
27 Feb 1933 -  8 Jun 1933  Carlos de Almeida Pereira (2nd time)
 
8 Jun 1933 - 28 Sep 1933  ....
28 Sep 1933 -  8 Apr 1942  Luís António de Magalhãis Correia  (b. 1873 - d. 1960)

 
8 Apr 1942 - 13 May 1942  ....
13 May 1942 - 18 Jul 1942  Alexandre Alberto de Sousa Pinto   (b. 1880 - d. 1982)



Nyassa Company Territories of Cabo Delgado (Niassa)


Map of Nyassa
Company Territories

Capital: Pòrto Amélia
(Ibo to 1904)

Population
: 418,000 (1928)


 9 Mar 1893                Royal decree confirming the creation of the Companhia do Niassa
                             (Company of Nyassa), a chartered company receiving full
                             administrative and economic jurisdiction over the Mozambican
                             territories of Cabo Delgado and Niassa, with headquarters at
                             Porto Amélia (modern Pemba).

Oct 1894                   Cabo Delgado and Niassa transferred from colonial to company
                             administration (Territórios de Cabo Delgado [Niassa]).
27 Oct 1929                Charter revoked, Cabo Delgado and Niassa restored to direct
                             Portuguese colonial administration (as Niassa district). 

Governors the of Territories of Cabo Delgado (Niassa)
27 Oct 1894 - 11 Jun 1896  Joaquim Sanches de Rolão Preto
                             (1st time)
12 Jun 1896 -  7 Jul 1896  Constâncio José de Brito (acting)  (b. c.1864 - d. 1948)
 8 Jul 1896 - 29 Sep 1896  Joaquim Sanches de Rolão Preto
                             (2nd time)
29 Sep 1896 - 11 Dec 1897  Francisco António Leopoldino       (b. 1859 - d. c.1927)
                             Gonçalves (interim)
12 Dec 1897 - 23 Dec 1899  Joaquim Manuel Guerreiro de Amorim
24 Dec 1899 - 21 Aug 1901  João Abel Antunes de Mesquita      (b. 1848 - d. 19..)
                             Guimarães
22 Aug 1901 - 27 Oct 1902  José Maria Martins Pereira (acting)
28 Oct 1902 - 11 Dec 1902  Henrique Carlos Lima (acting)
12 Dec 1902 - 26 Mar 1904  Ernesto Jardim de Vilhena          (b. 1876 - d. 1967)
27 Mar 1904 - 27 Oct 1904  Francisco Carlos Pedroso (acting)
28 Oct 1904 - 16 Jan 1905  Joaquim da Silva Tórres (1st time)
                             (acting)
17 Jan 1905 - 18 Aug 1908  João dos Santos Pires Viegas

19 Aug 1908 - 26 Apr 1911  Tomás António de Oliveira Mata     (b. 1878 - d. 19..)
                             e Dias (1st time)
(acting)
27 Apr 1910 - 27 Oct 1910  José de Serpa Pimentel de Sousa    (b. 1879 - d. 1929)
                             Coutinho
28 Oct 1910 - 26 Jul 1911  Tomás António de Oliveira Mata     (s.a.)
                             e Dias (2nd time)(acting)
27 Jul 1911 - 20 Feb 1912  Joaquim da Silva Tórres (2nd time)
                             (acting)
21 Feb 1912 - Mar 1913     Tomás António de Oliveira Mata     (s.a.
)
                             e Dias (3rd time)
17 Mar 1913 - 10 Jul 1913  Abílio de Lobão Soeiro (1st time)  (b. 1860 - d. 1924)
                             (acting)
11 Jul 1913 - 21 Jan 1914  Joaquim da Silva Tórres (3rd time)
                             (acting)
22 Jan 1914 -  9 Jun 1914  Abílio de Lobão Soeiro (2nd time)  (s.a.)
                             (acting)
10 Jun 1914 -  5 Jul 1915  Tomás António de Oliveira Mata    
(s.a.)
                             e Dias (4th time)
Jul 1915 - 1920            Abílio de Lobão Soeiro (3rd time)  (s.a.)
1920 - 1922                Joaquim da Silva Tórres (4th time)
 1 Jul 1922 - 1924?        João Henriques Pinheiro

30 Mar 1924 - 1929         Carlos Fernandes Brou


Chinde British Concession

[Flag of the United
                        Kingdom]
7 May 1892 - 1923

Map of Chinde
Concession

Headquarters:
Chinde
Population: 1,790
(Europeans 218)
(1907)

11 Jun 1891                Anglo-Portuguese Treaty annex agrees to grant the U.K a concession
                             at Chinde (Tchinde), near the mouth of the Zambezi River, in
                             exchange for a Portuguese concession on Lake Nyasa shore.
 7 May 1892                Chinde concession formally signed to the U.K., for 99 years
                             starting from 1 Jan 1892, by Portugal (subordinated to British
                             Central Africa [from 6 Jul 1907, Nyasaland] Protectorate).
 1 Jan 1896                Outer (or extra) concession granted, but without duty exemption
1898                       Concession is slightly enlarged to account for river erosion.
24 Feb 1922                Violent cyclone strikes, wrecks much of the concession.
18 Apr 1922                Railroad from Beira to Chindo opens bypassing Chinde.
1923                       Concession is abandoned by the British.
19 May 1925                Concession formally terminated by Portugal.                

British Vice-Consuls and Agents, Chinde
1891 - 1894                James Gilbert King                 (b. 1864 - d. 1896)
1894 - 1897                Ralph Belcher                      (b. 1860 - d. 19..)
1897                       Joseph Edward McMaster             (b. 18.. - d. 1900)
20 Aug 1897 -  1 Nov 1898  Reginald Charles Fulke Greville    (b. 1866 - d. 1956)
                             (from 1905, Reginald Charles Fulke Maugham)
 1 Nov 1898 - 1900         Edgar Errol Napier MacDonell       (b. 1874 - d. 1928)
 1 Jan 1901 - 1902         Stanley Hewitt-Fletcher (1st time) (b. 1866 - d. 1936)
Aug 1902 - Apr 1903        John Oliver Bowhill (acting)
Apr 1903 - Oct 1903        George Cecil Lingard Ray (1st time)(b. 1870 - d. 1907)
                             (acting)
1903 - 1904                Thomas Alexander Varis Best        (b. 1870 - d. 1941)
                             (acting)
1904 - 1907                Stanley Hewitt-Fletcher (2nd time) (b. 1866 - d. 1936)
1907 - 11 Aug 1907         George Cecil Lingard Ray (2nd time)(s.a.)
                             (acting)
1908 - 30 Sep 1909         Stanley Hewitt-Fletcher (3rd time) (s.a.)
British Consuls and Agents, Chinde

30 Sep 1909 -  3 Dec 1910  Stanley Hewitt-Fletcher (1st time) (s.a.)
 3 Dec 1910 - 1911         Guy Henry Vienot Mercier (1st time)(b. 1875 - d. 1935)
                             (interim)
1911 -  6 Feb 1918         Stanley Hewitt-Fletcher (2nd time) (s.a.)
 6 Feb 1918 - 1923         Guy Henry Vienot Mercier (2nd time)(s.a.)


Delagoa Bay

[National flag of the
                        Netherlands]
1721 - 1730

[Austrian War Ensign]
1777 - 1781

29 Mar 1721                Dutch East India Company founds Fort and Factory Lijdzaamheid
                             (Lydsaamheid)("Fort Endurance") at Delagoa Bay (Baía da Lagoa)
                             at site of modern
Maputo (subordinated to Cape Colony).
19 Apr 1722 - 28 Jun 1722  Pirate occupation of the settlement.
27 Dec 1730                Post is abandoned.
1762 - 1766                Attempted Portuguese settlement.
 3 May 1777                Austrian ship Joseph und Theresia under the Triestier Compagnie
                             (Imperial Asiatic Company of Trieste and Antwerp) lands and the
                             Austrians erect the forts of Saint Joseph and Saint Maria 
                             (Insel in der Bai von de la Goa).
28 Apr 1781                Portuguese authorities expel the Austrians.

Dutch Chiefs (Opperhoofden) of Ft. Lijdzaamheid
29 Mar 1721 - 31 May 1721  Willem van Taak                    (b. c.1692 - d. 1721)
31 May 1721 - 1722         Casparus Swertner                  (d. 1722)
Apr 1722 - 28 Jun 1722     John Taylor -Pirate commander
1722 - May 1724            Jean Michel
Jun 1724 - 1726            Jan van de Capelle (1st time)
15 May 1726 -  8 Jan 1727  Jan de Koning                      (d. 1727) 
 8 Jan 1727 - 27 Dec 1730  Jan van de Capelle (2nd time)
Austrian Heads of the Factory
 3 May 1777 -  1 Jul 1777  Wilhelm Boltz (Bolts) -Commander
 1 Jul 1777 - 28 Apr 1781  André Daniel Pollet
20 Jul 1780 - Apr 1781     William Manwaring                  (d. 1781)
                             (acting for Pollet)





© Ben Cahoon