Italy

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Italy

[Kingdom of Italy National Flag
and Civil Ensign 1861-1946]

18 Mar 1861 - 18 Jun 1946

[Kingdom of
Italy Naval Ensign 1861-1946]

18 Mar 1861 - 18 Jun 1946 Naval Ensign

[Italy
flag]

Adopted 18 Jun 1946

Naval Ensign Adopted 9 Nov 1947

Map of Italy Hear National Anthem
"Il Canto degli Italiani"
(The Song of the Italians
[a.k.a."Inno di Mameli"
Mameli's Hymn) Text of National Anthem
Adopted 12 Oct 1946
(provisional to 23 Nov 2012) Constitution
   (1 Jan 1948)

Map of Administrative
Divisions Former Royal Anthem
"Marcia Reale d'Ordinanza"
(Royal March of Ordinance)
(17 Mar 1861-12 Jun 1946)
Former Fascist Anthem
"Giovinezza" (The Youth)
(1922-24 Jul 1943) Constitution
("Statuto")
(4 Mar 1848 - 2 Jun 1946)

Capital: Rome (Roma)
(Brindisi 10 Sep 1943-11 Feb
1944, Salerno 12 Feb -
17 Jul 1944; Florence 1865 -
31 Dec 1870; Turin 1861-1865;
Milan 1802-1814)
(Italian Social Republic -
Saló 23 Sep 1943-28 Apr 1945)
Currency: Euro (EUR);
1862 - 1 Jan 2002 Lira (ITL);
1943-1945 Italy Allied
Military Lira (ITA); 1936-1944 Rinvestimento Lira (ITLR); 1865-1927 Union Latine Lira (XULL)
National Holiday: 2 Jun (1946)
Festa della Repubblica
(Republic Day)
------------------------------------
Former Holidays
(1926-1943):
28 Oct (1922)
Anniversario della Marcia
su Roma (Anniversary
of the March on Rome)
----------------------------------
(1895-1931):
20 Sep (1870)
Anniversario della Breccia
di Porta Pia (Anniversary of
the Breach of Porta Pia
[The Capture of Rome])
Population: 58,853,482 (2022)
45,387,000 (1942)
21,777,334 (1861)

GDP: $2.32 trillion (2017) Exports: $496.3 billion (2017)
Imports: $432.9 billion (2017) Ethnic groups: Italian 96%, North African Arab 0.9%,
Italo-Albanian 0.8%, Albanian 0.5%, German 0.4%,
Austrian 0.4%, Italo-Greek, French and other 1% (2000)

Total Active Armed Forces: 180,270 (2012)
U.S. Military Forces: 12,405 (2023)
Merchant marine: 1,405 ships (2018) Religions: Christian 83.3% (overwhelmingly Roman Catholic
with very small groups of Jehovah's Witnesses and Protestants), Muslim 3.7%, unaffiliated 12.4%, other 0.6% (2010)

International Organizations/Treaties: AC (observer), ACS (observer), ADB (nonregional), AfDB (nonregional), AG, AIIB (nonregional), ANT (consultative), APM, BIS, BSEC (observer), BTWC, CBSS (observer), CCM, CD, CDB (nonregional), CE, CEI, CERN, CFE, CPLP (associate observer), CTBT, CWC, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EITI, EMU, ENMOD, ESA, ESCR, EU, Euratom, Eutelsat, FAO, FATF, G- 7, G- 8, G-10, G-20, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partner), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, IRENA, ISA, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, LAIA (observer), LU, MIGA, MTCR, NATO, NAM (guest), NEA, NPT, NSG, NTBT, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OS, OSCE, OST, PA (observer), PAM, Paris Club, PCA, PIF (partner), SEGIB (associate observer), SELEC (observer), SICA (observer), UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNFCC-KP, UNFCC-PA, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, WA, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Italy Index Chronology

509 BC                     Roman Republic.

27 BC                      Roman Empire.

17 Jan 395                 Divided de jure into Eastern Roman Empire

                             (Byzantium) and Western Roman Empire.

4 Sep 476                 Last Emperor in the West, Romulus Augustus,

                             is forced to abdicate by Odovacar (Odoacer).

4 Sep 476 - 5 Mar 493   Odovacarrules as Italianking (see below).

5 Mar 493    Kingdom of Ostrogoths(Regnum Ostrogothorum/Reiki

   Gutthiudos)(see below).

May 540- 3 Sep 569     Part ofEastern Roman Empire.

3 Sep 569      Kingdom of the Lombards (Regnum Langobardorum/

                             Langabardanö Rikja)(see below).

5 Jun 774 Frankishkingdom of Italy (see below).

Jul 817    Italian Kingdom(Regnum Italicum)(see below).

14 May 1004 - 10 May 1796 Italy definitively part of Holy Roman Empire, but

   the style Rex Italia ("king of Italy") claimed,

                             but not included in imperial titulature

                             (see below).

26 Jun 1802                Italian Republic (Repubblica Italiana)(in Lombardy

   and Emilia-Romagna), with French First Consul

   Napoléon Bonaparte as President (seeLombardy).

17 Mar 1805                Kingdom of Italy(Regno d'Italia)(in Lombardy,

   Emilia-Romagna, Venetia [and Dalmatia to 3 May 1810

   andfrom 10 May 1810 Trento]), with Napoléon I,

   Emperor of the French King of Italy (seeLombardy).

23 Apr 1814 - 12 Jun 1814 Allied occupation of Kingdom of Italy.

30 May 1814                Formal restoration of the independent states by the

     Treaty of Paris.

18 Mar 1861                Kingdom of Italy (Regno d'Italia)(the king of

   Sardinia assumed the title of the "King of Italy"

  in accordance with a law promulgated on 17 Mar

  1861 (effective upon publication on 18 Mar 1861).

20 Sep 1870                Rome is annexed from the Papal State.

7 Jun 1929                State ofVatican Cityestablished.

9 May 1936 - 19 May 1941 Ethiopiaannexed.

6 Apr 1939 - 3 Sep 1943 Albaniain personal union (de facto annexation) with

                             Italy.

8 Sep 1943 - 17 Sep 1947 Under Allied Commission administration (see below).

10 Sep 1943 - 2 May 1945 Northern Italy is occupied by Germany (in Naples to 1

   Oct 1943, Rome to 13 Jun 1944, Milan 27 Apr 1945).

10 Sep 1943 - 2 May 1945 Trento, Bolzano, Belluno, Friuli, Gorizia, Trieste,

   Laibach, Fiume, and Istria are administered by

                             Germany (see Trentino-Alto Adige and Trieste).

23 Sep 1943 - 1 May 1945 Italian Social Republicin opposition to kingdom. The

   kingdom government moves to Bridisi, then Salerno

to 17 Jul 1944

10 Jun 1946                Provisional results of the referendum on the form

                            of government (monarchy vs. republic), confirming

  the majority of votes 54% in favor of republic,

                            are certified at the meeting of the Supreme Court

  of Cassation (final results certified at the

   meeting of the Supreme Court of Cassation on

                             18 Jun 1946).

13 Jun 1946                Exercise of executive authority by the kingis

                            discontinued by declaration of the Council of

  Ministers transferring the functions of the head

                            of state to the President of the Council of

  Ministers, pending the election of the

                            Provisional Head of State.

18 Jun 1946                Italian Republic (Repubblica Italiana).

10 Feb 1947                Peace treaty cedes Fiume and Zadar to Yugoslavia;

                             Tende, La Brigue, and other villages to France;

                             restores Sazan Island to Albania; and cedes

                             Trieste to the Allies. Italy regains full

   sovereignty (effective 15 Sep 1947).

1 Nov 1993              Part ofEuropean Union (1958-93 European Community).

27 Jun 2003                Republic of Italy (date of communication to United

                             Nations about change in English version; Italian

   name unchanged).

Italy 476-1004

Regions

States before 1861
A-N and P-V

Allied Military
Govt. (AMGOT)
(1943-1947)

Italian Social
Republic (Salo)
(1943-1945)

Partisan Republics
(1944)

Trieste
(1382-1954)

French
Establishments

Roman Empire
(27 BC-476 AD)

Historic Maps
of Italy

Maps of Italy
(c.1400) and
(1860-1924)

Kings¹
Provisional Heads of State
13 Jun 1946 - 1 Jul 1946 Alcide Amedeo Francesco De Gasperi (b. 1881 - d. 1954) DC
(acting)
1 Jul 1946 - 1 Jan 1948 Enrico De Nicola (b. 1877 - d. 1959) PLI
Presidents
1 Jan 1948 - 12 May 1948 Enrico De Nicola (s.a.) PLI
12 May 1948 - 11 May 1955 Luigi Numa Lorenzo Einaudi (b. 1874 - d. 1961) PLI
11 May 1955 - 11 May 1962 Giovanni Gronchi (b. 1887 - d. 1978) DC
11 May 1962 - 6 Dec 1964 Antonio Segni (b. 1891 - d. 1972) DC
6 Dec 1964 - 29 Dec 1964 Cesare Merzagora (acting) (b. 1898 - d. 1991) DC
29 Dec 1964 - 29 Dec 1971 Giuseppe Efisio Giovanni Saragat (b. 1898 - d. 1988) PSDI
29 Dec 1971 - 15 Jun 1978 Giovanni Leone (b. 1908 - d. 2001) DC
15 Jun 1978 - 9 Jul 1978 Amintore Fanfani (acting) (b. 1908 - d. 1999) DC
9 Jul 1978 - 29 Jun 1985 Alessandro "Sandro" Giuseppe (b. 1896 - d. 1990) PSI
Antonio Pertini
29 Jun 1985 - 28 Apr 1992 Francesco Maurizio Cossiga (b. 1928 - d. 2010) DC (acting to 3 Jul 1985)
28 Apr 1992 - 28 May 1992 Giovanni Spadolini (acting) (b. 1925 - d. 1994) PRI
28 May 1992 - 15 May 1999 Oscar Luigi Scàlfaro (b. 1918 - d. 2012) DC;1994 None
15 May 1999 - 18 May 1999 Nicola Mancino (acting) (b. 1931) DS


Prime ministers (presidents of the Council of Ministers)
17 Mar 1861 - 6 Jun 1861 Camillo Benso, conte di Cavour (b. 1810 - d. 1861) Des (from 21 Jan 1860 prime minister of Sardinia)
6 Jun 1861 - 12 Jun 1861 Marco Minghetti (1st time)(acting) (b. 1818 - d. 1886) Des
12 Jun 1861 - 3 Mar 1862 Bettino Ricasoli, conte Brolio (b. 1809 - d. 1880) Des
(1st time)
3 Mar 1862 - 8 Dec 1862 Urbano Rattazzi (1st time) (b. 1808 - d. 1873) Sin
8 Dec 1862 - 24 Mar 1863 Luigi Carlo Farini (b. 1812 - d. 1866) Des
24 Mar 1863 - 28 Sep 1864 Marco Minghetti (2nd time) (s.a.) Des
28 Sep 1864 - 17 Jun 1866 Alfonso Ferrero della Marmora (b. 1804 - d. 1878) Des
17 Jun 1866 - 10 Apr 1867 Bettino Ricasoli, conte Brolio (s.a.) Des
(2nd time)
10 Apr 1867 - 27 Oct 1867 Urbano Rattazzi (2nd time) (s.a.) Sin
27 Oct 1867 - 14 Dec 1869 Luigi Federico, conte Menabrea (b. 1809 - d. 1896) Des
14 Dec 1869 - 10 Aug 1873 Giovanni Lanza (b. 1810 - d. 1882) Sin
10 Aug 1873 - 25 Mar 1876 Marco Minghetti (3rd time) (s.a.) Des
25 Mar 1876 - 24 Mar 1878 Agostino Depretis (1st time) (b. 1813 - d. 1887) Sin
24 Mar 1878 - 19 Dec 1878 Benedetto Cairoli (1st time) (b. 1825 - d. 1889) Sin
19 Dec 1878 - 14 Jul 1879 Agostino Depretis (2nd time) (s.a.) Sin
14 Jul 1879 - 29 May 1881 Benedetto Cairoli (2nd time) (s.a.) Sin
28 May 1881 - 29 Jul 1887 Agostino Depretis (3rd time) (s.a.) Sin
29 Jul 1887 - 9 Feb 1891 Francesco Crispi (1st time) (b. 1819 - d. 1901) Sin
(acting to 7 Aug 1887)
9 Feb 1891 - 15 May 1892 Antonio Starabba, marchese (b. 1839 - d. 1908) Des di Rudinì (1st time)
15 May 1892 - 15 Dec 1893 Giovanni Giolitti (1st time) (b. 1842 - d. 1928) Sin
15 Dec 1893 - 10 Mar 1896 Francesco Crispi (2nd time) (s.a.) Sin
10 Mar 1896 - 30 Jun 1898 Antonio Starabba, marchese (s.a.) Des
di Rudinì (2nd time)
30 Jun 1898 - 25 Jun 1900 Luigi Gerolamo Pelloux (b. 1839 - d. 1924) Des
25 Jun 1900 - 15 Feb 1901 Giuseppe Saracco (b. 1821 - d. 1907) Des
15 Feb 1901 - 3 Nov 1903 Giuseppe Zanardelli (b. 1826 - d. 1903) Sin
3 Nov 1903 - 16 Mar 1905 Giovanni Giolitti (2nd time) (s.a.) Sin
16 Mar 1905 - 28 Mar 1905 Tommaso Tittoni (b. 1855 - d. 1931) Des
28 Mar 1905 - 8 Feb 1906 Alessandro Fortis (b. 1842 - d. 1909) Sin
8 Feb 1906 - 30 May 1906 Sidney, barone Sonnino (1st time) (b. 1847 - d. 1922) Des
30 May 1906 - 11 Dec 1909 Giovanni Giolitti (3rd time) (s.a.) Sin
11 Dec 1909 - 31 Mar 1910 Sidney, barone Sonnino (2nd time) (s.a.) Des
31 Mar 1910 - 30 Mar 1911 Luigi Luzzatti (b. 1841 - d. 1927) Des
30 Mar 1911 - 21 Mar 1914 Giovanni Giolitti (4th time) (s.a.) Sin
21 Mar 1914 - 19 Jun 1916 Antonio Salandra (b. 1853 - d. 1931) Des
19 Jun 1916 - 30 Oct 1917 Paolo Boselli (b. 1838 - d. 1932) Des
30 Oct 1917 - 24 Jun 1919 Vittorio Emanuele Orlando (b. 1860 - d. 1952) Sin
24 Jun 1919 - 16 Jun 1920 Francesco Saverio Nitti (b. 1868 - d. 1953) Rad
16 Jun 1920 - 4 Jul 1921 Giovanni Giolitti (5th time) (s.a.) Sin
4 Jul 1921 - 26 Feb 1922 Ivanoe Bonomi (1st time) (b. 1873 - d. 1951) PSRI
26 Feb 1922 - 30 Oct 1922 Luigi Facta (b. 1861 - d. 1930) PLI
(atBrindisi 10 Sep 1943 - 11 Feb 1944,
then Salerno from 12 Feb 1944)
22 Jun 1944 - 21 Jun 1945 Ivanoe Bonomi (2nd time) (s.a.) DL
(at Salerno to 17 Jul 1944)
21 Jun 1945 - 10 Dec 1945 Ferruccio Parri (b. 1890 - d. 1981) PdA
10 Dec 1945 - 17 Aug 1953 Alcide Amedeo Francesco De Gasperi (s.a.) DC
17 Aug 1953 - 19 Jan 1954 Giuseppe Pella (b. 1902 - d. 1981) DC
19 Jan 1954 - 10 Feb 1954 Amintore Fanfani (1st time) (s.a.) DC
10 Feb 1954 - 6 Jul 1955 Mario Scelba (b. 1901 - d. 1991) DC
6 Jul 1955 - 20 May 1957 Antonio Segni (1st time) (s.a.) DC
20 May 1957 - 2 Jul 1958 Adone Zoli (b. 1887 - d. 1960) DC
2 Jul 1958 - 16 Feb 1959 Amintore Fanfani (2nd time) (s.a.) DC
16 Feb 1959 - 26 Mar 1960 Antonio Segni (2nd time) (s.a.) DC
26 Mar 1960 - 26 Jul 1960 Fernando Tambroni Armaroli (b. 1901 - d. 1963) DC
26 Jul 1960 - 22 Jun 1963 Amintore Fanfani (3rd time) (s.a.) DC
22 Jun 1963 - 5 Dec 1963 Giovanni Leone (1st time) (s.a.) DC
5 Dec 1963 - 25 Jun 1968 Aldo Romeo Luigi Moro (1st time) (b. 1916 - d. 1978) DC
25 Jun 1968 - 12 Dec 1968 Giovanni Leone (2nd time) (s.a.) DC
12 Dec 1968 - 6 Aug 1970 Mariano Rumor (1st time) (b. 1915 - d. 1990) DC
6 Aug 1970 - 18 Feb 1972 Emilio Colombo (b. 1920 - d. 2013) DC
18 Feb 1972 - 8 Jul 1973 Giulio Andreotti (1st time) (b. 1919 - d. 2013) DC
8 Jul 1973 - 23 Nov 1974 Mariano Rumor (2nd time) (s.a.) DC
23 Nov 1974 - 29 Jul 1976 Aldo Romeo Luigi Moro (2nd time) (s.a.) DC
29 Jul 1976 - 4 Aug 1979 Giulio Andreotti (2nd time) (s.a.) DC
4 Aug 1979 - 18 Oct 1980 Francesco Maurizio Cossiga (s.a.) DC
18 Oct 1980 - 28 Jun 1981 Arnaldo Forlani (b. 1925 - d. 2023) DC
28 Jun 1981 - 1 Dec 1982 Giovanni Spadolini (s.a.) PRI
1 Dec 1982 - 4 Aug 1983 Amintore Fanfani (4th time) (s.a.) DC
4 Aug 1983 - 17 Apr 1987 Benedetto "Bettino" Craxi (b. 1934 - d. 2000) PSI
18 Apr 1987 - 29 Jul 1987 Amintore Fanfani (5th time) (s.a.) DC
29 Jul 1987 - 13 Apr 1988 Giovanni Giuseppe Goria (b. 1943 - d. 1994) DC
13 Apr 1988 - 23 Jul 1989 Luigi Ciriaco De Mita (b. 1928 - d. 2022) DC
23 Jul 1989 - 28 Jun 1992 Giulio Andreotti (3rd time) (s.a.) DC
28 Jun 1992 - 29 Apr 1993 Giuliano Amato (1st time) (b. 1938) PSI
29 Apr 1993 - 11 May 1994 Carlo Azeglio Ciampi (s.a.) Non-party
11 May 1994 - 17 Jan 1995 Silvio Berlusconi (1st time) (b. 1936 - d. 2023) FI
17 Jan 1995 - 18 May 1996 Lamberto Dini (b. 1931) Non-party
18 May 1996 - 21 Oct 1998 Romano Antonio Prodi (1st time) (b. 1939) OT
21 Oct 1998 - 26 Apr 2000 Massimo D'Alema (b. 1949) DS
26 Apr 2000 - 11 Jun 2001 Giuliano Amato (2nd time) (s.a.) Non-party
11 Jun 2001 - 17 May 2006 Silvio Berlusconi (2nd time) (s.a.) FI
17 May 2006 - 8 May 2008 RomanoAntonio Prodi (2nd time) (s.a.) LU
8 May 2008 - 16 Nov 2011 Silvio Berlusconi (3rd time) (s.a.) FI;2009 PdL
16 Nov 2011 - 28 Apr 2013 Mario Monti (b. 1943) Non-party
28 Apr 2013 - 22 Feb 2014 Enrico Letta (b. 1966) PD
22 Feb 2014 - 12 Dec 2016 Matteo Renzi (b. 1975) PD 12 Dec 2016 - 1 Jun 2018 Paolo Gentiloni Silveri (b. 1954) PD

¹Full style of the ruler: (a) 18 Mar 1861 - 22 Apr 1861 and 10 May 1946 - 18 Jun 1946: Re d'Italia ("King of Italy"); (b) 22 Apr 1861 - 9 May 1936 and 8 Dec 1943 - 10 May 1946: Per Grazia di Dio e per volontà della Nazione Re d'Italia ("By the Grace of God and by the Will of the Nation King of Italy"); (c) 9 May 1936 - 19 Apr 1939: Per grazia di Dio e per volontà della Nazione Re d'Italia, Imperatore d'Etiopia ("by the Grace of God and by the Will of the Nation King of Italy, Emperor of Ethiopia"); (d) 19 Apr 1939 - 8 Dec 1943: Per grazia di Dio e per volontà della Nazione Re d'Italia e di Albania, Imperatore d'Etiopia ("By the Grace of God and by the Will of the Nation King of Italy and of Albania, Emperor of Ethiopia"); use of the titles Re di Albania and Imperatore d'Etiopia were informally discontinued after 23 Sep 1943, official change of the royal style was sanctioned by the decree of 27 Nov 1943 (period of application backdated to 8 Sep 1943; published in Italy Official Gazette, No. 4, 8 Dec 1943).

² the Ministry of Occupied Italy was responsible for the reconstruction of liberated Northern Italy and for the relations with the various resistance movements.

Noble titles: barone= baron;conte = count; marchese= marquis; principe = prince.

Territorial Dispute: Italy's long coastline and developed economy entices tens of thousands of illegal immigrants from southeastern Europe and northern Africa.

Party abbreviations: FdI = Fratelli d'Italia (Brothers of Italy, conservative, populist,Italian (snationalist, split from PdL, est.17 Dec 2012); FI = Forza Italia (Forward Italy, center-right, liberal conservative, Silvio Berlusconi personalist, 18 Jan 1994-27 Mar 2009 named Movimento Politico Forza Italia, 2009 merged into PdL; restored 29 Nov 2013);PD= Partito Democratico (Democratic Party, social-democratic, center-left, est.14 Oct 2007);Mil = Military; - Former parties: Des = Destra (Right, later referred to as Destra Storica [Historic Right], Italian nationalist, classical liberal, conservative, monarchist, 1849-1921); DC = Democrazia Cristiana (Christian Democracy, christian democratic, centrist, 15 Dec 1943-16 Jan 1994, successor Partito Popolare Italiano); DL = Partito Democratico del Lavoro (Democratic Labor Party, social democratic, center-left, 9 Sep 1943-31 Jan 1948); DS = Democratici di Sinistra (Democrats of the Left, social-democratic, 3 Mar 1991-13 Mar 1998 as Partito Democratico della Sinistra [Democratic Party of the Left], former PCI, merged into PD, 13 Mar 1998-14 Oct 2007, merged into PD); LU = L'Unione (The Union, center-left coalition, OT successor, incl. DS, Rifondazione Comunista [Communist Refoundation], Popolari-UDEUR, Partito dei Comunisti Italiani [to 1998], Federazione dei Verdi [Green Federation], and Rosa nel Pugno [Rose in the Fist], 10 Feb 2005-8 Feb 2008); OT = L'Ulivo (The Olive Tree, center-left coalition, incl. Federazione dei Verdi [Green Federation], DS, Partito Popolare Italiano, PRI, Rinnovamento Italiano [Lista Dini], Unione Democratica, Party of the Left [main partner of the OT],6 Mar 1995-10 Feb 2005, renamed LU); PCI = Partito Comunista Italiano (Italian Communist Party, communist, 1926-1943 banned, 21 Jan 1921-3 Jan 1991, merged into Partito Democratico della Sinistra/DS); PdA = Partito d'Azione (Action Party, center-left, liberal socialist, anti-monarchist, 14 Jun 1942-25 Apr 1947, merged into PSI);PdL = Popolo della Libertà (People of Freedom, center-right, liberal conservative, Silvio Berlusconi personalist, merger of FI and Alleanza Nazionale, 29 Mar 2009-16 Nov 2013, renamed FI); PLI = Partito Liberale Italiano (Italian Liberal Party, moderate conservative, center-right, merger of DS remnants and Sinistra Liberale, 8 Oct 1922-6 Feb 1994, re-est.5 Jul 1997); PNF = Partito Nazionale Fascista (National Fascist Party, Italian fascist, nationalist, authoritarian,9 Nov 1921-27 Jul 1943 only legal party 7 Oct 1926-25 Jul 1943, successor at Italian Social Republic 13 Sep 1943 - 28 Apr 1945 Partito Fascista Repubblicano [Republican Fascist Party] PFR); PRI = Partito Repubblicano Italiano (Italian Republican Party, republican, social liberal, center-left, 1895-7 Oct 1926 and from 1943);PSDI = Partito Socialista Democratico Italiano (Italian Social Democratic Party, social–democratic, 11 Jan 1947-10 May 1998, merged into SDI);PSI = Italiano Socialista Partito (Italian Socialist Party, socialist from 1976, democratic socialist 1962-76, marxist to 1962, banned 1926-1943, 14 Aug 1892-13 Nov 1994, re-est.5 Oct 2007); PSRI = Partito Socialista Riformista Italiano (Italian Social Reform Party, social-democratic, split from PSI, later DL, 10 Jul 1912-7 Oct 1926); Rad = Partito Radicale Italiano (Italian Radical Party, radical, anti-capitalist, left-wing, split from Sin,26 May 1877-26 Apr 1922, merged into Partito Democratico Sociale Italiano); Sin = Sinistra (Left, later referred to as Sinistra Storica [Historic Left], center-left, liberal, progressive, anti-clerical, monarchist, 1849-1921)

Allied Military Government of Italy 1943-1947

11 Jun 1943 Allied forces occupy Pantelleria Island, on 12 Jun 1943 Lampedusa, and on 13 Jun 1943 Linosa and Lampione Islands.10 Jul 1943 Allied forces begin the invasion of Sicily; Allied Military Mission to Italy begins in Sicily (taking Syracuse 10 Jul 1943, Catania 5 Aug 1943, Palermo 22 Jul 1943, and Messina 17 Aug 1943). 17 Aug 1943 Allied forces occupy Sicily. 3 Sep 1943 Allied Military Government of Occupied Territories(AMGOT) begins on the Italian mainland(the King's government takes over as Allied forces moveup the peninsula). 8 Sep 1943 Formal surrender of Italy bythe King's government in Brindisi. 17 Sep 1943 Allied forces occupy Sardinia. 29 Sep 1943 Allied Control Commission for Italy (ACC) established (effective 10 Nov 1943). 24 Oct 1943 AMGOT renamedAllied Military Government (AMG). 11 Feb 1944 Lucania, Calabria, Sardinia, Sicily (but not Pantelleria, Lampedusa, and Linosa) and all of Italy south of the northern boundaries of the provinces of Bari, Potenza, and Salerno are restoredto the King's government in Brindisi. 10 Jul 1944 Provinces of Foggia, Campobasso, Benevento, Avellino and Naples (with the exception of the port of Naples) are restored to the Italian government, and on 17 Aug 1944 the provinces of Rome, Frosinone, Littoria. 16 Oct 1944 Provinces of Teramo, L'Aquila, Pescara, and Chieti are restored to the Italian government. 27 Oct 1944 ACC renamed Allied Commission for Italy. 10 May 1945 Provinces of Macerata, Ascoli Piceno, Perugia, Terni, Pesaro, Arezzo, Siena, Grosseto, and Ancona (less port of Ancona)are restored to the Italian government. 30 Sep 1945 Provinces of Liguria, Piemonte, Lombardia, Venezia Tridentina (less Bolzano province) and Venezia Propria (less Udine province) are restored to the Italian government. 31 Dec 1945 Allied Military Government ends (except in Udine and Venezia- Giulia provinces). 31 Jan 1947 Formal end ofAllied Commission (Peace Treaty signed 10 Feb 1947, effective 15 Sep 1947).Italy regains its full sovereignty.17 Sep 1947 Allied Forces Headquarters dissolved.

Heads of the Allied Military Government (AMGOT) and (from 10 Nov 1943) Presidents of the Allied Control Commission for Italy (also Supreme Allied Commanders, Mediterranean Theater [SACMED]) 11 Jun 1943 - 8 Jan 1944 Dwight "Ike" D. Eisenhower (U.S.) (b. 1890 - d. 1969) (supreme commander-in-chief, supreme headquarters, Allied expeditionary force) 8 Jan 1944 - 27 Oct 1944 Sir Henry Maitland Wilson (U.K.) (b. 1881 - d. 1964) Heads of the Allied Military Government (AMGOT) and Presidents of the Allied Allied Commission for Italy (also Supreme Allied Commanders, Mediterranean [SACMED]) 27 Oct 1944 - 11 Dec 1944 Sir Henry Maitland Wilson (U.K.) (s.a.) 12 Dec 1944 - 29 Sep 1945 Sir Harold Rupert Leofric George (b. 1891 - d. 1969) Alexander (U.K.) 29 Sep 1945 - 23 Oct 1945 Joseph Taggart McNarney (U.S.) (b. 1893 - d. 1972) (acting) 23 Oct 1945 - 31 Jan 1947 Sir William Duthie Morgan (U.K.) (b. 1891 - d. 1977) 31 Jan 1947 - 17 Sep 1947 John Clifford Hodges Lee (U.S.) (b. 1887 - d. 1958) (acting) Acting Deputy Presidents of the Allied Control Commission for Italy 10 Nov 1943 - 16 Jan 1944 Kenyon Ashe Joyce (U.S.) (b. 1879 - d. 1960) (acting for the Supreme Allied Commander) 16 Jan 1944 - Jul 1944 Sir Frank Noel Mason-MacFarlane (b. 1889 - d. 1953) (acting for the Supreme Allied Commander) Acting President of the Allied Control 10 Nov 1944 - 17 Sep 1947 Maurice Harold Macmillan (U.K.) (b. 1894 - d. 1986) (acting for the Supreme Allied Commanders) Chief Civil Affairs Officer, Allied Military Government of Occupied Territories 22 Jul 1943 - 10 Nov 1943 Francis James Rennell Rodd, Baron (b. 1895 - d. 1978) Rennell (U.K.) Chief Commissioners, Allied Control Commission for Italy 10 Nov 1943 - 16 Jul 1944 Ellery Wheeler Stone (U.S.)(acting)(b. 1894 - d. 1981) (1st time) 16 Jan 1944 - Jul 1944 Sir Frank Noel Mason-MacFarlane (s.a.) (U.K.) Jul 1944 - 26 Oct 1944 Ellery Wheeler Stone (U.S.) (s.a.) (2nd time) Chief Commissioner of the Allied Commission for Italy and Chief Civil Affairs Officer, Allied Military Government in Italy 27 Oct 1944 - 17 Sep 1947 Ellery Wheeler Stone (U.S.) (s.a.) Allied Military Governors of Occupied Territories 10 Jul 1943 - 11 Dec 1944 Sir Harold Rupert Leofric George (s.a.) Alexander (U.K.) 12 Dec 1944 - 5 Jul 1945 Mark Wayne Clark (U.S.) (b. 1896 – d. 1984)Counter Government at Saló: Italian Social Republic


23 Sep 1943 - 28 Apr 1945 State flag


28 Jan 1944 - 28 Apr 1945 War flag

Map of Italian Social Republic	Hear National Anthem "Giovinezza" (The Youth)	Text of National Anthem (23 Sep 1943-28 Apr 1945)	Draft Constitution (1943; in Italian)
Capital: Saló⁴	Currency: Italian Lira (ITL) (1943-1945)	National Holiday: 28 Oct (1922) Anniversario della Marcia su Roma (Anniversary of the March on Rome)	Population: 30,000,000 (1943 est.) (area under the Republic)
GDP: $N/A	Exports: $N/A Imports: $N/A	Ethnic groups: Italian, German, Slovene, Croat
Total Armed Forces: 150,000 (1944) German Forces: 332,000 (1945) Merchant marine: N/A		Religions: Roman Catholic, Protestant, Jewish

12 Sep 1943 German forces rescue Mussolini from prison at Gran Sasso. 15 Sep 1943 Mussolini arrives at Saló. 23 Sep 1943 National Republican State of Italy (Stato Nazionale Repubblicano d'Italia) formed in German occupied northern and central Italy. 1 Dec 1943 Renamed Italian Social Republic (Repubblica Sociale Italiana). 28 Apr 1945 Collapse of Axis forces and end of the Italian Social Republic. 2 May 1945 German forces formally surrender.Duce⁵ 23 Sep 1943 - 28 Apr 1945 Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (b. 1883 - d. 1945) PFR (in hiding from 25 Apr 1945) 25 Apr 1945 - 28 Apr 1945 Piero Pisenti (b. 1887 - d. 1980) PFR (delegate for current affairs of government) German Plenipotentiary (de facto ruler) 23 Sep 1943 - 28 Apr 1945 Rudolf Rahn (b. 1900 - d. 1975) NSDAP Commanders-in-chief of the Southwest (Oberbefehlshaber Südwest)(German Army in Italy) 8 Sep 1943 - 20 Nov 1943 Erwin Rommel (b. 1891 - d. 1944) Mil 21 Nov 1943 - 26 Oct 1944 Albert Kesselring (1st time) (b. 1885 - d. 1960) Mil 26 Oct 1944 - 15 Jan 1945 Heinrich Gottfried von (b. 1887 - d. 1952) Mil Vietinghoff-Scheel (1st time) 15 Jan 1945 - 10 Mar 1945 Albert Kesselring (2nd time) (s.a.) Mil 15 Jan 1945 - 10 Mar 1945 Karl Wolff (b. 1900 - d. 1984) Mil (acting for Kesselring) 10 Mar 1945 - 30 Apr 1945 Heinrich Gottfried von (s.a.) Mil Vietinghoff-Scheel (2nd time) 30 Apr 1945 - 1 May 1945 Friedrich "Fritz" Schulz (b. 1897 - d. 1976) Mil 1 May 1945 - 2 May 1945 Hans Röttiger (acting) (b. 1896 - d. 1960) Mil Chiefs of the Military Administration in Northern Italy (Chef der Militärverwaltung beim Bevollmächtigten Deutschen General in Norditalien) 5 Nov 1943 - Feb 1944 Paul Ernst Kanstein (b. 1899 - d. 1981) NSDAP Feb 1944 - Sep 1944 Friedrich Walter Landfried (b. 1884 - d. 1952) NSDAP 2 Sep 1944 - 26 Feb 1945 Otto Gustav Wächter (b. 1901 - d. 1949) Mil ⁴The de jure capital was Rome, but Saló was the de facto seat of government and location of the ministries of Foreign Affairs, Interior, and Popular Culture; other ministries were scattered throughout northern Italy -the ministry of Defense in Soiano; ministry of Justice in Cremona, later Brescia; ministry of Finance in Brescia; ministry of Corporate Economy in Bergamo, later Milan; ministry of Agriculture in Treviso; ministry of National Education in Padova; ministry of Public Jobs in Venice; ministry of Communications in Verona; ministry of Labor in Milan; and offices of the House and Senate in Venice. ⁵Full style of ruler: (a) 23 Sep 1943 - 1 Dec 1943: Duce dello Stato Nazionale Repubblicano d'Italia ("Leader of the Republican National State of Italy"); in legislation: Duce del Fascismo, Capo dello Stato Nazionale Repubblicano d'Italia (Leader of Fascism, Head of the Republican National State of Italy); (b) 1 Dec 1943 - 28 Apr 1945: Duce della Repubblica Sociale Italiana ("Leader of the Italian Social Republic"). Party abbreviations: PFR = Partito Fascista Repubblicano (Republican Fascist Party, Italian fascist, nationalist, republican, former Partito Nazionale Fascista [National Fascist Party], only legal party of RSI, 13 Sep 1943-28 Apr 1945); NSDAP = Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (National Socialist German Workers' Party, Nazi fascist, xenophobic, German nationalist, 20 Feb 1920-10 Oct 1945); Mil = MilitaryPartisan Resistance Note: In Sep 1943, delegates of non-Fascist parties assembled in Rome and founded the Fronte Antifascista unito libertà (United Anti-Fascist Freedom Front), renamed Comitato di Liberazione Nationale (Committee of National Liberation)(CLN) after the German occupation of Italy. Similar committees were also set up in most other cities. In the course of the following months they regrouped into three regional committees, acting independently of the Italian government. In Feb 1946, the CLNAI is absorbed by the central CLN; on 21 Jun 1946, the entire organization is dissolved with the agreement of all the adhering political parties. President of the Central Committee of National Liberation (CCLN) (Comitato di Liberazione Nazionale Centrale) 9 Sep 1943 - 11 Jun 1944 Ivanoe Bonomi (s.a.) PDL President of the Committee of National Liberation of Tuscany (CTLN) (Comitato di Liberazione Nazionale della Toscana) 9 Sep 1943 - 11 Aug 1944 Carlo Ludovico Ragghianti (b. 1910 - d. 1987) PdA Presidents of the Committee for National Liberation of Upper Italy (CLNAI) (Comitato di Liberazione Nazionale Alta Italia) 9 Sep 1943 - 27 Apr 1945 Alfredo Pizzoni ("Longhi") (b. 1894 - d. 1958) Non-party 27 Apr 1945 - Feb 1946 Rodolfo Morandi (b. 1902 - d. 1955) PSI Party abbreviations: PDL = Partito Democratico del Lavoro (Democratic Labor Party, anti-fascist, social democratic, 8 Sep 1943-31 Jan 1948, merged into Partito Socialista Democratico Italiano); PdA = Partito d'Azione (Action Party, center-left, liberal socialist, anti-monarchist, 14 Jun 1942-25 Apr 1947, merged into PSI); PSI = Italiano Socialista Partito (Italian Socialist Party, socialist from 1976, democratic socialist 1962-76, marxist to 1962, banned 1926-1943, 14 Aug 1892-13 Nov 1994, re-est.5 Oct 2007)Italian Partisan Republics of 1944Note: In 1944, the Committee of National Liberation of Upper Italy (CLNAI)(s.a.) staged a revolt that resulted in the establishment of a number of "partisan republics." Within the same year, however, they were reconquered by the occupying Germans. They were: Alto Monferrato (Sep - 2 Dec), Alto Tortonese⁶ (Sep-Dec), Bobbio e Torriglia⁶ (7 Jul - 27 Aug), Cansiglio (Jul-Sep), Carnia (Jul-Oct), Friuli Orientale (30 Jun - Sep), Imperia (Aug-Oct), Langhe (Sep-Nov), Montefiorino (17 Jun - 1 Aug), Ossola (10 Sep - 23 Oct), Val Ceno (10 Jun - 11 Jul), Val d'Enza e Val Parma (Jun-Jul), Val Maira e Val Varaita (Jun - 21 Aug), Val Taro (15 Jun - 24 Jul), Valli di Lanzo (25 Jun - Sep), Valsesia (11 Jun - 10 Jul), and Varzi⁶ (Sep - 29 Nov). Ossola was the only republic which received some recognition both by Swiss officials and by local Allied representatives.

Ossola (Domodossola)

10 Sep 1944 Italian partisans establish Free Republic of Ossola (Libera Repubblica dell'Ossola) in Val d'Ossola on the shore of Lake Maggiore (incl. Cannoba, Intra, Verbania, Omegna, and Domodossola) comprised 35 municipalities situated along the Swiss frontier. 23 Oct 1944 Germans re-occupy the area, end of the partisan republic. President of the Provisional Junta of Government of Ossola 10 Sep 1944 - 23 Oct 1944 Ettore Tibaldi (b. 1887 - d. 1968) PSI ⁶The partisan republics of Alto Tortonese, Bobbio e Torriglia and Varzi were adjacent, forming in this way one vast liberated territory. Party abbreviation: PSI = Italiano Socialista Partito (Italian Socialist Party, socialist from 1976, democratic socialist 1962-76, marxist to 1962, banned 1926-1943, 14 Aug 1892-13 Nov 1994, re-est.5 Oct 2007)Trieste


1813 - 3 Nov 1918 City Flag


10 Feb 1947 - 25 Oct 1954

Map of Trieste Zone 1947-54	Hear Unofficial Anthem "L'inno di San Giusto" (Hymn of Saint Justus)	Text of Trieste Anthem (1947-1954; Unoffical)	Permanent Statute (10 Feb 1947 - 25 Oct 1954)
Capital: Trieste (Zone A); Koper (Capodistria)(Zone B)	Currency: Zone A: 1945-54 Italian Lira (ITL); Zone B: 29 Oct 1945 - Jul 1949 Trieste Lira (Yugoslav Lira), 1949-54 Yugoslav Fed. Dinar (YUF)	National Holiday (Zone A): 3 Nov (293) Festa di San Giusto (Festival of Saint Justus) (unofficial)	Population: 310,000 (1949, Zone A) Zone A: 297,000 (1953) Zone B: 67,461 (1945) 217,790 (1910) 21,000 (1802)
GDP: N/A	Exports: 9.5 billion Italian Liras (1951, Zone A, excluding trade with Italy) Imports: 29.9 billion Italian Liras (1951, Zone A, excluding trade with Italy)	Ethnic groups: (Zone A): Italian 239,000; Slovene 63,000; others 8,000 (1949); (Zone B): Slav 30,789; Italian 29,672; other 7,000 (1945)
Total Zone A Police: 4,337 (1950) (Venezia-Giulia Police Force) Allied Military Forces: 5,000 (US); 5,000 (UK); 5,000 (Yugoslavia) (1950) Defense was Responsibility of the United Nations Merchant marine: N/A		Religions: Roman Catholic 95%, Jewish 3%, Protestant 1%, other 1% (1900)
International Organizations/Treaties (Zone A): OEEC, UPU

178 BC - 476 AD Part of Roman Empire (named Tergeste). 476 - 493 Part of Odovacar's (Odovacer) Italian kingdom. 493 - 539 Part of Ostrogoths kingdom. 539 - 752 Part of Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire. 752 - 774 Part of the Kingdom of the Lombards. 788 Under Frankish rule (part of March of Istria [marca Istrica]); claimed by the Byzantines to 812. c.850 Under the Bishops of Trieste - first as barons (c.850-933), then as counts/imperial princes (948-1077). c.890 Part of March of Verona and Aquileia (Marca Veronensis et Aquileiensis) 7 Aug 952 Part of Holy Roman Empire (within March of Verona and Aquileia). 1070 - 1077 Part of March of Istria (restored). 11 Jun 1077 Part of the Patriarchate of Aquileia (Patriarchatus Aquileiensis). 1202 - 1236 Made a tributary of Venetian Republic. 1236 Trieste purchases the baronial rights of archbishop for his lifetime and in 1275 buys out the arch bishops rights in perpetuity (Comune di Trieste). 1279 - 1287 Occupied by Venetian Republic. 1291 - 1368 Part of the Patriarchate of Aquileia. 1368 - 1372 Trieste part of Venetian Republic (by peace treaty on 30 Oct 1370). 31 Aug 1369 Trieste places itself under lordship of the Duke of Austria, who is forced to renounce it on 12 Nov 1370 in favor of Venice. 1372 - 1377 Part of the Patriarchate of Aquileia. 1377 Restored to Venetian Republic. 26 Jun 1380 - 1381 Occupied by Republic of Genoa. 24 Jun 1381 Trieste recognized as independent by Venice and the Patriarch by peace of Turin. Oct 1382 Trieste's agreement cessation to Austria signed; Reichsunmittelbare Stadt Triest (Free Imperial City of Trieste). Aug 1467 - 14 Aug 1469 Trieste briefly overthrows Austrian rule. 6 May 1508 - 3 Jun 1509 Occupied by the Venetian Republic. 18 Mar 1719 – 1 Jul 1891 Made a free port within the Austrian Empire. 28 Apr 1747 - 20 Oct 1776 Administration of the Austrian Littoral (including Austrian Istria and Fiume) united under an Intendancy in Trieste (dependent on the Consilium Commerciale Aulicum [Commercial Council of the Court] in Vienna). 27 Apr 1769 Empress Maria Theresa confirms Trieste independence within the crown territories of Austria. 20 Oct 1776 Administration of the two main ports divided, Trieste assigned as the port for the Austrian "hereditary lands" and Fiume for the Kingdom of Hungary. 23 Mar 1797 - 24 May 1797 French occupation. 19 Nov 1805 - 4 Mar 1806 French occupation. 1 May 1806 Istria annexed to Kingdom of Italy (département of Istrie). 9 Apr 1809 - 16 May 1809 Austrian retakes Trieste. 17 May 1809 French re-occupation. 14 Oct 1809 Trieste annexed to France, as part of Illyrian Provinces (province de Trieste). 15 Apr 1811 Province fused with Gorz to from the intendance of Istrie. 30 Jun 1811 - 18 Sep 1811 Division between two military subdivisions: Capo-d'Istria and Rovigno. 12 Oct 1813 - 29 Oct 1813 Trieste under siege by Anglo-Austrian forces. 29 Oct 1813 Austrian occupation. 30 May 1814 Formally restored to Austria (remains within Illyria). 25 Dec 1814 Re-incorporated into Austria, as Kreisamt zu Triest (within Illyria). 3 Aug 1816 Component of the Austrian Illyrian Kingdom (Königreich Illyrien) as Triester Kreis within the Landesgubernium in dem Königreiche Illyrien zu Triest (see Austrian Crownlands). 2 Oct 1849 City and Land of Trieste (Stadt und Gebiet Triest), a separate and immediate city with the status of an Austrian crownland. 15 Nov 1849 Görz and Gradisca combined with Istria and subordinated to Triest (by decree of 18 Oct 1849) as one crownland which is called Österreichisches Küstenland (Austrian Littoral), with the governor residing in Triest (see Austrian Crownlands). 12 Apr 1850 Reichsunmittelbare Stadt Triest mit ihrem Gebiet/Città Imperiale di Trieste e Dintorni (Imperial Free City of Trieste and its Lands). 21 Dec 1867 Part of the "Austrian" half of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy (i.e. of the "kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Diet"). May 1915 - 30 Oct 1918 Municipal government dissolved by Austria. 3 Nov 1918 Occupied by Italy. 10 Sep 1919 Trieste formally ceded to Italy by Austria. 17 Oct 1922 Province of Trieste (Provincia di Trieste), within Italy. 10 Sep 1943 - 2 May 1945 German occupation (part of Operationszone Adriatisches Küstenland; a German civil administration over Friuli, Gorizia, Trieste, Istria, Fiume, and Laibach, with headquarters in Trieste). 23 Sep 1943 - 28 Apr 1945 Nominally part of the Italian Social Republic. 1 May 1945 - 12 Jun 1945 Yugoslav military forces occupy the city and its surroundings. 2 May 1945 Joint Anglo-American occupation begun (Allied Military Government of Venezia Giulia)(formal division 12 Jun 1945). 15 Sep 1947 Free Territory of Trieste (Territorio libero di Trieste/Serbo- Croatian: Slobodna Teritorija Trsta/Slovene: Svobodno tržaško ozemlje); Anglo-American occupation of Zone A (including Pola exclave), and Zone B is occupied by Yugoslavia (created by Paris Treaty of Peace with Italy of 10 Feb 1947). 11 May 1952 Italian civil administration restored in Zone A. 26 Oct 1954 Divided between Italy (Zone A) and Yugoslavia (Zone B). 10 Nov 1975 Treaty of Osimo formally ends Italy claim to former Zone B (ratified 11 Oct 1977). Lords (title Herr zu Triest) Oct 1382 - 14 Oct 1809 the archdukes of Austria 30 May 1814 - 11 Nov 1918 the archdukes of Austria Mayors (podestà di Trieste) 1368 Marin Zeno 1368 - 1369 Marco Morosini 1369 - 1370 Saraceno Dandolo (1st time) 1370 - 1372 Paolo Loredani 1372 - 137. Leonardo Contarini (1st time) 1374 - 137. Giovanni Dandolo 1377 - 1378 Giacomo Delfino 1378 - 1379 Saraceno Dandolo (2nd time) 1379 - 1380 Leonardo Contarini (2nd time) 1380 - 1381 Donato Tron 17 Jun 1381 Simone di Prampero (Simon von Pramperg) Mar 1382 - 1382 Nicolò di Collalto (Niklas von Collalto) Sep 1382 - 1382 Johanne Cechovar Captains (Capitani in luogo di Podestà/Hauptmann zu Triest) Nov 1382 - 1390/91 Hugo von Tybein (d. 1390/91) (Ugone di Duino) 1382 - 1383 Popolin von Wisenstein (Popolin de Wisenstein ) (vice-capitano acting with Duino in Treviso) 1 May 1394 - 1401 Rudolf von Walsee (b. c.1343 - d. 1405) (Rodolfo di Valsa) 15 Jun 1401 - 1405 Jacob von Trapp (1st time) (Giacomo de Trapp) 1 Mar 1405 - 1405 Conrad von Lünz (1st time) (Corrado de Lunz) 13 Jul 1405 - 1410 Jacob von Trapp (2nd time) (Giacomo de Trapp) 11 May 1410 - 1410 Johann von Trottenberg (Giovanni de Trottenberg) 20 Nov 1410 - 1412 Ulrich Senef von Ostrovich (Ulrico Senck/Schenck de Ostrovich) 1412 - 1415 Conrad von Lünz (2nd time) (Corrado de Lunz) 28 Aug 1415 - 1416 Pancraz Burggraf von Lünz (Pancrazio Burgravio de Lunz) (1st time) 15 Jan 1416 - 21 Feb 1420 Conrad von Lünz (3rd time) (Corrado de Lunz) Feb 1420 - 1427 Pancraz Burggraf von Lünz (Pancrazio Burgravio de Lunz) (2nd time) 12 Jan 1427 - 30 Apr 1429 Conrad von Lünz (4th time) (Corrado de Lunz) 5 May 1429 - 1436 Johann von Welsegger (Giovanni de Velsegger) 1435 - 1436 Johann Bluscher von Bluschemberg (Giovanni Bluscher de Bluschemberg) Jan 1436 - 1439 Franz von Strassoldo (1st time) (Francesco di Strassoldo) Jul 1439 - Sep 1439 Johann Felsecher (Giovanni Felsecher) Sep 1439 - 1443 Franz von Strassoldo (2nd time) (Francesco di Strassoldo) 7 Dec 1443 - 1449 Bernhard Taystainer (Bernardo Taystainer) 1449 Franz von Strassoldo (3rd time) 1449 Kaspar von Montefalcone (Gaspare di Montefalcone) 1449 - 1452 Johann Breda (Giovanni Breda) Jun 1452 - Jul 1452 Georg Herberstein (1st time) (Giorgio di Herberstein) Jul 1452 - 1454 Kaspar von Lamberg (1st time) (Gaspare barone Lamberg) Jul 1454 - 1461 Sigismund Spauer (Sigismondo Spauer) Jul 1459 - 1459 Georg Herberstein (Giorgio di Herberstein) (acting for Spauer) 1461 - Apr 1461 Georg Herberstein (2nd time) (Giorgio di Herberstein) (acting) Apr 1461 - 1461 Kaspar Tschbernembl (Gaspare Tschbernembl) Jun 1461 - 1463 Georg Herberstein (3rd time) (Giorgio di Herberstein) Aug 1463 - 1464 Kaspar von Lamberg (2nd time) (Gaspare barone Lamberg) Mar 1464 - 1464 Ludwig Cosiacher (1st time) (Ludovico Cosiacher) Jun 1464 - 1464 Georg Herberstein (4th time) (Giorgio di Herberstein) Dec 1464 - 1467 Ludwig Cosiacher (2nd time) (Ludovico Cosiacher) Nov 1467 - 1470 Niklas von Lueger (Nicolo di Luogar) 20 May 1470 - 1477 Georg von Tschernembl (d. 1480) (Giorgio di Tschbernembl) Jun 1477 - 1483 Nikolaus Rauber (Nicolò Rauber) May 1483 - 1486 Kaspar Rauber (1st time) (Gasparo Rauber) Nov 1486 - 1493 Balthasar von Dürer (1st time) (Baldassare de Durer) Aug 1489 - Oct 1489 Georg Ellacher (Giorgio Ellacher) (acting for Dürer) 1490 (months) Simon von Ungerspach (Simone Ungerspach) (acting for Dürer) 1493 - 1497 Kaspar Rauber (2nd time) (Gasparo Rauber) 1497 - 1498 Balthasar von Dürer (2nd time) (Baldassare de Durer) 1498 - 1499 Kaspar Rauber (3rd time) (Gasparo Rauber) Jan 1499 - Jun 1499 Erasmus Brasca (1st time) (b. c.1445 - d. 1502) (Erasmo Brasca) Jun 1499 - 1500 Kaspar Rauber (4th time) (Gasparo Rauber) c.Feb 1500 - 1501 Erasmus Brasca (2nd time) (s.a.) Dec 1501 - 6 May 1508 Georg Moyses (Moisevic) (Giorgio Moisesso) 13 Apr 1505 - Jul 1505 Georg Sainhost (acting for Moyses) (Giovanni Sainhost) 6 May 1508 - 12 May 1508 Bartolomeo Liviano -Venetian general 13 May 1508 - Apr 1509 Francesco Capello -Provveditore (appointed by Venice) Apr 1509 - 3 Jun 1509 Geremia di Leo -Provveditore (appointed by Venice) 4 Jun 1509 - 6 Jun 1509 Johann Neuhauser (Giovanni Neuhauser) Jun 1509 - Jan 1521 Nicolaus Rauber (1st time) (Nicolò Rauber) 4 Jan 1521 - 1522 Johann Baptist Tiziono, Graf von Deciana (1st time) (Giovanni Bartolomeo Tiziono, conte della Desana) Aug 1522 - 1523 Nicolaus Rauber Freiherr von Plannckenstein/Plankenstein (Nicolò Rauber, barone in Plankenstein) 1523 Johann Baptist Tiziono, Graf von Deciana (2nd time) (Giovanni Bartolomeo Tiziono, conte della Desana) end 1523 - end 1536 Nikolaus Rauber (2nd time) (Nicolò Rauber) 1537 - 1546 Leonhard Graf von Nogarola (Leonardo, conte Nogarola) 1546 - Apr? 1558 Johann von Hoyos (Juan de Hoyos/Giovanni de Hoyos) 1558 - 21 Sep 1569 Anton Freiherr von Thurn und zu Creutz (d. 1569) (Antonio, barone della Torre e Croce) Feb 1570 - 1576 Christoph Siegmund Römer von Marez (Cristoforo Sigismondo Roemer de Marez) 1576 - 1591 Veit Baron von Dornberg (b. 1529 - d. 1591) (Vito, barone de Dorimbergo) Mar 1591 - 1610 Georg Graf von Nogarola (d. 1610) (Giorgio, conte Nogarola) 1610 - end 1617 Ascanio Graf Balmarana (Ascanio, conte di Valmarana) end 1617 - 1618 Kaspar Franz Brenner, Freiherr von Luech (Gaspare Francesco Brenner, barone Luech) 1618 - 1630 Franz Phöbus Graf della Torre (Francesco Febo, conte della Torre) 1630 - 1636 Benvenuto Petazzi Freiherr von Schwarzenegg, Castellnuovo und San Servolo (Benvenuto barone Petazzi) 1636 Johann Georg Graf Barbo, Freiherr von Waxenstein und Pässberg (Giovanni Giorgio Barone Barbo) Dec 1636 Georg von Herberstein (Giovanni Giorgio, barone Herberstein) 1652 - 5 Nov 1659 Franz Kaspar von Brenner (d. 1659) (Francesco Gaspare de Brenner) Dec 1659 - 1664 Nikolaus Graf Petazzi (Nicolò, conte Petazzi) 1664 - Dec 1664 Pietro dell'Argento (acting) 1665 - Feb 1666 Johann Jakob Baron von Raunicher (d. 1666) (Giovanni Giacomo, barone de Raunicher) Apr 1666 - Dec 1666 Karl Graf von della Torre Popaita (Carlo, conte della Torre Popaita) Dec 1666 - Jan 1674 Johann Vincenz Freiherr Coronini (Giovanni Vincenzo, conte Coronini) Jan 1674 - 1698 Johann Philipp II Graf Cobenzl (b. 1635 - d. 1702) (Giovanni Filippo, barone Cobenzl) Jan 1698 - 1706 Veit Graf von Strassoldo (b. 1646 - d. 1732) (Vito, conte Strassoldo) 1706 - 1723 Martinus von Strassoldo (b. 1663 - d. 1732) (Marzio, conte Strassoldo) 1723 - 1736 Andreas Freiherr de Fin (substitute) (Andrea, barone de Fin) 1736 - 1740 Franz (Franciscus) Graf von Firmian (Francesco, conte de Firmian) 1740 - 1741 Sigismund Freiherr von Gallenberg (b. 1707 - d. 1773) (Sigismondo, barone de Gallenberg) 3 Jul 1741 - 1746 Johann Siegfried Graf von Herberstein (b. 1706 - d. 1771) (Giovanni Sigifredo, conte Herberstein) 1746 - 1748 Antonio Rudolfo de Marenzi de (d. 1771) Mahrenzenfeld (substitute) (Antonio, barone Marenzi) Presidents of Imperial Intendancy for the Commercial Direction of the Littoral in Trieste (Kayserl. Königl. Commercial-Intendenza in dem gesamten Littorali Austriaco zu Triest/Cesarea Regia Suprema Intendenza Commerciale per la Provincia Mercantile del Litorale in Trieste) 1748 - 1749 Christoph Freiherr von Flachenfeld (Cristoforo, barone di Flachenfeld) (capitan, acting) 1749 - 1750 Franz Reichsfreiherr von Wiesenhütten (b. 1720 - d. 1786) (Francesco, barone de Wiesenhutten) 1750 - 1764 Nikolaus Graf von Hamilton (b. 1715 - d. 1769) (Nicolò, conte Hamilton) 1764 - 1765 Johann Karl Graf Lichnowsky (b. 1730 - d. 1788) (Giovanni Carlo, conte Lichnowsky) 1765 - 1766 Heinrich Graf von Auersperg (b. 1721 - d. 1773) (Enrico, conte de Auersberg) 1766 - 1773 Giuseppe, barone Ceschi di Santa Croce 31 Dec 1769 - Sep? 1770 Franz Xaver Freiherr von Königsbrunn (b. 1728 - d. 1794) (acting for Santa Croce) 24 Apr 1773 - 5 Nov 1773 Johann Adolf Graf von Wagensperg (b. 1724 - d. 1773) (Adolfo, conte de Wagensberg) 1773 - 1774 Franz Xaver Freiherr von Königsbrunn (s.a.) (acting) 1774 - 1776 Franz Adam Graf Lamberg zu Stein (b. 1730 - d. 1803) (Francesco Adamo, conte Lamberg) Governors 13 Jun 1776 - 1782 Karl Johann Christian Graf von (b. 1739 - d. 1813) Zinzendorf 1782 - 23 Mar 1797 Pompeo Graf von Brigido und Bresowitz (b. 1729 - d. 1811) (1st time)(departs Trieste 20 Mar 1797) 23 Mar 1797 - 10 Apr 1797 Charles François Dugua (b. 1744 - d. 1802) (French commander) 23 Mar 1797 - 24 May 1797 Antoine Bréchet (French commander of Trieste city, castle and port [commandant militaire de la Ville, château et port de Trieste]) 10 Apr 1797 - 24 May 1797 Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte (b. 1763 - d. 1844) (French commander) 24 May 1797 - 1803 Pompeo Graf von Brigido und Bresowitz (s.a.) (2nd time) May 1797 - Nov 1801 Raimund Reichsgraf von Thurn- (b. 1747 - d. 1817) Valsassina und Hofer (commissioner plenipotentiary for Istria, Dalmatia and Albania) Nov 1801 - 6 Mar 1804 Francesco Maria, barone di Carnea (b. 1759 - d. 1825) Steffaneo (commissioner plenipotentiary for Istria, Dalmatia and Albania) Mar 1804 - 25 Aug 1808 Sigismund von Lovász de Eötvenes Mar 1804 - 3 Apr 1804 Franz Philipp von Roth (b. 17.. - d. 1804) (in charge of Istria ex-veneta) Apr 1804 - Jun 1804 Alexander Németh (1st time) (in charge of Istria ex-veneta) Jun 1804 - 1805? Giuseppe Maria, conte Castiglioni (d. 1820) (in charge of Istria ex-veneta) (provincial captain) 1805 - Nov 1805 Franz Josef Hannibal Graf von (b. 1771 - d. 1844) Hohenwart (acting for conte Castiglioni) (vice-provincial captain) 29 Aug 1808 - 11 Apr 1809 Peter Graf von Goëss (b. 1774 - d. 1846) 11 Apr 1809 - 18? May 1809 Bernhard Anton Maria Vincenz (b. 1756 - d. 1817) Freiherr von Rossetti zu Roseneck (Rosenegg)(1st time) (civil governor) 9 Apr 1806 - 16 May 1809 Anton Freiherr von Zach (b. 1747 - d. 1826) (miliary commander) 9 Apr 1809 - 16 May 1809 Alexander Németh (2nd time) French Military governors 19 Nov 1805 - 2 Dec 1805 Jean-Baptiste Solignac (b. 1773 - d. 1850) 2/6 Dec 1805 - Jan 1806 Jean-Mathieu Séras (b. 1765 - d. 1815) Heads of Provisional government 2 Dec 1805 - 5 Dec 1805 Ignazio, cavaliere de Capuano (b. 1749 - d. 1839) (president of the municipality 1805-1809) 6 Dec 1805 - 29 Apr 1806 Angelo Calafati (b. 1765 - d. 1822) 1 May 1806 - 27 May 1809 part of département Istrie Intendants of Trieste 27 May 1809 - 26 Nov 1809 Louis Joubert (b. 1762 - d. 1812) 26 Nov 1809 - 3 May 1813 Lucien Émile Arnault (b. 1787 - d. 1863) 5 May 1813 - 5 Oct 1813 Angelo Calafati (s.a.) Austrian Provisional Civil and Military Governor of Illyria 13 Oct 1813 - 18 Mar 1815 Christoph Freiherr von Lattermann (b. 1753 - d. 1835) Kreishauptmann in Triest 1813 - 1816 Karl Graf Chotek von Chotkow und (b. 1783 - d. 1868) Wognin Landes-Gouverneure in dem Königreiche Illyrien zu Triest 3 Aug 1816 - 14 Nov 1849 the Landes-Gouverneure in dem Königreiche Illyrien Militär- und Civil-Gouverneur von Triest, Statthalter im Küstenlande (from 14 Jan 1856, Statthalter im Küstenland, Gouverneur von Triest) 15 Nov 1849 - 24 May 1859 the Statthalter of Küstenland Statthalter (in Triest und im Küstenlande) 24 May 1859 - 30 Oct 1918 the Statthalter of Küstenland (s.a.) Chairman of the Committee of Public Safety of Trieste 30 Oct 1918 - 3 Nov 1918 Alfonso Valerio (b. 1852 - d. 1942) Italian Military Governor 3 Nov 1918 - 31 Jul 1919 Carlo Petitti di Roreto (b. 1862 - d. 1933) Mil General Civil Commissioners for Venezia Giulia 31 Jul 1919 - 3 Dec 1919 Augusto Ciuffelli (b. 1856 - d. 1921) Non-party 8 Dec 1919 - 31 Oct 1922 Antonio Mosconi (b. 1866 - d. 1955) Non-party Prefects of the Province of Trieste 1 Nov 1922 - 18 Jun 1924 Francesco Crispo Moncada (b. 1867 - d. 1952) Non-party 22 Jun 1924 - 11 Dec 1925 Amadeo Moroni (b. 1876 - d. 1926) Non-party 11 Dec 1925 - 15 Dec 1926 Giovanni Gasti (b. 1852 - d. 1927) Non-party 16 Dec 1926 - 16 Jul 1929 Bruno Fornaciari (b. 1881 - d. 1959) PNF 16 Jul 1929 - 16 Jan 1933 Ettore Porro (b. 1874 - d. 1947) PNF 16 Jan 1933 - 1 Aug 1936 Carlo Tiengo (b. 1892 - d. 1945) PNF 1 Aug 1936 - 21 Aug 1939 Eolo Rebua (b. 1878 - d. 1959) PNF 21 Aug 1939 - 7 Jun 1941 Dino Borri (b. 1885 - d. 1970) PNF 7 Jun 1941 - 1 Aug 1943 Tullio Tamburini (1st time) (b. 1892 - d. 1957) PNF 1 Aug 1943 - 11 Sep 1943 Giuseppe Cocuzza (b. 1882 - d. 1974) PNF 12 Sep 1943 - 1 Oct 1943 Tullio Tamburini (2nd time) (s.a.) PFR 22 Oct 1943 - 28 Apr 1945 Bruno Coceani (b. 1893 - d. 1978) PFR 28 Apr 1945 - 1 May 1945 Antonio De Berti (b. 1889 - d. 1952) PDL German Supreme Commissioner for Operationszone Adriatisches Küstenland 29 Sep 1943 - 2 May 1945 Friedrich Rainer (b. 1903 - d. 1947) NSDAP Sep 1943 - May 1945 Ferdinand Wolsegger (b. 1880 - d. 1959) NSDAP (permanent representative for mostly absent Rainer) Allied Military governors⁷ - Zone A (British-U.S.) - 2 May 1945 - Jun 1945 Bernard Cyril Freyberg (New Zealand) (b. 1889 - d. 1963) Mil Jun 1945 Nelson Wicks Monfort (U.S.) (b. 1891 - d. 1976) Mil Jun 1945 - 27 Jun 1947 Alfred Connor Bowman (U.S.) (b. 1904 - d. 1982) Mil 27 Jun 1947 - 15 Sep 1947 James Jewett Carnes (U.S.) (b. 1899 - d. 1986) Mil 15 Sep 1947 - 31 Mar 1951 Sir Terence Sydney Airey (U.K.) (b. 1900 - d. 1983 Mil 1 Apr 1951 - 26 Oct 1954 Sir Thomas Willoughby Winterton (U.K.) (b. 1898 - d. 1987) Mil - Zone A directors-general, Civil Affairs - Oct 1947 - Jun 1949 Ridgely Gaither (U.S.) (b. 1903 - d. 1992) Mil Jun 1949 - Nov 1950 Clyde Davis Eddleman (U.S.) (b. 1902 - d. 1992) Mil - Zone B (Yugoslav) - 1 May 1945 - Sep 1947 Dušan Kveder (b. 1915 - d. 1966) Mil 15 Sep 1947 - Mar 1951 Mirko Lenac (b. 1919 - d. 1956) Mil Mar 1951 - 25 Oct 1954 Miloš Stamatović (b. 1914 - d. 1988) Mil Mayors (Podestà) 19 Nov 1850 - 20 Apr 1861 Muzio Giuseppe Spirito, (b. 1794 - d. 1879) cavaliere de Tommasini 20 Apr 1861 - 2 Jun 1863 Stefano Giovanni Pietro de Conti (b. 1810 - d. 1872) 2 Jun 1863 - 13 May 1869 Carlo, cavaliere Porenta (b. 1814 - d. 1898) 13 May 1869 - 27 May 1879 Massimiliano D'Angeli (b. 1815 - d. 1881) LN 27 May 1879 - 27 Dec 1890 Riccardo Bazzoni (b. 1826 - d. 1891) LN 1890 - 1891 Moisé Luzzatto (acting) (b. 1824 - d. 1915) Jan 1891 - Apr 1897 Ferdinando Pitteri (b. 1829 - d. 1915) LN Apr 1897 - 1900 Carlo Dompieri (b. 1842 - d. 1925) 1900 - 1909 Luigi Scipione Ritter von Sandrinelli (b. 1846 - d. 1922) NLP 1909 - May 1915 Alfonso Valerio (1st time) (s.a.) LN May 1915 - 30 Oct 1918 Post abolished Chairman of the Committee of Public Safety of Trieste 30 Oct 1918 - 3 Nov 1918 Alfonso Valerio (s.a.) Mayor (Sindaco) of Trieste 3 Nov 1918 - 17 Jul 1919 Alfonso Valerio (2nd time) (s.a.) Mayor (Podestà) of Trieste Oct 1943 - 30 Apr 1945 Cesare Pagnini (b. 1899 - d. 1989) PFR Mayors (Sindaco) of Trieste city Aug 1945 - Jul 1949 Michele Miani (b. 1884 - d. 1980) PRI+CLN (president of the Commune of Trieste) 18 Jul 1949 - 17 Sep 1957 Gianni Bartoli (b. 1900 - d. 1973) DC Presidents of the Province of Trieste (Italian self-government in Zone A) Sep 1947 - May 1951 Giovanni Tanasco (b. 1889 - d. 1971) DC May 1951 - c.1953 Giulio Cleva Ind ⁷the provisional military administration was continued 1947 to 1954 because of the inability of the United Nations Security Council to agree upon the selection of a civil governor. Party abbreviations: CLN = Comitato di Liberazione Nazionle di Trieste (Committee for the National Liberation of Trieste, left-wing, pro-Italian, anti-fascist, 1943-1955); DC = Democrazia Cristiana (Christian Democracy, christian democratic, centrist, 15 Dec 1943-16 Jan 1994, successor Partito Popolare Italiano); Ind = Indipendente (Independent); LN = Lega Nazionale (National League, supported union of Italian lands within Austria, 1891-1915); NLP = Nationalliberale Partei (National Liberal Party, Austrian conservative, 1867-1918); NSDAP = Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (National Socialist German Workers' Party, Nazi fascist, xenophobic, German nationalist, 20 Feb 1920-10 Oct 1945); PDL = Partito Democratico del Lavoro (Democratic Labor Party, anti-fascist, social democratic, 8 Sep 1943-31 Jan 1948, merged into Partito Socialista Democratico Italiano); PFR = Partito Fascista Repubblicano (Republican Fascist Party, Italian fascist, nationalist, republican, former Partito Nazionale Fascista [National Fascist Party], only legal party of RSI at Salo, 13 Sep 1943-28 Apr 1945); PRI = Partito Repubblicano Italiano (Italian Republican Party, liberal, banned 1926-1943, est.21 Apr 1895)Pious Establishments of France in Rome

Map of Pious Establishments
of France in Rome

Headquarters:
Ville Bonaparte, Rome

Règlement pour
l'administration des
Pieux Établissements
(25 Aug 1956)

31 Dec 1494 After his occupation of Rome, the French king Charles VII confirms the establishment of a convent of French Minims and on 21 Feb 1495 Pope Alexander VI also confirms the rights of the convent, overlooking the Piazza di Spagna (Église et abbaye de la Trinité-des-Monts)(Church and Abbey of the Trinity of the Mount). 2 Apr 1478 Pope Sixtus IV confirms the possession of the church and refuge for pilgrims to France, replacing another ancient site, between the Pantheon and the Piazza Navona (Église Saint-Louis-des- Français)(Church of Saint Louis of the French). 16 Sep 1455 Pope Calixtus III grants a concession for the building of a church and a refuge for pilgrims from the Duchy of Brittany (later passes to France), near the Piazza Navona (Église Saint-Yves-des-Bretons)(Church of Saint Yves of the Bretons). 23 Aug 1500 French national churches and charitable institutions in Rome are organized as self-governing communities under the protection of the King of France represented by his ambassador as the Pious Establishments of France in Rome (Les Pieux-Etablissements de la France à Rome). 23 Aug 1615 French Cardinal de Joyeuse bequests a chapel he has financed at Loreto to the King of France (Chapellenie nationale de France à Lorette)(National Chaplaincy of France in Loreto). 16 Oct 1622 Holy See grants a concession for the building of a church and a refuge for pilgrims from the Duchy of Lorraine (later passes to France), right next to the Piazza Navona (Église Saint- Nicolas-des-Lorrains)(Church of Saint Nicolas of the Lorrains). 7 May 1652 Holy See grants a concession for the building of a church and a refuge for pilgrims from Franch-Comté, between the Palazzo Montecitorio and the Piazza di Spagna (Église Saint-Claude- des-Francs-Comtois de Bourgogne)(Church of Saint Claude of Franch-Comté in Burgundy). 19 Feb 1797 French Republic cedes the Pious Establishments to the Papal State. The Pope uses the possessions and wealth to restore his own finances. Some buildings are demolished, priests are dispersed. 15 Jul 1801 Papal-French Concordat, the Pious Establishments are restored to France; again administered by French ambassador to Holy See. 2 Feb 1808 - 17 May 1809 French occupation of Rome. 17 May 1809 - 24 Mar 1814 Annexation of the Papal States to France. 1815 Following the return of the Pope, the French ambassador resumes authority over the Establishments. 15 Jan 1843 Règlement pour l'admission et le service religieux des Pieux Établissements Français dans les États Pontificaux ("Regulations for the Admission and Religious Service of Pious French Establishments in the Papal States") of 1842 is promulgated by Ambassador de La Tour-Maubourg. 9 Oct 1870 Papal States are annexed by Italy. Jul 1904 - May 1921 Rupture of diplomatic relations between France and the Holy See; The Establishments are administered by an agent of the French ministry of Foreign affairs. 10 Jun 1940 - Jul 1943 Fascist Italy attempts to confiscate the Establishments, the French Ambassador is confined inside Vatican City. 10 Jul 1940 - 24 Aug 1944 Ambassador loyal to "Vichy" France. May 1943 - 1945 Establishments are 'neutralized' and placed under administration of a commission of three members appointed by the Holy See. 25 Aug 1944 - 1945 Delegation loyal to the "Free" French. 8 Sep 1956 Pope Pius XII approves the last Franco-Papal settlement regarding the Establishments (by regulation of 25 Aug 1956).Creation of theFoundation of the Pious Establishments of France in Rome and in Lorette (Fondation de la Pieux Établissements de la France à Rome et à Lorette). Ambassadors of France to the Holy See 1654 - 1657 Hugues de Lionne (b. 1611 - d. 1671) 1658 - 1659 Millet (chargé d'une mission) 1659 - 1660 Francesco Cardinal Barberini (b. 1597 - d. 1679) (chargé d'une mission) 12 Oct 1660 - 1661 Charles Colbert de Vandière (b. 1629 - d. 1696) (chargé d'une mission) 1661 - Jun 1662 d'Aubeville (chargé d'une mission) (b. 1610 - d. 1687) 1662 - 1665 Charles de Blanchefort, duc de Créquy (b. 1623 - d. 1687) 1666 - 1668 Charles d'Albert, duc de Chaulnes (b. 1625 - d. 1698) (1st time) 1668 - 1671 Abbé de Bourlemont (chargé d'affaires) 1671 - 12 Jan 1687 François Annibal II, duc d'Estrées (b. 1623 - d. 1687) (chargé d'affaires) Jan 1687 - Feb 1687 César d'Estrées (acting) (b. 1629 - d. 1714) 1687 - 1688 Henri III Charles de Beaumanoir, (b. 1644 - d. 1701) marquis de Lavardin 1688 - 1689 Jules Louis Bolé, marquis de Chamlay (b. 1650 - d. 1719) 1689 - 1690 Charles d'Albert, duc de Chaulnes (s.a.) (2nd time) 1690 - 1691 Abbé David (chargé d'une mission) 1691 - 1699 Emmanuel Cardinal de Bouillon (b. 1643 - d. 1715) (chargé d'affaires) 1699 - 1700 Louis Grimaldi, prince de Monaco (b. 1642 - d. 1701) 1700 - 1706 Toussaint Cardinal de Janson (b. 1631 - d. 1713) (chargé d'affaires) 1706 - 8 Jan 1720 Joseph Emmanuel Cardinal de La (b. 1659 - d. 1720) Trémoille (chargé d'affaires) 1708 - Feb 1709 René de Froulay, comte de Tessé (b. 1651 - d. 1725) Jan 1715 - Sep 1715 Michel Amelot, marquis de Gournay (b. 1655 - d. 1724) (chargé d'une mission) 1720 - 1721 Père Laffiteau (chargé d'affaires) 1721 - 1722 Armand Gaston Maximilien Cardinal (b. 1674 - d. 1749) de Rohan (chargé d'une mission) 1722 - 1725 Paul Pierre Guérin de Tencin (b. 1679 - d. 1758) (chargé d'affaires) 1725 - 1730 Melchior Cardinal de Polignac (b. 1661 - d. 1741) (chargé d'affaires) Nov 1730 - 12 Sep 1740 Paul Hippolyte de Beauvilliers, (b. 1684 - d. 1776) duc de Saint-Aignan 1740 - 1742 Pierre Guérin Cardinal de Tencin (b. 1680 - d. 1758) (chargé d'affaires) Sep 1742 - Jun 1745 François Claude de Montboissier, (b. 1699 - d. 1761) abbé de Canillac (1st time) (chargé d'affaires) 1745 - Dec 1747 Frédéric Jérôme Cardinal de La (b. 1701 - d. 1757) Rochefoucauld 1748 - 1749 François Claude de Montboissier, (s.a.) abbé de Canillac (2nd time) (chargé d'affaires) 1749 - 1752 Louis Jules Mancini, duc de Nivernais (b. 1716 - d. 1789) 1752 - 1754 Charles Antoine Leclerc de La Bruère (b. 1716 - d. 1754) (chargé d'affaires) 1754 - 1757 Étienne François, comte de Stainville (b. 1719 - d. 1785) 1757 Boyer (chargé d'affaires) 1757 Abbé de Myère (chargé d'affaires) 1757 - 1758 Abbé de Delvincourt (chargé d'affaires) 1758 - Apr 1762 Jean-François Joseph Cardinal de (b. 1708 - d. 1777) Rochechouart 24 Apr 1762 - 12 Dec 1763 Matthieu de Basquiat, seigneur de (b. 1724 - d. 1793) la Houze et de Bonnegarde (chargé d'affaires) 1763 - 1769 Henri Joseph Bouchard d'Esparbès de (b. 1714 - d. 1788) Lussan, marquis d'Aubeterre 1769 - 1792 François-Joachim de Pierre Cardinal (b. 1715 - d. 1794) de Bernis, comte de Lyonnais 1792 - 1793 Louis-Philippe, comte de Ségur (b. 1753 - d. 1830)1793 - 1797 François Cacault (resident minister) (b. 1742 - d. 1805) (2nd time) 1793 - 3 Nov 1794 François-Joachim de Pierre Cardinal (s.a.) de Bernis, comte de Lyonnais (Apostolic Visitor to all the French Establishments and to the Foundation of Cardinal de Joyeuse at the Marian Sanctuary of Lorette) (appointed by Pope Pius VI) 31 Aug 1797 - 29 Dec 1797 Joseph Bonaparte (b. 1768 - d. 1844) 1797 - 1799 Vacant 1799 - 1800 Commissioners of the Directory - Pierre Claude François Daunou (b. 1761 - d. 1840) - Guiot de Saint-Florent, dit (b. 1735 - d. 1834) Florent-Guyot - Gaspard Monge (b. 1746 - d. 1818) 1800 - 1801 Antoine René Constant Bertholio (b. 1741 - d. 1812) 6 Apr 1801 - 1803 François Cacault (2nd time) (s.a.) 2 Jun 1803 - 1805 Joseph Cardinal Fesch (1st time) (b. 1763 - d. 1839) (minister plenipotentiary) 1805 - 1806 Alexis François Artaud de Montor (b. 1772 - d. 1849) (chargé d'affaires) 1806 Joseph Cardinal Fesch (2nd time) (s.a.) 1806 Joseph Balthazard Siméon (b. 1781 - d. 1846) (chargé d'affaires) 10 Apr 1806 - Feb 1808 Charles Jean Marie Alquier (b. 1752 - d. 1826) Feb 1808 - Apr 1808 Pierre Edouard Lefebvre (b. 1769 - d. 1828) (chargé d'affaires) 1808 - 1814 Post abolished Aug 1814 - Apr 1816 Gabriel Courtois de Pressigny (b. 1745 - d. 1822) (extraordinary ambassador) 22 Apr 1816 - 1822 Pierre Louis de Blacas d'Aulps, (b. 1771 - d. 1839) prince-duc de Blacas 21 Jul 1822 - May 1828 Prince Adrien de Montmorency, (b. 1768 - d. 1837) duc de Laval 30 May 1828 - 1829 François René, vicomte de (b. 1768 - d. 1848) Chateaubriand 7 Oct 1829 - 1830 Pierre Louis Auguste Ferron, (b. 1777 - d. 1842) comte de La Ferronnays 1830 - 1831 Louis Bellocq (chargé d'affaires) (b. 1785 - d. 1853) 3 Mar 1831 - 1832 Louis de Beaupoil, comte de (b. 1778 - d. 1854) Sainte-Aulaire 23 Dec 1832 - 23 May 1837 Florimond, marquis La Tour-Maubourg (b. 1781 - d. 1837) 23 May 1837 - 1838 Alexandre Louis Thomas, comte de Lurde (b. 1800 - d. 1872) (chargé d'affaires) 25 Mar 1838 - Feb 1845 Charles Armand Septime de Faÿ, (b. 1801 - d. 1845) comte Septime de La Tour-Maubourg 14 Feb 1845 - 30 Mar 1848 Pellegrino, comte Rossi (b. 1787 - d. 1848) (extraordinary envoy to 14 May 1846) 1 Apr 1848 - 1848 Charles Théodore Alexandre Palamède, (b. 1783 - d. 1849) comte de Forbin-Janson (chargé d'affaires) 21 Jun 1848 - 12 Sep 1849 Eugène, duc d'Harcourt (b. 1786 - d. 1865) (extraordinary envoy) 1 Aug 1849 - Aug 1849 Claude François Philibert Francisque (b. 1802 - d. 1892) Tirguy de Corcelle (1st time) (extraordinary envoy) 6 Aug 1849 - Apr 1850 Achille Baraguey d'Hilliers (b. 1795 - d. 1878) (extraordinary envoy) 17 Apr 1850 - 1857 Alphonse, comte de Rayneval (b. 1813 - d. 1858) (extraordinary envoy to 26 Mar 1851) 16 Aug 1857 - 1861 Agénor, duc de Gramont (b. 1819 - d. 1880) 28 Aug 1861 - 1862 Charles, marquis de La Valette (b. 1806 - d. 1880) 17 Oct 1862 - 1863 Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, (b. 1823 - d. 1871) prince de Lauraguais 3 Oct 1863 - 1868 Étienne Gilbert Eugène, vicomte de (b. 1809 - d. 1893) Sartiges 18 Aug 1868 - 1870 Gaston Robert Morin, marquis de (b. 1818 - d. 1881) Banneville 1870 - 1871 Édouard Alphonse, comte Lefebvre- (b. 1829 - d. 1897) Pigneaux de Béhaine (1st time) (chargé d'affaires) 30 Mar 1871 - 1872 Bernard, comte d'Harcourt (b. 1842 - d. 1914) 1 May 1872 - 1873 Jean François Guillaume, comte de (b. 1821 - d. 1882) Bourgoing comte de Bourgoing 10 Jan 1873 - 1876 Claude François Philibert Francisque (s.a.) Tirguy de Corcelle (2nd time) 20 Oct 1876 - 1878 Georges Napoléon, baron Baude (b. 1831 - d. 1887) 20 Mar 1878 - 1880 Joseph François de Cadoine, (b. 1830 - d. 1903) marquis de Gabriac 23 Jan 1880 - 30 Oct 1882 Ferdinand Henry de Navenne (b. 1853 - d. 1936) 30 Oct 1882 - 1896 Édouard Alphonse, comte Lefebvre- (s.a.) Pigneaux de Béhaine (2nd time) 1897 - Dec 1898 Eugène-René Poubelle (b. 1831 - d. 1907) 23 Dec 1898 - 24 Dec 1904 Armand Nisard (b. 1841 - d. 1925) (recalled to Paris 21 May 1904) 1905 - 1920 Achille Raffray (b. 1844 - d. 1923) (minister plenipotentiary) 10 May 1920 Gabriel Albert Auguste Hanotaux (b. 1853 - d. 1944) (extraordinary ambassador for canonization of Jeanne d'Arc) Mar 1920 - May 1921 Jean-Marie-Augustin Doulcet (1st time) (b. 1865 - d. 1928) (plenipotentiary) 28 May 1921 - 1923 Charles Jonnart (b. 1857 - d. 1927) 17 Dec 1923 - 12 Feb 1928 Jean-Marie-Augustin Doulcet (2nd time) (s.a.) (chargé d'affaires) 2 May 1928 - 1932 Louis de Fontenay (b. 1864 - d. 1946) 27 Jul 1932 - 1940 François Charles-Roux (b. 1879 - d. 1961) 9 Jun 1940 - Oct 1940 Comte Wladimir Le Fèvre d'Ormesson (b. 1888 - d. 1973) (1st time) 9 Dec 1940 - 24 Aug 1944 Léon Bérard (b. 1876 - d. 1960) (in refuge inside Vatican City) 25 Aug 1944 - 1945 Quirin Marie Hubert Guerin -Delegate (b. 1896 - d. 1986) (delegate of French Committee of National Liberation to the Holy See) 10 May 1945 - 1948 Jacques Maritain (b. 1882 - d. 1973) 29 Sep 1948 - 1956 Comte Wladimir Le Fèvre d'Ormesson (s.a.) (2nd time) 11 Oct 1956 - 1959 Roland Jacquin de Margerie (b. 1899 - d. 1990) 7 Oct 1959 - 1964 Baron Guy Le Roy de la Tournelle (b. 1898 - d. 1982) 24 Jan 1964 - 1974 René Brouillet (b. 1909 - d. 1992) 26 Sep 1974 - 1976 Gérard Amanrich (b. 1921 - d. 1977) 30 Sep 1976 - 1979 Georges Galichon (b. 1915 - d. 2003) 1979 - 1983 Louis Dauge (b. 1918 - d. 2016) 1983 - 1985 Xavier Daufresne de La Chevalerie (b. 1920 - d. 2004) 1985 - 1988 Bertrand Dufourcq (b. 1933 - d. 2019) 1988 - 1991 Jean-Bernard Raimond (b. 1926 - d. 2016) 1991 - 1993 René Ala (b. 1934) 1993 - 1995 Alain Marie Pierret (b. 1930) 1995 - 1998 Jean-Louis Marie Lucet (b. 1933) 1998 - 2000 JeanFrançois Guéguinou (b. 1941 - d. 2021) 10 Jun 2000 - 2001 Alain Dejammet (b. 1936) 2001 - 2005 Pierre Morel (b. 1944) 19 Dec 2005 - 19 Dec 2007 Bernard Kessedjian (b. 1943 - d. 2007) 19 Dec 2007 - 2008 Pierre Cochard (chargé d'affaires) (b. 1962) 10 Sep 2008 - 19 Jan 2009 Alexandre Morois (chargé d'affaires) (b. 1974) 19 Jan 2009 - 9 Mar 2012 Stanislas François Jean Lefebvre de (b. 1946) Laboulaye 9 Mar 2012 - 1 Mar 2015 Bruno Joubert (b. 1950) 1 Mar 2015 - 12 May 2016 François-Xavier Marie Tilliette (b. 1955) (chargé d'affaires) 12 May 2016 - 4 Jul 2018 Philippe André François Zeller (b. 1952) 4 Jul 2018 - 10 Apr 2019 Yves Teyssier d'Orfeuil (b. 1968) (chargé d'affaires) 10 Apr 2019 - 2 Jan 2022 Élisabeth Beton-Delègue (f) (b. 1955) 2 Jan 2022 - 28 Mar 2022 Max-Olivier Gonnet (chargé d'affaires) (b. 1976) 28 Mar 2022 - Florence Mangin (f) (b. 1958) Administrators of the Foundation of thePious Establishments of France in Rome and in Lorette (Administrateurs de la Fondation de la Pieux Établissements de la France à Rome et à Lorette) 8 Nov 1956 - 1988 Monseigneur Jean-François Arrighi (b. 1915 - d. 1998) 15 Dec 1988 - 2005 Monseigneur Max Cloupet (b. 1930 - d. 2005) 15 Apr 2005 - 31 Dec 2018 Révérend Père Bernard Ardura (b. 1948) 1 Jan 2019 - 17 Jun 2021 Père Michel Kubler (b. 1955) 17 Jun 2021 - 28 Feb 2023 Monseigneur Philippe Bordeyne (b. 1959) 1 Mar 2023 - Père Renaud Escande (b. 1971) Managing Directors of the Pious Establishments of France in Rome and in Lorette (Administrateur délégué [until ... Administrateur-Gérant (Business manager)] des Pieux Établissements de la France à Rome et à Lorette) 1863 - 1867 Ernest, comte Armand (administratior) (b. 1829 - d. 1898) 19 Jan 1872 - c.1888 C. Deshorties de Beaulieu (b. 1827 - d. 1897) c.1888 - 1940 .... .... - .... Louis-Jean Dop (b. 1866 - d. 1935) 1940 - 1944 François de Vial (acting) (b. 1904 - d. 1984) (attaché de l'ambassade de France)1944 - 19.. ....19.. - 1995 Louis Hubert Regnault de la Mothe (b. 1919 - d. 2008)1995 - 2006 Pierre Mercier (b. 1929 - d. 2007) 1 Jul 2006 - 2009 François-Charles Uginet (b. 1942) 2009 - ....Italy 476-1004

508 BC Part of the Roman Republic. 27 BC Part of the Roman Empire. 17 Jan 395 Divided de jure into Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantium) and Western Roman Empire (Rome). 24-27 Aug 410 Visigoths led by Alareiks (Alaric I) sack Rome. 2-16 Jun 455 Vandals and Alani led byGenseric (Gaiseric) sack Rome. 4 Sep 476 Last Emperor in the West, Romulus Augustus (b. c.460 - d. c.480), is forced to abdicate by Odovacar. 4 Sep 476 - 15 Mar 493 Odovacar (Odovacer),head of the Germanicfoederati in Roman pay, becomes Italian king (regnum Italicum);capital Ravenna. 5 Mar 493 Theodoric king of the Ostrogoths enters Ravenna. 15 Mar 493 - May 540 Realm of the Ostrogoths (Regnum Ostrogothorum/Reiki Gutthiudos), capital Ravenna, replaces Odovacar's kingdom. Theodoric slays Odovacar on 15 May 493. May 540 - 3 Sep 569 Most of the Italian Peninsula part of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire. 3 Sep 569 - 5 Jun 774 Realm of the Lombards (Regnum Langobardorum/Langabardanö Rikja), capital Pavia. 5 Jun 774 Frankish rule. Jul 817 Italian Kingdom (Regnum Italicum),capital at Pavia. 14 May 1004 Italy definitively part of Holy Roman Empire, but the style Rex Italia ("king of Italy") is not included in imperial titulature. 1500 Italy omitted from the structure and the constitutional order of the Holy Roman Empire by the Imperial Reforms, but the suzerainty of the Emperors, or at least the claims, continue over northern Italy (so-called "Imperial Italy"). 24 Feb 1530 Holy Roman Emperor Karl V (b. 1500 - d. 1558)(rules 1519-1556) is the last Emperor to be crowned the king of Italy (subsequent Emperors claimed, but did not use the title). 10 May 1796 Most of northern Italy falls under French domination and is reorganized into French satellite states. 18 Oct 1797 By Treaty of Campo Formio, Austria formally recognizes French rule in northern Italy; end of the Holy Roman Empire's claim to Italy (confirmed by Treaty of Lunéville 9 Feb 1801).

King (Rex) 4 Sep 476 - 15 Mar 493 Flavius Odovacar (Audwakr) (b. c.433 - d. 493) Kings of the Ostrogoths (title Rex Ostrogothorum/Reik Gutthiudos) (Latin with Gothic names in parentheses) 15 Mar 493 - 30 Aug 526 Theodoric (Thiuderik) (b. c.451 - d. 526) (king outside Italy from c.489) 30 Aug 526 - 2 Oct 534 Athalaric (Athalarik) (b. 516 - d. 534) 30 Aug 526 - 2 Oct 534 Amalasuintha (f) -Regent (b. c.493 - d. 535) (Amalaswintha) 2 Oct 534 - Dec 534 Amalasuintha -Queen (Amalaswintha) (s.a.) Nov 534 - Dec 536 Theodahat (Thiudahad) (b. 47. - d. 536) (co-ruler to Dec 534) Dec 536 - May 540 Witigis (b. 49. - d. 542) May 540 - 3 Sep 569 rule by Eastern Roman Empire May 540 - May 541 Hildibad (in opposition) (b. 50. - d. 541) May 541 - Sep 541 Erarius (Erahari)(in opposition) (b. 51. - d. 541) Sep 541 - Jul 552 Badwila (Totila)(in opposition) (b. 52. - d. 552) Jul 552 - Oct 552 Theia (Theia)(in opposition) (b. 52. - d. 552) Kings of the Lombards (title Rex Langobardorum/Langabardanö Kuningaz) (Latin with Lombard names in parentheses until 774) 3 Sep 569 - 28 Jun 572 Alboin (Albwin) (b. 52. - d. 572) 28 Jun 572 - Sep 572 .... (acting) Sep 572 - Mar 574 Cleph (Klef) (b. c.532 - d. 574) Mar 574 - 584 Vacant (rule by local dux [dukes]) 584 - 5 Sep 590 Flavius Authari (Authhari) (b. 55. - d. 590) 5 Sep 590 - Dec? 615 Agilulf (b. c.558 - d. 616) Jul 604 - 626 Adaloald (Adalwald) (b. 602 - d. 626) (co-ruler to Dec? 615) Dec? 615 - 620 Theodolinda (f) -Regent (b. c.570 - d. 627) (Theudelinda) 626 - 636 Arioald (Hariwald) (b. 59. - d. 636) 636 - 652 Rothari (Hrothhari) (b. c.606 - d. 652) 652 - 653 Rodoald (Hrothwald) (b. c.630 - d. 653) 653 - 661 Aripert I (Hariperht I) (b. 61. - d. 661) 661 - 662 Perctarit (Berhthari) (in Milan) (b. 64. - d. 688) 661 - 662 Godipert (Godiperht) (in Pavia) (b. 64. - d. 662) 662 - 671 Grimoald (Grimwald) (b. 60. - d. 671) 671 Garipald (b. c.663 - d. af.671) 671 - 688 Perctarit (Berhthari) (b. 64. - d. 688) 679 - 700 Cunincpert (Kuningperht) (b. c.660 - d. 700) (co-ruler to 688) 688 - Jan 689 Alahis (Alagisil)(in rebellion) (b. 64. - d. 689) 700 - 701 Luitpert (Liutperht) (b. c.689 - d. 703) 700 - 701 Ansprand -Regent (b. c.661 - d. 712) 701 Raginpert (Raginperht) (b. c.660 - d. 701) 701 - Mar 712 Aripert II (Hariperht II) (b. 68. - d. 712) (co-ruler to ... 701) 701 - 701 Rothari II (Hrothhari II) (b. 66. - d. 702) (in rebellion) Mar 712 - 13 Jun 712 Ansprand (s.a.) 10 Jun 712 - 28 Jan 744 Liutprand (co-ruler to 13 Jun 712) (b. 68. - d. 744) 736 - Sep 744 Hildeprand (co-ruler to 28 Jan 744)(b. 70. - d. 744) Sep 744 - 4 Jul 749 Ratchis (Ratgisil)(1st time) (b. 70. - d. af.757) 4 Jul 749 - Dec 756 Aistulf (Haistulf) (b. 71. - d. 756) Dec 756 - 3 Mar 757 Ratchis (Ratgisil)(2nd time) (s.a.) 3 Mar 757 - 5 Jun 774 Desiderius (b. 72. - d. af.786) Aug 759 - 5 Jun 774 Adalghis (Adalgisil) -Co-ruler (b. 74. - d. af.788) 5 Jun 774 - 15 Apr 781 Karl I "magnus" (Charlemagne) (b. 747 - d. 814) Jul 774 - 15 Apr 781 Arichis, dux de Benevent (b. c.736 - d. 787) (Harigisil)(summus dux)(acting) 15 Apr 781 - 8 Jul 810 Pippin (Karlmann) (b. 777 - d. 810) 15 Apr 781 - 791 Adalhard de Corbie -Regent (b. c.751 - d. 826) 8 Jul 810 - Sep 813 Wala (Walahoh)(acting) (b. c.773 - d. 836) Sep 813 - Dec 817 Bernhard (b. c.797 - d. 818) Sep 813 - 814 Adalhard de Corbie -Regent (s.a.) Kings of Italy (title Rex Italiae) Jul 817 - 15 Jun 844 Hlothar I (Lothair I) (b. 795 - d. 855) 15 Jun 844 - 12 Aug 875 Hludwig II (Louis II) (b. c.825 - d. 875) (Holy Roman Emperor from 6 Apr 850) 12 Aug 875 - 1 Oct 877 the king of the Franks 1 Oct 877 - Nov 879 Karlmann (Carloman) (b. 829 - d. 880) Dec 877 - Nov 879 Berengar, marchio de Friulia (b. c.843 - d. 924) (Berengar, margrave of Friuli) (1st time) Nov 879 - 13 Jan 888 Karl II (Charles II) (b. 839 - d. 888) (Holy Roman Emperor from 12 Feb 881) Nov 879 - 7 Apr 924 Berengar I, marchio de Friulia (s.a.) (acting to Jan? 888)(2nd time) 16 Feb 889 - 12 Dec 894 Wido, dux de Spoleto (in rebellion)(b. c.855 - d. 894) (Guido, duke of Spoleto) (Holy Roman Emperor from 21 Feb 891) May 891 - 12 Dec 894 Lambert (Landberht) -Co-ruler (b. c.876 - d. 898) (in rebellion) (Holy Roman Emperor from Apr 892) 12 Dec 894 - 15 Oct 898 Lambert, dux de Spoleto (Landberht)(s.a.) (in rebellion) 5 Oct 900 - Jun? 902 Hludwig III, rex de Burgundia (b. c.880 - d. 928) (Louis III, king of Burgundy) (Holy Roman Emperor from 15/22 Feb 901) May 905 - Jul? 905 Hludwig III, rex de Burgundia (s.a.) (in rebellion) 7 Apr 924 - May 926 Ruodolf II, rex de Burgundia (b. c.883 - d. 937) (in rebellion from 2 Jan 922) May 926 - 9 Jul 926 Teudald (Theodald)(acting) 9 Jul 926 - 10 Apr 947 Hugo, rex de Burgundia (b. c.880 - d. 947) (Hugh, king of Burgundy) 17 Apr 931 - 22 Nov 950 Hlothar II (Lothair II) (b. c.927 - d. 950) (co-ruler to 10 Apr 947) 22 Nov 950 - Oct 951 Berengar II, marchio de Ivrea (b. c.900 - d. 966) (Berengar II, margrave of Ivrea) (acting to 15 Dec 950)(1st time) 15 Dec 950 - Oct 951 Adalberht (Adalbert) -Co-ruler (b. c.936 - d. 971) (1st time) Oct 951 - 7 Aug 952 the emperor of Holy Roman Empire 7 Aug 952 - Oct 961 Berengar II, marchio de Ivrea (b. c.900 - d. 966) 7 Aug 952 - Oct 961 Adalberht -Co-ruler (2nd time) (s.a.) Oct 961 - 15 Feb 1002 the emperors of Holy Roman Empire Oct 961 - 2 Dec 963 Berengar II, marchio de Ivrea (s.a.) (in rebellion) 15 Feb 1002 - 14 May 1004 Arduin (Hartwin), marchio de Ivrea (b. c.955 - d. 1015) 14 May 1004 - 10 May 1796 the emperors of Holy Roman Empire Imperial Plenipotentiaries for Italy (Plenipotenziario Imperiale) (in Milan 1747-1757;in Pisa 1766-1775;in Florence 1757-1766; from 1775 in Pavia) Mar 1715 - 3 Jul 1734 Carlo Borromeo-Arese, conte (b. 1657 - d. 1734) di Arona 1731 - Dec 1751 Carlo Francesco, conte Stampa (d. 1751) (acting to 1734, commission interrupted 1740-1745) 1752 - 29 Dec 1774 Antonio Ottone, marchese Botta (b. 1688 - d. 1774) d'Adorno 1775 - 1782 Johann Sigismund Fürst von (b. 1732 - d. 1801) Khevenhüller-Metsch 1782 - 20 Jun 1782 Karl Joseph Graf von Firmian (b. 1716 - d. 1782) 29 Jul 1782 - 9 May 1796 Johann Joseph Graf von Wilczek (b. 1738 - d. 1819)