Iceland
 

1380 - 1 Dec 1918   12 Jul 1809 - 22 Aug 1809   13 Mar 1897 - 22 Nov 1913 Unofficial   22 Nov 1913 - 17 Jun 1944 (Officially Adopted 1 Dec 1918) Adopted 17 Jun 1944    Map of Iceland  Hear National Anthem "Lofsöngur" (Song of Praise)  Hear National Anthem Adopted 1 Dec 1918 Constitution (17 Jun 1944) --------------------------------- Proposed  Constitution (24 May 2011) Capital: Reykjavík (Bessastadir 1262-1786; Thingvellir: meeting site of Althing 930-20 Jul 1798) Currency: Icelandic Króna (ISK); 1873-1918 Danish Krone (DKK) National Holiday: 17 Jun (1944) Thjódhátídardagurinn (Independence Day) Population: 343,518 (2018) GDP: $18.18 billion (2017) Exports: $4.9 billion (2017) Imports: $6.5 billion (2017) Ethnic groups: Icelandic 93%, European 4.6% (of which Polish 3.1%, Lithuanian 0.5%), Asian 0.4%, others 2% (2014)  Total Active Paramilitary Forces: 250 (2018) Total Police Force: 653 (2016) Merchant marine: 33 ships (2018) Religions: Evangelical Lutheran Church of Iceland (official) 67.2%, Roman Catholic 3.9%, Reykjavík Free Church 2.8%, Hafnarfjördur Free Church 2%, Ásatrú Association 1.2%, The Independent Congregation 0.9%, other religions 4% (includes Zuist and Pentecostal), none 6.7%, other or unspecified 11.3% (2018) International Organizations/Treaties: AC, AG, AIIB (nonregional), ANT, APM, BIS, BTWC, CBSS, CCM, CD, CE, CFE, CTBT, CWC, EAPC, EBRD, EFTA, ESCR, Eutelsat, FAO, FATF, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, IRENA, ISA, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MTCR, NATO, NC, NEA, NIB, NPT, NSG, NTBT, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OS, OSCE, OST, PCA, UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNFCC-KP, UNFCC-PA, UNHCR, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Iceland Chronology c.7.. - c.8..              Celtic monks sail to Iceland. c.860s                     First landings by the Norse in Iceland. 874                        Traditional date for settlement from Norway                              by Ingólfr Arnarson. 11 Jun 930                 Commonwealth (republic), office of Lögsögumadhur                              (Lawspeakers of the Althing) introduced. Jun 999                    (Catholic) Christianity formally adopted in Iceland. Jun 1262                   Union with Norway (as Jarldom [Earldom] of Iceland                              to 1268). 12 Sep 1380                Danish rule over Norway (and dependencies including                              Iceland) begins. 20 Jun 1627 - 19 Jul 1627  Pirates from the Barbary Coast attack the eastern,                              southern coasts while based at Vestmannaeyjar. 20 Jan 1661                Direct Danish rule over Denmark.  6 Mar 1720 -  6 Mar 1775  Greenland and Faroe Islands (to 6 Sep 1775) are                              subordinated to Iceland. 1783 - 1786                Volcanic activity destroys farmlands and leads                              to widespread starvation. 1800 -  8 Mar 1843         Parliament (Althing) disbanded by royal decree                              (restored by decree of 8 Mar 1843, convening on                              1 Jul 1845). 26 Jun 1809 - 22 Aug 1809  Independence proclaimed by Danish adventurer                               (Republic of Iceland). 22 Aug 1809                Danish rule restored (by convention). 24 Jan 1814                Recognized as a Danish possession by the Treaty                              of Kiel following the end of union with Norway.  1 Jan 1849                Icelandic Department established (by royal                              resolution of 28 Oct 1855)(under the Foreign                              Ministry to 1 Nov 1855, then Justice Ministry).  5 Jan 1874                First Icelandic constitution granted by Denmark,                              parliament established (effective 1 Aug 1874).  1 Aug 1874                Separate Icelandic Ministry created (by resolution                              of 14 Jul 1874).  1 Feb 1904                Autonomy granted (by constitutional amendment of                              3 Oct 1903).  1 Dec 1918                Kingdom of Iceland independent (in personal union                              with Denmark). 10 Apr 1940                De facto end of personal union upon the German                              occupation of Denmark. 10 May 1940 - 31 Dec 1945  Allied occupation (British from 22 Apr 1942 U.S.). 16 May 1941                Althing proclaiming Iceland's right to declare full                              independence and not renew union with Denmark. 23 May 1944                Plebiscite endorses terminating the Danish personal                              union by 99.5% and proclaiming a republic by                              98.5%. 17 Jun 1944                Republic of Iceland 16 Jul 2009                Applies to join European Union, but suspended talks                              13 Sep 2013, and withdrew application 12 Mar 2015. Allied Occupation (1940-1945)

Lögsögumadhur (Lawspeakers of the Althing)
928 - 930                  Úlfljótur "Thórasson"
11 Jun 930 - 949           Hrafn Ketilsson "Haengsson"        (b. c.879 - d. 9..)
14 Jun 950 - 969           Thórarinn "Ragabródhir" Óleifsson  (b. c.920 - d. 9..)
10 Jun 970 - 982           Thorkell máni Thorsteinsson        (b. c.918 - d. 985)
12 Jun 985 - 1002          Thorgeirr Thorkelsson              (b. c.948 - d. 1002?)
19 Jun 1002 - 1003         Grímur Svertingsson                (b. c.924 - d. 10..)
23 Jun 1004 - 1030         Skapti Thórodsson                  (b. c.965 - d. 1030)
18 Jun 1031 - 1033         Steinn Thorgestsson                (b. c.975 - d. 1033?)
21 Jun 1034 - 1053         Thorkell Tjörvason                 (b. c.1002 - d. 1054?)
24 Jun 1054 - 1062         Gellir Bölverksson (1st time)      (b. c.1020 - d. 1074)
20 Jun 1063 - 1065         Gunnarr hinn spaki Thorgrímsson    (b. c.1026 - d. 1076?)
                             (1st time)
23 Jun 1066 - 1071         Kolbeinn Flosason                  (b. c.1015 - d. 1071)
22 Jun 1072 - 1074         Gellir Bölverksson (2nd time)      (s.a.)
19 Jun 1075 - 1076         Gunnarr "hinn Spaki" Thorgrímsson  (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
17 Jun 1076 - 1084         Sighvatur Surtsson                 (b. c.1020 - d. 10..)
21 Jun 1084 - 1107         Markús Skeggjason                  (b. c.1028 - d. 1107)
15 Oct 1107 - 1116         Úlfhédhinn Gunnarsson              (b. c.1055 - d. 1116)
                             (acting to 19 Jun 1108)
1116 - 1122                Bergthórr Hrafnsson                (d. 1122) 
                             (acting to 22 Jun 1117)
1122 - 22 Jun 1123         Vacant  
22 Jun 1123 - 1135         Gudhmundur Thorgeirsson            (b. c.1076 - d. 11..)
21 Jun 1135 - 1139         Hrafn Úlfhédhinsson                (b. c.1090 - d. 1139)
1139 - 1145                Finnur Hallsson                    (b. c.1070 - d. 1145)
                             (acting to 23 Jun 1139)
1145 - 1146                Vacant
21 Jun 1146 - 1156         Gunnarr Úlfhédhinsson              (b. c.1095 - d. 11..)
22 Jun 1156 - 1170         Snorri Húnbogason                  (b. c.1110 - d. 1170)
1170 - 1171                Vacant
18 Jun 1171 - 1181         Styrkárr Oddason                   (b. c.1120 - d. 1181)
19 Jun 1181 - 1201         Gizurr Hallsson                    (b. 1130 - d. 1206)
22 Jun 1201 - 1210         Hallur Gizurarson                  (b. c.1157 - d. 1230)
18 Jun 1210 - 1216         Styrmir fródhi Kárason             (b. c.1180 - d. 1245)
                             (1st time)
24 Jun 1216 - 1219         Snorri Sturluson (1st time)        (b. c.1178 - d. 1241)
21 Jun 1219 - 1222         Teitur Thorvaldsson (1st time)     (b. c.1188 - d. 1259)
24 Jun 1222 - 1232         Snorri Sturluson (2nd time)        (s.a.)
18 Jun 1232 - 1236         Styrmir fródhi Kárason             (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
20 Jun 1236 - 1248         Teitur Thorvaldsson (2nd time)     (s.a.)
19 Jun 1248 - 1251         Ólafur hvítaskáld Thórdharsson     (b. c.1194 - d. 1259)
                             (1st time)
23 Jun 1251 - 1252         Sturla Thórdharsson                (b. c.1196 - d. 1284)
21 Jun 1252 - 1253         Ólafur hvítaskáld Thórdharsson     (s.a.)
                             (2nd time) 
20 Jun 1253 - 1258         Teitur Einarsson                   (b. c.1215 - d. 1258)
1258 - 1259                Vacant
20 Jun 1259 - 1263         Ketill Thorláksson                 (b. 1200 - d. 1273)
1262 - 1264                Thorvardr Thorarinsson             (b. c.1205 - d. 1296)
                             (in opposition)
22 Jun 1263 - 24 Jun 1267  Thorleifr hreimr Ketilsson         (b. c.1222 - d. 1289)
                             (1st time)
24 Jun 1267 - 22 Jun 1268  Jón gelgja Einarsson (1st time)    (b. c.1230 - d. 1306)
22 Jun 1268 - 21 Jun 1269  Thorleifr hreimr Ketilsson         (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
21 Jun 1269 - 19 Jun 1271  Jón gelgja Einarsson (2nd time)    (s.a.)
19 Jun 1271 - 24 Jun 1272  Thorleifr hreimr Ketilsson         (s.a.)
                             (3rd time)
24 Jun 1272 - 25 Jun 1277  Sturla fródhi Thordarson           (b. 1214 - d. 1284)
Norwegian Representatives 
1237 - 1242                Gizurr Thorvaldsson (1st time)     (b. 1208 - d. 1268)
1242 - Aug 1244            Thórdhr kálkali Sighvatsson        (b. 1210 - d. 1256) 
                             (1st time)
Aug 1244 - Aug 1246        Gizurr Thorvaldsson (2nd time)     (s.a.)
1247 - 1250                Thórdhr kálkali Sighvatsson        (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
1250 - 1254                Gizurr Thorvaldsson (3rd time)     (s.a.)
1254 - 22 Jan 1258         Thorgils skardhi Bödhvarsson       (b. 1226 - d. 1258)
Jarl
1258 - 12 Jan 1268         Gizurr Thorvaldsson                (s.a.)
Governors (title Hirdstjóri to 16th cent., then Höfudsmadur)
1270 - 127.                Hrafn Oddsson (1st time)           (b. c.1226 - d. 1289)
                             (in north and west)
1270 - 26 Sep 1270         Ormur Ormsson (in south and east)  (b. 1242 - d. 1270)
12.. - 127.                Eindhridhi Böggull 
1279 - 12..                Hrafn Oddsson (2nd time)           (s.a.)
12.. - 128.                Lodhinn Leppr 
12.. - 12..                Sveinn Thórisson 
128. - ....                Ólafr stallari Ragnheidharson 
c.1320                     Ketill Thorláksson                 (d. 1342)
1323 - 1341                Eiríkur riddari Sveinbjarnarson    (b. c.1277 - d. 1342)
                             (in north and west)
1341 - 1343                Bótólfur Andrésson                 (b. c.1310 - d. 13..)
1343 - 1346                Grímur Thorsteinsson               (b. 1283 - d. 1351)
1346 - 1348                Holti Thorgrímsson                 (d. 1348) 
1348 - 1350                ....
1350 - 1354                Ólafur Bjarnarson                  (b. c.1285 - d. 1354)
                             (in south and east)
1354 - 1357                Ivar Vigfússon hólmur (Hólm)       (d. 1371)
1357 - 1360                Árni Thórdarson                    (b. 1315 - d. 1361)
                           + Jón Guttormsson skráveifa        (d. 1362)
                           + Andrés Gíslason (1st time)       (d. 1375)
                           + Thorstein Eyjólfsson (1st time)  (b. c.1320 - d. 1402)
1361 - 1362                Smidur Andrésson                   (d. 1362)
1362 - 1364                Thorsteinn Eyjólfsson (2nd time)   (s.a.)
                             (in south and east)
1364 - 1365                Ólafur Pétursson                   (b. c.1330 - d. 1410)
1366 - 1368                Ormur Snorrason                    (b. c.1320 - d. 1402)
                             (in north and west)
                           + Andrés Gíslason (2nd time)       (s.a.)
13.. - 13..                Guttormur Ormsson                  (b. c.1345 - d. 1381)
                             (in north and west)
1370 - 1372                Torgautur Jónsson                  (d. 1375)
1372 - 1387                Andrés Sveinsson
1387                       Thorsteinn Eyjólfsson (3rd time)   (s.a.)
1387 - 23 Feb 1388         Eirukur Gudmundsson                (d. 1388)
1388 - 1389                Thorsteinn Eyjólfsson (4th time)   (s.a.)
1389 - 1413                Vigfús Ívarsson                    (b. 1360 - d. 1418)
1413 - 1415                Björn Einarsson Jórsalafari        (d. 1415)
1415 - 1419                Arni Ólafsson                      (d. 1425?)
1419 - 1420                Arfinnur Thorsteinson              (d. 1433)
1420 - 1423                Helgi Styrsson                     (b. c.1385 - d. af.1430)
                           + Thorsteinn Ólafsson (1st time)   (b. c.1378 - d. 1431)
1423 - 1425                Hannes Pálsson
                           + Balthazar van Damme
1425 - 1427?               Balthazar van Damme
1427 - 1430                Thorsteinn Ólafsson (2nd time)     (s.a.)
1427 - 1432                Loftur ríki Guttormsson            (b. 1375 - d. 1432)
                             (in north and west)
1432 - 1446                Ormur Loftsson                     (b. 1400 - d. 1446)
                             (in north and west)
1446 - 1450                Einar Thorleifsson                 (b. 1405 - d. 1459)
                             (in north and west)
1450 - 1457                Torfí Arason (in north and west)   (b. 1410? - d. 1459)
1457 - 1467                Björn ríki Thorleifsson            (b. 1408 - d. 1467)
1467 - 1470                ....
1470 - 147.                Hinrik Kepken
1478 - 1480                Didrik (Dietrich) Pining (1st time)(b. c.1428 - d. 1491)
1480 - 1481                Hinrik Daníel
1481 - 1486                Thorleifur Björnsson               (b. 1430 - d. 1486)
1486 - 1490                Didrik Pining (2nd time)           (s.a.)             
1490 - 1491                Arnfinnur Thorsteinsson
1491 - 1493                Ambrosius Illiquad (Illeqvat)
1494 - 1496                Pétur Trúels Tómasson
1497 - 1498?               Pétur Kláusson
1499 - 1502                Benedikt Hersten (Histen)
1503 - 1505                Kai von Ahlefeldt                  (d. 1520)
1505 - 1507                ....
1507 - 1509                Vigfús Erlendsson                  (b. 1466 - d. 1521)
1510 - 1514                Hans Rantzau
1513 - 1517                Hannes Eggertsson (1st time)       (b. 1490 - d. 1530)
                            (in south and west)
1514 - 1515                Søren Andersen Norby af Uggerslev  (b. c.1470 - d. 1530)
1517 - 1520                Týli Pétursson                     (d. 1523)
1521 - 1524                Hannes Eggertsson (2nd time)       (s.a.)
1524 - 1529                Jóhann Pétursson (Pedersen) 
1529 - 1534                Dietrich van Bramstedt 
                            (Didrik af Bramstad)
1534 - 1536                Ögmundur Pálsson, Bishop of        (b. c.1506 - d. 1542)
                             Skálholti 
                           + Jón Arason, Bishop of Hólum      (b. 1484 - d. 1550)
                           (acting)
1536 - 1541                Klaus van Marwitzen 
                            (Claus van der Merwisen)
1541 - 1542                Christoffer Huitfeldt til          (b. 1501 - d. 1559)
                             Berritsgaard 
1542 - 1547                Otte Hvide til Hynderup (1st time) (b. 15.. - d. 1567)
1547 - 1551                Laurids Mule                       (b. 15.. - d. 156.)
1551                       Otte Hvide til Hynderup (2nd time) (s.a.) 
1551 - 1553                Eggert Hannesson                   (b. c.1518 - d. 1584)
1553 - 1554                Poul Huitfeldt (Páll Hvítfeldur)   (b. c.1520 - d. 1592)
1554 - 1560                Knud Stensen 
1560 - 1566                Poul Stigsen Hvide (Páll Stígsson) (b. c.1500 - d. 1566)
24 Jun 1567 - 23 Jun 1569  Henrik Krag til Trinderup          (b. 1544 - d. 1620)
                             (1st time)
24 Jun 1569 - 23 Jun 1570  Christopher Henningsen Walckendorff(b. 1525 - d. 1601)
                             (Valkendorf) til Glorup
24 Jun 1570 - 23 Jun 1587  Johann Bockholt (Buckholtz) til    (b. 1537 - d. 1601)
                             Klingstrup (1st time) 
24 Jun 1587 - 23 Jun 1588  Pétur Tómasson (Peder Thomassen)   (b. 15.. - d. af.1601)
                             (acting)
24 Jun 1588 - 23 Jun 1591  Laurids (Lauritz) Kruse til        (b. 155. - d. 1609)
                             Svenstrup 
24 Jun 1591 - 23 Jun 1595  Henrik Krag til Trinderup          (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
24 Jun 1595 - 23 Jun 1597  Brostrup Gedde til Tommerup        (b. c.1560 - d. 1614)
24 Jun 1597 -  1 Oct 1601  Johann Bockholt til Klingstrup     (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)      
 1 Oct 1601 - 23 Jun 1602  Joachim Solke (acting)
24 Jun 1602 - 23 Jun 1606  Envold Kruse til Vingegaard        (b. 1554 - d. 1621)
24 Jun 1606 - 23 Jun 1619  Herluf Trolle Daa til Snedinge     (b. 1565 - d. 1630)  Mil
24 Jun 1619 - 23 Jun 1620  ....
                             (acting [for Frederik Friis til Hasselager b. 1592-d. 1619])
24 Jun 1620 - 23 Jun 1633  Holger Rosenkrantz til Frøllinge   (b. c.1590 - d. 1658)Mil
24 Jun 1633 - 13 Oct 1644  Pros Mundt til Bjerkevold          (b. 1589? - d. 1644) Mil
13 Oct 1644 - 23 Jun 1645  .... (acting)
24 Jun 1645 - 23 Jun 1648  Jens Søfrenssøn (Söffrinsson)      (b. 16.. - d. 1659)
24 Jun 1648 - 28 Jul 1662  Henrik Bjelke til Elinegaard og    (b. 1615 - d. 1683)  Mil
                             Naesbyholm
Governors (Lehensmann für Island to 1684; Stiftsbefalingsmenn over Island 1684-Aug 1770;
from Aug 1770, Stiftamtmenn over Island [until Aug 1770 in Copenhagen])¹
28 Jul 1662 - 16 Mar 1683  Henrik Bjelke til Elinegaard og    (s.a.)               Mil
                             Naesbyholm
16 Mar 1683 - 26 Jan 1684  Jóhann Pétursson Klein (acting)    (b. 16.. - d. 1689)
26 Jan 1684 -  8 Dec 1719  Ulrich Christian Gyldenløve,       (b. 1678 - d. 1719) 
                             greve af Samsøe 
 6 Mar 1720 - 29 Sep 1727  Peter Raben                        (b. 1661 - d. 1727)
 2 Jul 1728 - 11 Dec 1730  Christian Gyldencrone              (b. 1676 - d. 1746)
11 Dec 1730 -  9 Sep 1750  Henrik Ocksen                      (b. 1660 - d. 1750)
10 Sep 1750 -  2 Oct 1768  Otto Manderup, greve Rantzau       (b. 1719 - d. 1768)
 1 Nov 1768 - 19 Dec 1769  Christian Lebrecht, baron von      (b. 1718 - d. 1780)
                             Prøck
Aug 1770 - Aug 1785        Lauritz Andreas Thodal             (b. 1718? - d. 1808)
Aug 1785 - Aug 1790        Hans Christoph Diederich Victor    (b. 1754 - d. 1829) 
                             von Levetzow
Aug 1790 - 22 Aug 1806     Ólafur Stefánsson (Stephensen)     (b. 1731 - d. 1812)
Aug 1803 -  7 May 1804     Ludvig Erichsen                    (b. 1766 - d. 1804)
                            (acting for Stefánsson)
 7 May 1804 - 22 Aug 1805  Stefán Thórarinsson                (b. 1754 - d. 1823)
                           + Ísleifur Einarsson               (b. 1765 - d. 1836)
                             (from 18 Jun 1804)
                           (acting for Stefánsson)
22 Aug 1805 - 26 Jun 1809  Frederik Christopher, greve af     (b. 1779 - d. 1832)
                             Trampe (acting to 6 Jun 1806)
Sovereign (from 12 Jul 1809, styled "Protector")²
26 Jun 1809 - 22 Aug 1809  Jürgen Jürgensen                   (b. 1780 - d. 1841)
                             "Hundedagskongen"/"Hundadagakonungur"
                             ("the Dog-Day King") 
Governors (Stiftamtmenn over Island; from 1 Jun 1873, Landshøfdingar over Island)
22 Aug 1809 - 27 Jul 1810  Magnús Ólafsson Stephensen (acting)(b. 1762 - d. 1833)
27 Jul 1810 - Jul 1813     Commission
                           - Stefán Thórarinsson              (s.a.)
                           - Ísleifur Einarsson               (s.a.)
                           - Rasmus Frydensberg               (b. 1778 - d. 1840)
Jul 1813 - 18 Jun 1819     Johan Carl Thuerecht Castenschiold (b. 1787 - d. 1844)
1814 - 20 May 1815         Bjarni Vigfússon Thórarensen       (b. 1786 - d. 1841)
                             (acting for Castenschiold)
20 May 1815 - 12 May 1816  Ísleifur Einarsson                 (s.a.)
                             (acting for Castenschiold)
Jun 1817 - 18 Jun 1819     Bjarni Vigfússon Thórarensen       (s.a.)
                             (acting for Castenschiold)
18 Jun 1819 - 30 Sep 1823  Ehrenreich Christopher Ludvig,     (b. 1790 - d. 1864)
                             greve Moltke
                             (acting to 9 Oct 1819) 
 7 Aug 1823 -  2 Aug 1824  Bjarni Thorsteinsson (1st time)    (b. 1781 - d. 1876)
                             (acting)
 2 Aug 1824 -  6 Sep 1825  Peter Fjeldsted Hoppe (1st time)   (b. 1794 - d. 1848)
                             (acting)
 6 Sep 1825 -  7 Jun 1826  Bjarni Thorsteinsson (2nd time)    (s.a.)
                             (acting)
 7 Jun 1826 - Jun 1829     Peter Fjeldsted Hoppe (2nd time)   (s.a.) 
Jun 1829 - Jun 1837        Lorentz Angel Krieger              (b. 1797 - d. 1837)
                             (acting to 2 Apr 1831)
 1 Aug 1834 - 24 Feb 1836  Ólafur Hannesson Finsen            (b. 1793 - d. 1836)
                             (acting for Krieger)
24 Feb 1836 - 25 May 1836  Thórdur Sveinbjarnarson            (b. 1786 - d. 1856)
                             (Sveinbiørnsson)
                             (acting for Krieger)
Jun 1837 - 12 May 1841     Carl Emil Bardenfleth              (b. 1807 - d. 1857)
                             (acting to 28 Jun 1838)
13 Jun 1840 - 19 Jun 1841  Jón Jónsson (Johnsen)              (b. 1806 - d. 1881)
                             (acting [for Bardenfleth to 12 May 1841])
19 Jun 1841 -  1 Aug 1847  Torkild Abraham Hoppe              (b. 1800 - d. 1871)
 9 Aug 1844 - 20 May 1845  Jón Jónsson (acting for Hoppe)     (s.a.)
 1 Aug 1847 - Aug 1849     Mathias Hans von Rosenørn          (b. 1814 - d. 1902)
Aug 1849 - Jun 1850        .... (acting)
Jun 1850 -  2 Aug 1860     Jørgen Ditlev, greve Trampe        (b. 1807 - d. 1868)
 1 Mar 1855 - 26 Jun 1855  Thórdur Jónasson (1st time)        (b. 1800 - d. 1880)
                             (acting for Trampe)
Nov 1859 - 15 Jun 1860     Thórdur Jónasson (2nd time)        (s.s.)
                             (acting for Trampe)
 2 Aug 1860 -  3 Aug 1865  Thórdur Jónassen (3rd time)(acting)(s.a.)
 3 Aug 1865 -  7 May 1883  Søren Hilmar Steindór Finsen       (b. 1824 - d. 1886)  Con
 7 May 1883 - 21 Jan 1886  Bergur Ólafsson Thorberg           (b. 1829 - d. 1886)
21 Jan 1886 - 31 Jan 1904  Magnús Magnússon Stephensen        (b. 1836 - d. 1917)
                             (acting to 10 Apr 1886)
 1 Feb 1904                Post abolished
King²
 1 Dec 1918 - 17 Jun 1944  Kristján                           (b. 1870 - d. 1947)
                            (Christian X of Denmark)
10 Apr 1940 - 17 Jun 1941  Government of Iceland, the Holder of Royal Power              
                           - Hermann Jónasson                 (b. 1896 - d. 1976)  FSF
                           - Stefán Jóhann Stefánsson         (b. 1894 - d. 1980)  AF
                           - Eysteinn Jónsson                 (b. 1906 - d. 1993)  FSF
                           - Jakob Ragnar Valdimar Möller     (b. 1880 - d. 1955)  SSF  
                           - Ólafur Thors                     (b. 1892 - d. 1964)  SSF
17 Jun 1941 - 17 Jun 1944  Sveinn Björnsson -Regent²          (b. 1881 - d. 1952)  Non-party
Presidents
17 Jun 1944 - 25 Jan 1952  Sveinn Björnsson                   (s.a.)               Non-party
25 Jan 1952 - 31 Jul 1952  Holders of the authority of the President
                           - Steingrímur Steinthórsson        (b. 1893 - d. 1966)  FSF
                           - Jón Pálmason                     (b. 1888 - d. 1973)  SSF
                           - Jón Ásbjörnsson                  (b. 1890 - d. 1966)  Non-party
 1 Aug 1952 - 31 Jul 1968  Ásgeir Ásgeirsson                  (b. 1894 - d. 1972)  AF
 1 Aug 1968 - 31 Jul 1980  Kristján Eldjárn Thórarinsson      (b. 1916 - d. 1982)  Non-party
 1 Aug 1980 - 31 Jul 1996  Vigdís Finnbogadóttir (f)          (b. 1930)            Non-party
 1 Aug 1996 - 31 Jul 2016  Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson             (b. 1943)            AP
 1 Aug 2016 -              Gudni Thorlacius Jóhannesson       (b. 1968)            Non-party

Danish Ministers for Icelandic Affairs (in Copenhagen)
(the Foreign Ministers; from 1 Nov 1855, the Justice Ministers)
 1 Jan 1849 - 21 Sep 1849  Peter Georg Bang (1st time)        (b. 1797 - d. 1861)  Con
21 Sep 1849 - 13 Jul 1851  Matthias Hans Rosenørn             (b. 1814 - d. 1902)  Con
13 Jul 1851 - 27 Jan 1852  Frederik Ferdinand Tillisch        (b. 1801 - d. 1889)  NL
                             (1st time)
27 Jan 1852 - 21 Apr 1853  Peter Georg Bang (2nd time)        (s.a.)               Con
                             (acting to 17 Apr 1852)
21 Apr 1853 - 29 Apr 1854  Anders Sandøe Ørsted               (b. 1778 - d. 1860)  Con
29 Apr 1854 - 12 Dec 1854  Frederik Ferdinand Tillisch        (s.a.)               Con
                             (2nd time)
12 Dec 1854 - 31 Oct 1855  Peter Georg Bang (3rd time)        (s.a.)               Con
                             (acting from 16 Oct 1855)
24 Jun 1855 -  4 Aug 1855  Carl Frederik Simony               (b. 1806 - d. 1872)  NL
                             (acting for Bang)
 1 Nov 1855 -  2 Dec 1859  Carl Frederik Simony (acting)      (s.a.)               NL
 2 Dec 1859 -  8 Feb 1860  Carl Edvard Rotwitt                (b. 1812 - d. 1860)  FF  
 9 Feb 1860 - 24 Feb 1860  Johan Christian Jessen (acting)    (b. 1817 - d. 1884)  NL
24 Feb 1860 - 11 Jul 1864  Andreas Lorentz Casse              (b. 1803 - d. 1886)  NL
11 Jul 1864 - 30 Mar 1865  Eugenius Sophus Ernst Heltzen      (b. 1818 - d. 1898)  Con
30 Mar 1865 -  7 Apr 1865  George Joachim Quaade (acting)     (b. 1813 - d. 1889)  Non-party
 7 Apr 1865 -  6 Nov 1865  Christian Jacob Cosmus Braestrup   (b. 1789 - d. 1870)  Con
 6 Nov 1865 -  1 Mar 1867  Carl Peter Gram Leuning            (b. 1820 - d. 1867)  NL
13 Apr 1866 - 10 Aug 1868  Christian Peter Theodor Rosenørn-  (b. 1817 - d. 1879)  Con
                             Teilmann
                             (acting [for Leuning to 1 Mar 1867])
10 Aug 1868 - 28 May 1870  Carl Ludvig Vilhelm Rømer von      (b. 1828 - d. 1899)  Con
                             Nutzhorn
28 May 1870 - 26 Jun 1872  Andreas Frederik Krieger           (b. 1817 - d. 1893)  Con
26 Jun 1872 - 31 Jul 1874  Christian Sophus Klein             (b. 1824 - d. 1900)  NL
Danish Ministers of Iceland (the Ministers of Justice, in Copenhagen)
 1 Aug 1874 - 11 Jun 1875  Christian Sophus Klein             (s.a.)               NL
11 Jun 1875 - 13 Jun 1896  Johannes Magnus Valdemar Nellemann (b. 1831 - d. 1906)  Con;1881 H
13 Jun 1896 - 28 Aug 1899  Nicolai Reimer Rump                (b. 1834 - d. 1900)  H
28 Aug 1899 - 27 Apr 1900  Hugo Egmont Hørring                (b. 1842 - d. 1909)  H
27 Apr 1900 - 24 Jul 1901  August Herman Carl Ferdinand Goos  (b. 1835 - d. 1917)  H
24 Jul 1901 - 31 Jan 1904  Peter Adler Alberti                (b. 1851 - d. 1932)  VF
Iceland's Minister (Ministers of Iceland)(in Reykjavík)
 1 Feb 1904 - 31 Mar 1909  Hannes Hafstein (1st time)         (b. 1861 - d. 1922)  HTF
31 Mar 1909 - 14 Mar 1911  Björn Jonssón                      (b. 1846 - d. 1912)  SSF
14 Mar 1911 - 24 Jul 1912  Kristján Jónsson                   (b. 1852 - d. 1926)  Non-party
25 Jul 1912 - 21 Jul 1914  Hannes Hafstein (2nd time)         (s.a.)               SF
21 Jul 1914 -  4 May 1915  Sigurdur Eggerz                    (b. 1875 - d. 1945)  SSF
 4 May 1915 -  4 Jan 1917  Einar Arnórsson                    (b. 1880 - d. 1955)  SSF
 4 Jan 1917 - 30 Nov 1918  Jón Magnússon                      (b. 1859 - d. 1926)  HTF
                           + Sigurdur Jónsson                 (b. 1852 - d. 1926)  FSF
                           + Björn Kristjánsson               (b. 1858 - d. 1918)  SSF
                             (to 28 Aug 1917)
                           + Sigurdur Eggerz                  (s.a.)               SSF
                             (from 28 Aug 1917)
                           (acting)
Prime ministers
 4 Jan 1917 -  7 Mar 1922  Jón Magnússon (1st time)           (b. 1859 - d. 1926)  HTF;1919 IF
 7 Mar 1922 - 22 Mar 1924  Sigurdur Eggerz                    (s.a.)               SSF
22 Mar 1924 - 23 Jun 1926  Jón Magnússon (2nd time)           (s.a.)               IF
23 Jun 1926 -  8 Jul 1926  Magnús Gudmundsson                 (b. 1879 - d. 1937)  IF
 8 Jul 1926 - 28 Aug 1927  Jón Thorláksson                    (b. 1877 - d. 1935)  IF
28 Aug 1927 -  3 Jun 1932  Tryggvi Thórhallsson               (b. 1889 - d. 1935)  IF;1929 SSF
 3 Jun 1932 - 29 Jul 1934  Ásgeir Ásgeirsson                  (s.a.)               FSF
29 Jul 1934 - 16 May 1942  Hermann Jónasson (1st time)        (s.a.)               FSF
16 May 1942 - 16 Dec 1942  Ólafur Thors (1st time)            (s.a.)               SSF 
16 Dec 1942 - 21 Oct 1944  Björn Thórdarson                   (b. 1879 - d. 1963)  Non-party
21 Oct 1944 -  4 Feb 1947  Ólafur Thors (2nd time)            (s.a.)               SSF 
 4 Feb 1947 -  6 Dec 1949  Stefán Jóhann Stefánsson           (s.a.)               AF 
 6 Dec 1949 - 14 Mar 1950  Ólafur Thors (3rd time)            (s.a.)               SSF 
14 Mar 1950 - 11 Sep 1953  Steingrímur Steinthórsson          (s.a.)               FSF
11 Sep 1953 - 24 Jul 1956  Ólafur Thors (4th time)            (s.a.)               SSF 
24 Jul 1956 - 23 Dec 1958  Hermann Jónasson (2nd time)        (s.a.)               FSF 
23 Dec 1958 - 20 Nov 1959  Emil Jónsson                       (b. 1902 - d. 1986)  AF
20 Nov 1959 - 14 Nov 1963  Ólafur Thors (5th time)            (s.a.)               SSF 
14 Sep 1961 - 31 Dec 1961  Bjarni Benediktsson                (b. 1908 - d. 1970)  SSF 
                             (acting for Thors)
14 Nov 1963 - 10 Jul 1970  Bjarni Benediktsson                (s.a.)               SSF
10 Jul 1970 - 14 Jul 1971  Jóhann Hafstein                    (b. 1915 - d. 1980)  SSF 
14 Jul 1971 - 28 Aug 1974  Ólafur Jóhannesson (1st time)      (b. 1913 - d. 1984)  FSF 
28 Aug 1974 -  1 Sep 1978  Geir Hallgrímsson                  (b. 1926 - d. 1990)  SSF 
 1 Sep 1978 - 15 Oct 1979  Ólafur Jóhannesson (2nd time)      (s.a.)               FSF
15 Oct 1979 -  8 Feb 1980  Benedikt Gröndal                   (b. 1924 - d. 2010)  AF
 8 Feb 1980 - 26 May 1983  Gunnar Thoroddsen                  (b. 1910 - d. 1983)  SSF
26 May 1983 -  8 Jul 1987  Steingrímur Hermannsson (1st time) (b. 1928 - d. 2010)  FSF
 8 Jul 1987 - 28 Sep 1988  Thorsteinn Pálsson                 (b. 1947)            SSF 
28 Sep 1988 - 30 Apr 1991  Steingrímur Hermannsson (2nd time) (s.a.)               FSF 
30 Apr 1991 - 15 Sep 2004  Davíd Oddsson                      (b. 1948)            SSF
15 Sep 2004 - 15 Jun 2006  Halldór Ásgrímsson                 (b. 1947 - d. 2015)  FSF
                             (acting for Oddson from 22 Jul 2004)
15 Jun 2006 -  1 Feb 2009  Geir Hilmar Haarde                 (b. 1951)            SSF
 1 Feb 2009 - 23 May 2013  Jóhanna Sigurdardóttir (f)         (b. 1942)            SFK
23 May 2013 -  7 Apr 2016  Sigmundur Davíd Gunnlaugsson       (b. 1975)            FSF
 7 Apr 2016 - 11 Jan 2017  Sigurdur Ingi Jóhannsson           (b. 1962)            FSF
11 Jan 2017 - 30 Nov 2017  Bjarni Benediktsson                (b. 1970)            SSF
30 Nov 2017 -              Katrín Jakobsdóttir (f)            (b. 1976)            VG

Bailiffs¹
1640 - 10 Dec 1651         Matthias Söffrinson                (b. 16.. - d. 1651)
1653 - 1665                Thomas Nikulásson                  (b. 16.. - d. 1665)
22 Nov 1665 -  5 Apr 1683  Jóhann Pétursson Klein             (s.a.)  
1665 - 1672                Jakob Benediktsson (acting for Klein)    
1672 - 1679                Oluf Jensson Klow (acting for Klein)  
1679 - 1683                Lauritz Kristjánsson Gottrup       (b. 1649 - d. 1721)
 5 Apr 1683 - 1688         Kristoffer Heidemann               (b. 1623 - d. 1703)
Prefects (Amtmenn)¹
Aug 1688 -  5 Nov 1718     Christian Müller til Kattrup       (b. 1638 - d. 1720)
 5 Nov 1718 - 10 Jun 1733  Niels Fuhrmann                     (b. 1685 - d. 1733)
Aug 1734 - 17 Jan 1744     Joachim Henrichsen Lafrentz        (b. 1674 - d. 1744)
Aug 1745 - Aug 1752        Johan Kristian Pingel              (b. c.1713 - d. 1779)
                             (appointed 15 Oct 1744)
Aug 1752 -  3 Nov 1766     Magnús Gíslason                    (b. 1704 - d. 1766)
 4 Nov 1766 - Aug 1770     Ólafur Stefánsson (Stephensen)     (s.a.)

Allied Occupation 1940-1945

British General Officers Commanding Allied Occupation Forces
10 May 1940 - 17 May 1940  Robert Grice Sturges (acting)      (b. 1891 - d. 1970)  Mil
                             (of 49th Infantry Division)
17 May 1940 - 26 May 1940  George Lammie (acting)             (b. 1891 - d. 1946)  Mil
26 May 1940 - 22 Apr 1942  Henry Osborne Curtis               (b. 1888 - d. 1964)  Mil
Commanders of the U.S. Occupation Forces
(from 16 Sep 1941, Commanding General Iceland Base Command) 
 6 Aug 1941 - 16 Sep 1941  John Marston                       (b. 1884 - d. 1957)  Mil
16 Sep 1941 - 18 Jun 1943  Charles Hartwell Bonesteel         (b. 1885 - d. 1964)  Mil
18 Jun 1943 -  4 Dec 1944  William Shaffer Key                (b. 1889 - d. 1959)  Mil
 4 Dec 1944 - 31 Dec 1945  Early Edward Walters Duncan        (b. 1894 - d. 1966)  Mil

 ¹The Danish officers in Iceland when the governors resided in Denmark 1662 - 1770.

 ²Full style of the rulers:
(a) 12 Jul 1809 - 22 Aug 1809: Beskytter af Hele Øen Island ("Protector of Land of Iceland");
(b) 1 Dec 1918 - 16 Jun 1944: Af gueds náed konungur Íslands og Danmerkur, Vinda og Gauta, hertogi í Slésvík, Holtsetalandi, Stórmaeri, Théttmerski, Láenborg og Aldinborg ("by the Grace of God, King of Iceland and Denmark, the Wends and the Goths, Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Stormarn, Dithmarschen, Lauenburg and Oldenburg");
(c) Style of the Regent 17 Jun 1941 - 17 Jun 1944: Ríkisstjóri Íslands ("Regent of Iceland").

Noble titles: Friherre = Baron, Greve = Count.

Territorial Disputes: Rockall continental shelf dispute involving Denmark, Iceland, and the U.K. (Ireland and the U.K. have signed a boundary agreement in the Rockall area) remains dormant; Iceland, the U.K., and Ireland dispute Denmark's claim that the Faroe Islands' continental shelf extends beyond 200 nm; on 15 Dec 2011 the European Free Trade Association Surveillance Authority filed a suit against Iceland, claiming the country violated the Agreement on the European Economic Area in failing to pay minimum compensation to Icesave depositors, the case was dismissed on 28 Jan 2013.

Party abbreviations: FSF = Framsóknarflokkurinn (Progressive Party, centrist, agrarian-liberal, Eurosceptic, est.16 Dec 1916); SFK = Samfylkingin ("Concentration", social democratic alliance, center-left, est.1998); SSF = Sjálfstaedisflokkurinn (Independence Party, center-right, Eurosceptic, [formerly 1907-1923 pro-independence], 1907-1923, re-est.25 May 1929); VG = Vinstrihreyfingin - Graent Frambod (Left Movement-Green Initiative, democratic socialist, eco-socialist, Eurosceptic, est.6 Feb 1999); Mil = Military;
- Former parties: AF = Althýduflokkurinn (People's Party, social-democratic, 1916-1998, merged into SFK); AP = Althýdubandalagid (People's Alliance, socialist, former Socialist Party and AF splinters, 1968-1998, merged with SFK); Con = Konservativ Højre ("Right", Danish Conservative Party, 1848-1866, merged into H); FF = Bondevennernes Selskab (Danish Society of the Friends of Peasants, agrarian, 1846-1872, merged into LP-V); H = Højre (Danish Right Party, conservative, 1881-1915, merged into Konservative Folkeparti); HTF = Heimastjórnarflokkurinn (Home Rule Party, center-right, pro-autonomy, 1900-24 Feb 1924, merged into IF); IF = Íhaldsflokkurinn (Conservative Party, conservative, 24 Feb 1924 - 25 May 1929, merged into SSF); NL = Nationalliberale (Danish National Liberal, liberal 1842-1882); SF = Sambandsflokkurinn (Union Party, pro-home rule, split from HTF, 1911-1914, rejoined HTF); VF = Venstrereformpartiet (Left Reform Party, anti-militarist, liberal, split from LP-V, 1895-1905)