Finland
-
- c.1154 - 29 Mar
1809
-
|
-
- 29 Mar 1809 - 6
Dec 1917
-
|
-
![[Finland Temporary
State Flag (1918)] [Finland Temporary State Flag
(1918)]](fi-st18a.gif)
- 6 Dec 1917 - 29 May
1918
Temporary State Flag
|
-
![[Finland Temporary Merchant
Ensign (1918)] [Finland
Temporary Merchant Ensign (1918)]](fi-18.gif)
- 27 Feb 1918 - 29 May
1918
- Temporary Merchant
Ensign
|
-
![[Finland State
Flag (1918-1920)] [Finland State Flag
(1918-1920)]](fi-18b.gif)
- 29 May 1918 - 26 May
1978
|
-
- 29 May 1918 - 12
Feb 1920 State Flag
-
|
-
![[Flag of Finland] [Flag of
Finland]](fi.gif)
- Adopted 26 May 1978
Civil Flag
|
Adopted 26 May 1978
State Flag
|
|
Map
of Finland
|
Hear
National Anthem
"Maamme/Vårt land" (Our
Land)
Adopted 1917
(in use from 13 May
1848)
|
Former
Anthem
"Keisarihymni"
(Song to the Grand Prince)
c.1830-1917
|
Constitution
(1 Mar 2000)
---------------------------------
1919
Constitution
(17 Jul 1919-22 Dec 1995)
|
Capital:
Helsinki
(Vaasa 29 Jan - 3 May 1918;
Helsingfors 1812-1917;
Åbo [Turku] 12..-1812) |
Currency:
Euro (EUR);
1963-1 Jan 2002 New Markka
(FIM); 1860-1963 Marrka (FIN);
1809-1917 Russian Ruble (RUES); & 1776-1840
Riksdaler (SER) |
National
Holiday: 6 Dec (1917)
Itsenäisyyspäivä
(Independence Day) |
Population:
5,537,364 (2018)
3,148,000 (1920)
863,000 (1810)
|
GDP: $244.9
billion (2017)
|
Exports:
$67.7 billion (2017)
Imports: $65.3
billion (2017)
|
Ethnic
groups: Finnish 93.4%, Swedish
5.6%, Russian 0.5%,
Estonian 0.3%, Roma (Gypsy) 0.1%, Sami
0.1% (2006) |
Total Active
Armed Forces: 36,479 (2010)
Merchant marine:
267 ships (2017)
|
Religions:
Lutheran 70.9%, Greek Orthodox 1.1%,
other 1.7%,
unspecified 26.3% (2017) |
International
Organizations/Treaties: AC,
ACS (observer), ADB (nonregional), AfDB (nonregional), AG, AIIB (nonregional),
ANT
(consultative), APM,
BIS, BTWC, CBSS, CD, CE, CERN, CTBT,
CWC, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EITI
(implementing country), EMU, ENMOD, ESA,
ESCR, EU, Euratom, Eutelsat, FAO, FATF,
IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM,
ICSID, IDA,
IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF,
IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, IRENA,
ISA, ISO, ITSO,
ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MTCR, NAM (guest), NATO
(applicant), NC, NEA, NIB, NPT, NSG,
NTBT, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OS,
OSCE, OST, PA (observer), Paris
Club, PCA, PFP, UN, UNCLOS,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNFCC-KP,
UNFCC-PA,
UNHCR, UNIDO, UNRWA, UPU, WCO,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
|
Finland
Index
|
Chronology
- c.1154
Conquest of Finland by Sweden
begins (called
-
Österland or Österlanden). Later
divided
-
into three (from 1634, five)
provinces of Sweden;
-
with five periods
granted as a fief of King of
-
Sweden as a duchy with
varying size and degrees
-
of autonomy.
- 1284 - 25 May
1291
Duchy of Finland granted as fief of
Swedish crown.
- 2 Dec 1302 - 10
Dec 1317 Duchy of
Finland granted as fief of
Swedish crown.
- 12 Aug
1323
Peace of Nöteburg (Pähkinäsaari)
between Sweden
-
and Novgorod.
Finland's eastern border is defined
-
for the first time.
- 1353 - 1357
Duchy of Finland granted
as fief of Swedish crown.
- 1374 - 20 Aug
1386
Bo Jonsson "Grip" (b.
c.1335 - d. 1386), Lord
High
-
Steward of Sweden (Riksdrots),
effectively gains
-
autonomous control over
Finland.
- 1465 - 12 Nov
1467
Duchy of Finland granted as fief of
Swedish crown.
- 27 Jun 1556 - 12 Aug
1563 Duchy of Finland granted
as fief of Swedish crown.
- 3
Aug 1577
Grand Principality of Finland¹
(subject to, and
-
from
21 Aug 1772) in nominally personal
union
-
with Sweden.
- 27 Feb
1617
Karelia joined to Finland by the
Treaty of
-
Stolbovo (Stolbova).
- 28 Aug 1713 - 30
Aug 1721 Russian occupation.
- 30 Aug
1721
Karelia and Viborg (Vyborg)
ceded to Russia.
- 29 Aug 1742 - 16
Jun 1743 Russian occupation.
- 22 Mar
1808
Russian occupation (Tawastehus
[Hämeenlinna]
-
fortress surrenders
on 6 Apr 1808).
- 28 Mar 1808
Russian imperial
declaration on annexation of
-
Finnish
lands in possession of Sweden is
-
communicated to the Great Powers.
- 1
Apr 1808
Annexation of Finland is proclaimed,
manifesto of
-
the
Emperor of Russia.
- 6
Jan 1809 - 9 Nov 1917
Personal union with Russia.
- 6 Jan 1809
Grand princely title of
Finland is included in the
-
Russian
imperial title by decree of the
Emperor.
-
(Grand Principality of Finland)(in
Swedish:
-
Storfurstendömet
Finland/Russian: Velikoye
-
Knyazhestvo
Finlyandskoye/Finnish:
Suomen
-
suuriruhtinaanmaa).
13 Oct 1809
Transfer from Sweden to Russia
ratified in Treaty
of
Fredrikshamn (Hamina)(signed 17 Sep
1809). - 31
Oct 1905 - 1 Aug 1906 Minor
local rebellions as part of the
Russian
-
Revolution of
1905.
- 9 Nov
1917
Supreme
authority exercised by the Grand
Prince is
-
transferred to a Council of
Regency to be elected
-
by
the Diet, but instead transferred
to the Diet
-
itself on 15 Nov 1917.
- 15
Nov
1917
Finland (Suomi = Finland).
- 6
Dec
1917
Proclamation of state sovereignty
approved by Diet.
- 4
Jan
1918
Independence recognized by Russia.
- 28 Jan
1918 - 25 Apr 1918 ("Red")
People's
Delegation of Finland
established
-
in
opposition to the ("White")
Senate of Finland
-
during
the Finnish civil war.
- 5
Apr 1918 - 16 Dec 1918 Germans
military intervention in Finland.
- 9
Oct 1918
Prospective king elected (who
withdraws on 14 Dec
1918 which is gazetted 28 Dec 1918).
- 17 Jul
1919
Republic of Finland (Suomen
tasavalta = Republiken
-
Finland),
becomes officially accepted name of
-
the
state, although it not
given constitutional
-
recognition.
- 14 Oct
1920
Finland acquires the Arctic port of
Petsamo
-
(Pechenga) by treaty with Soviet
Russia.
- 24 Jun
1921
Sovereignty over Åland Islands
awarded to Finland.
- 1
Dec 1939 - 12 Mar 1940 Finnish
Democratic Republic,
dissident government
-
at Soviet occupied town of Terijoki.
- 13 Mar
1940
Finland cedes Karelian Isthmus
(incl. Viipuri
-
[Viborg]), Finnish Aunus Karelia
(Sordavala,
-
north Ladoga), the Salla region, the
Rybachi
-
Peninsula in the arctic, and a 30
year lease on
-
the Hanko
peninsula to the Soviet Union.
- 27 Jul 1941 - 19
Sep 1944 Karelo-Finnish
S.S.R. in the Soviet
Union almost
-
entirely occupied by Finland.
- 7
Dec
1941
Territories annexed by Soviet Union
on 13 Mar 1940
-
re-integrated into Finland (Rybachi
Peninsula
-
re-occupied 29 Jun 1941, Viipuri on
29 Aug 1941).
- 4
Oct 1944 - 25 Apr 1945
Formerly allied German forces occupy
Lapland
-
(retroactive to 15 Sep 1944).
- 19 Sep 1944 - 10
Feb 1947 Allied (Soviet)
occupation; restoration of
-
the 13 Mar 1940 borders (in Viipuri
from
-
20 Jun 1944, from 15 Oct 1944 in
Petsmo).
- 10 Feb
1947
Petsamo ceded to Soviet Union; Porkkala
peninsula
-
leased to Soviet Union until 26 Jan
1956.
- 30 Sep 1963 -
Finland
leases the Saimaa Canal and the
island of
-
Vysotskiy Island
(Ravansaari) from Russia
(from
-
17 Feb 2012, a second
lease period begins with
-
Vysotskiy Island
removed from the lease).
- 1 Jan 1995
Part of European
Union.
|
Aland Islands
|
Regions
(from 2010) |
Provinces
(1634-2009) |
Hanko
and
Porkkala
(1940-1941,
1944-1956)
|
(Red)
People's
Delegation
of Finland
(1918) |
Finnish
Democratic Republic
(1939-1940)
|
Allied
Control
Commission
(1945-1947)
|
Evangelical
Lutheran
Church
of
Finland
|
Orthodox
Church of
Finland |
Historical
Maps
of
Finland
|
|
- Dukes (title Hertig
till Finland [as a fief of the Swedish
crown])
- 1284 - 25 May 1291
Bengt I Folkunga, (from
1286) (b. 1254 - d. 1291)
-
biskop av Linköping
- 2 Dec 1302 - 10 Dec
1317 Valdemar
Folkunga
(b. bf.1290 - d. 1318)
- 1353 - 1357
Bengt II
Algotsson
(b. c.1330 - d. 1360)
- 1465 - 12 Nov 1467
Karl Knutsson "Bonde"
(b. 1408 - d. 1470)
-
(King Karl VIII
of Sweden 1448–57, 1464–65, 1467–70)
- 27 Jun 1556 - 12 Aug 1563 Johan
Vasa
(b. 1537 - d. 1592)
-
(from 26 Jan 1569, King Johan III of Sweden)
- Grand Princes2
(also 29 Mar 1809 - 15 Mar 1917 the Emperors of Russia)
- 3 Aug 1577 - 6
Jan 1809 the kings of Sweden
- 6 Jan 1809
- 1 Dec 1825 Aleksandr I
(b. 1777 - d. 1825)
- 1 Dec 1825 - 25 Dec
1825 Konstantin I
(b. 1779 - d. 1831)
(proclaimed, but did not accept)
25 Dec 1825 - 2 Mar 1855
Nikolay
I
(b. 1796 - d. 1855)
(enthronement retroactive to 1 Dec 1825)
2 Mar 1855 - 13 Mar 1881 Aleksandr
II
(b. 1818 - d. 1881)
13 Mar 1881 - 1 Nov 1894
Aleksandr
III
(b. 1845 - d. 1894)
1 Nov 1894 - 15 Mar 1917
Nikolay
II
(b. 1868 - d. 1918)- 15 Mar 1917 - 9
Nov 1917 Vacant; Russian
provisional government
-
exercising grand-princely authority
Governors (Lagman)
c.1155 -
1249
....
1249 -
1255
Birger Magnusson jarl av Bielbo (b.
c.1196 - d. 1266)
1255 -
1280
....
1280 -
1281
Karl Gustavsson
1283 - 25 May
1291
Bengt
Folkunga
(s.a.)
1291 -
1305
Torkel
Knutsson
(d. 1306)
1302 -
1317
Valdemar
Folkunga
(s.a.)
1320 -
1336
Per Johansson (in Viborg)
1324
Algot Johansson
1324 -
1326
Mats Kettilmundsson
(d. 1326)
1326 - c.1331
Karl Näskonungsson (or Haraldsson)
1332 - 1334
Torinus Jönsson
1334 - 1337
Erengisle Andersson
1337 - 1340?
Lars (Laurentius) Petersson (in Åbo)
1340 -
1347
Dan Niklisson (or Nilsson)
c.1343
Johan Götesson (in Viborg)
1347 - 13..
Mats Kettilmundsson (in Åbo)
1347 - c.1350
Gerhard
Skytte
1353 -
1357
Bengt
Algotsson
(s.a.)
1357 - 21 Jun
1359
Erik Magnusson (King Erik XII)
(s.a.)
1357 -
1364
Nils Turesson Bielke (in Viborg) (d. 1364)
1364 -
1365
Narve Ingvaldsson
1371 - 1386
Bo Jonsson Grip (in Åbo)
(s.a.)
1386 - 15 Aug 1395
Jäppe Djäkn (in
Åbo)
(b. c.1350 - d. c.1411)
15 Aug 1395 - 1399 Knut
Bosson Grip (in Åbo)
(d. 1406)
1396 -
1421
Nils Tavast
(b. 1355 - d.
1431)
1399 - 140.
Abraham Brodersson (in
Åbo) (d. 1410)
140. -
1413
Knut Thordsson Bonde (in
Åbo) (b. c.1377 - d. 1413)
1413 -
1434
Klaus Lydekesson Djäkn
(in Åbo) (b. 1379 - d. 1437)
1434 -
1437
Henrik Klasson (in Åbo)
1403 -
1417
Tord Bonde (in Viborg)
1421? -
1435
Klas Lydekesson Djäkn (in Åbo) (b.
1379 - d. 1437)
1417 -
1442
Krister Nilsson (Vasa) (in Viborg) (b. c.1365 - d.
1442)
1436 -
1437
Henrik Klasson (in Åbo)
1437 -
1440
Hans Kröpelin d.ä. (in Åbo)
(b. 1404 - d. 1440)
1440 - 144.
Jon Karlsson Färla (in Åbo)
144. -
1442
Mats Ödgislesson Lillie (in Åbo) (b. 1382 -
d. 1442)
1442 -
1446
Henrik Bitz (in Åbo)
(d. 1458)
1440 -
1448
Carl Knutsson Bonde (in Viborg)
(b. 1408 - d. 1470)
1446 -
1450
Magnus Gren (in Åbo)
1450 -
1457?
Erik Axelsson Tott (in
Åbo) (b.
c.1415 - d. 1481)
1450 - 1457
Olav Nilsson
1457 - 1463
Krister Bengtsson Oxenstierna
(b. 1415 - d. 1473)
(in Åbo)
1457 -
1481
Erik Axelsson Tott (in
Viborg) (b. c.1420 - d.
1487)
1466 - 14..
Jöns Olofsson Stenbock (in Åbo) (d.
1488)
1481 -
1483
Laurens (Lars) Axelsson
Tott (d.
c.1483)
(in Viborg)
1490 -
1495
Nils Eriksson Gyllenstierna
(b. c.1457 - d. 1495)
(in Viborg)
1491 -
1496?
Joakim Henriksson Fleming (in Åbo) (d. 1496)
1495 -
1496
Knut Jönsson Posse (in Viborg)
(b. c.1446 - d. 1500)
1497 -
1501
Sten Sture den Äldre ("the Elder")
(b. 1440 - d. 1503)
1499 - 1502
Magnus Frille (in Åbo)
(d.
1508)
1499 - May
1511
Erik Turesson Bielke (in Viborg) (b. c.1462
- d. 1511)
1504 -
1515
Josef Persson till Djula (in Åbo)
1513 -
1520
Tönne Eriksson Tott (in Viborg) (b.
1467 - d. 1522)
1515 -
1520
Krister Klasson Horn (in Åbo) (b.
c.1480 - d. 1520)
1520 -
1522
Thomas Wulff van Grewendorp (in Åbo)
1520 -
1523
Rolf Mattsson (in Viborg)
1522? -
1523/27
Jöns Vestgöte (in Åbo)
1525 - 1534
Johan av Hoya (in Viborg)
(d. 1535)
1526 -
1529?
Joakim Henriksson Fleming (in Åbo)
c.1530
Erik Nilsson Sluk (in Åbo)
(b. 1480 - d. c.1530)
1534 -
1545
Nils Mansson Grabbe (in
Viborg) (b. c.1490 - d. 1549)
1535 -
1547
Tomas Jönsson Ryting (in Åbo)
(b. c.1500 - d. 1550)
1545 - 1554?
Mäns Nilsson Stjernkors (in
Viborg)
1547 - May 1553
Olof Trottesson till Eka (in Åbo) (d.
1553)
1553 - 1560
Hans Thomasson till
Kappelstrand
(in Åbo)
1556 -
1560
Klas Kristersson Horn (in Viborg)
(b. 1517 - d. 1566) - Governors (title
Ståthållare; 1623-1628 Landshöfding)
- 1551 - 1561
Henrik Horn til Kanckas
(b. 1512? - d.
1595)
1561 -
1566 Gustav
Fincke til Porkala och (b. c.1510
- d. 1566)
-
Sonnäs
- 1563 - Jul 1564
Jakob Hästesko til Sjundby
(b. 152. - d. 1567)
-
(acting for Fincke)
- 1566 -
1568 Ivar
Månsson Stjernkors til (b.
c.1540 - d. 1573)
-
Kärknäs
1568 -
1571 Hans
Larsson Björnram til Isnäs (b. 152. - d.
1571)
1571 -
1576 Gustaf
Banér til Djursholm och (b. 1547 - d.
1600)
-
Ekenäs
1576 - 1594
Clas
Åkesson Tott til Bystad
(b. c.1530 - d. 1596)
(from 28 Sep 1576, Clas Åkesson
friherre Tott til Bystad)
- 1587 -
1590 Axel
Leijonhufwud greve Raseborg (b.
1554 - d. 1619)
1591 - 13 Apr
1597 Clas
Fleming friherre til Wik
(b. c.1530 - d. 1597)
- 13 Apr 1597 - 18 Sep 1599 Arvid Stålarm
til Lindö
(b. 1549? - d. 1620)
(acting 1 Aug 1597)
- 18 Aug 1599 -
1623 Post
abolished
1623 - 1628
Nils friherre Bjelke til
Salestad (b. 1569 - d. 1639)
- Governors-general
1623 -
1631
Nils friherre Bjelke til Salestad (s.a.)
1631 - 1633
Gabriel friherre Oxenstierna
(b. 1586 - d. 1656)
til Mörby och Lindholmen
1633 - 21 Nov
1637 Vacant
- 21 Nov 1637 - 7 Aug 1640 Per Brahe til
Wisingsborg (b. 1602
- d. 1680)
(1st time)
7 Aug 1640 - 18 Jun 1648 Vacant
18 Jun 1648 - Sep 1651 Per
Brahe til Wisingsborg
(s.a.)
(from 18 Sep 1650, Per friherre
Brahe til Wisingsborg)
-
(2nd time)
Sep 1651 -
1657
Vacant
1657 - 23 Oct 1657
Erik friherre Gyllenstjerna
til (b. 1602 - d. 1657)
-
Uleberg
- 1657 - 1658
Gustaf friherre Horn til
(b. 1614 - d. 1666)
Marienborg
1658 - 1664
Vacant
1664 -
1669
Herman Claesson friherre Fleming (b. 1619
- d. 1673)
-
til Liebelitz
- 1669 - 1710
Post abolished
Supreme Commanders
- Oct 1700 - 12 Nov 1703 Abraham
Cronhjort
(b. 1634
- d. 1703)
12 Nov 1703 - Jan 1707 Georg Johan
Maydell
(b. 1648 - d. 1709)
Jan 1707 - 23 Sep 1710 Georg friherre
Lybecker
(b. c.1655 - d. 1718)
- Governors-general
- 23 Sep 1710 - 25 Jan 1712 Carl Gustaf greve
Nieroth
(b. c.1650 - d. 1712)
25 Jan 1712 - 28 Aug 1713 Georg
friherre Lybecker
(s.a.)
-
(acting to Jul 1712)
- 28 Aug 1713 - 1717
Graf Fyodor
Matveyevich
(b. 1661 - d. 1728)
Apraksin (Russian commander)
1717 - 30 Sep
1721
Gustaf Otto Graf von Douglas
(b. 1687 - d. 1771)
(Russian governor-general)
30 Sep 1721 - 29 Aug
1742 Post abolished
29 Aug 1742 - 2 Jan 1743
Francis Edward James Keith
(b. 1696 - d. 1758)
(Russian commander)
3 Jan 1743 -
1743 Johann
Balthasar von Campenhausen (b. 1689 -
d. 1758)
(Russian governor-general)
1743 - May 1747
Vacant
May 1747 - Jul 1754
Gustaf
Fredric friherre von Rosen
(b. 1688 - d. 1769)
(from 21 Nov 1751, Gustaf
Fredric greve von Rosen)
- Russian Commanding
General
22 Mar 1808 - Feb 1809
Friedrich Wilhelm Graf
von
(b. 1750 - d. 1811)
Buxhöwden (= Fyodor Graf fon Buksgevden)
Governors-general
1 Dec 1808 - 17 Jun
1809 Göran Magnus Freiherr
(b. 1740 - d.
1819)
Sprengtporten
17 Jun 1809 - 1 Feb
1810 Mikhail Andreas Barclay
de Tolly (b. 1761 - d. 1818)
(= Mikhail Bogdanovich Barklay-de-Tolli)
3 Mar 1810 - 22 Mar
1824 Fabian Gotthard von Steinheil
(b. 1762 - d. 1831)
(from 18 Sep 1812, Fabian Gotthard Graf von
Steinheil)
(= Faddey Fyodorovich Shteyngel)
(acting from 1823)
6 Sep 1812 - 13 Apr
1813 Gustav Mauritz Graf
Armfelt (b.
1757 - d. 1814)
(acting for Steinheil)
22 Mar 1824 - 1 Dec
1831 Arseniy Andreyevich Zakrevskiy
(b. 1783 - d. 1865)
(from 14 Aug 1830,
Arseniy Andreyevich Graf Zakrevskiy)
1 Dec 1831 - 15 Mar 1855 Knyaz'
Aleksandr Sergeyevich
(b. 1787 - d. 1869)
Menshikov
24 Apr 1833 - 6 Sep 1846
Alexander Amatus Thesleff
(b. 1778 - d. 1847)
(acting intermittently for Menshikov)
4 May 1850 - 12 Jan 1851 Platon
Ivanovich
Rokasovskiy (b.
1800 - d. 1869)
(acting for Menshikov)(1st time)
26 Jul 1851 - 17 Dec 1851 Platon
Ivanovich
Rokasovskiy
(s.a.)
(acting for Menshikov)(2nd time)
22 Feb 1854 - 24 Jan 1855 Platon
Ivanovich
Rokasovskiy
(s.a.)
(acting for Menshikov)(3rd time)
24 Jan 1855 - 15 Mar 1855
Friedrich Wilhelm Rembert Graf
(b. 1794 - d. 1874)
von Berg (Fyodor Graf fon Berg)
(acting for Menshikov)
15 Mar 1855 - 11 Dec 1861
Friedrich Wilhelm Rembert Graf
(s.a.)
von Berg (from 8 Oct 1857, Friedrich
Wilhelm Rembert Freiherr von Berg)
11 Dec 1861 - 2 Jun 1866
Platon Ivanovich
Rokasovskiy (s.a.)
5 Aug 1864 - 16 Oct
1864 Johan Mauritz Freiherr
Nordenstam (b. 1802 - d. 1882)
(acting for Rokasovsky)(1st time)
2 Jun 1866 - 18 Jun 1881 Graf Nikolay
Vladimirovich
(b. 1819 - d. 1892)
Adlerberg
23 Jun 1866 - 21 Jul 1866 Bernhard Indrenius
(1st time) (b. 1812 - d.
1884)
(= Berngard Emmanuilovich Indrenyus)
(acting for Adlerberg)
18 Jul 1867 - 18 Oct 1867 Bernhard Indrenius
(2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting for Adlerberg)
20 Jul 1868 - 18 Oct 1868 Johan Mauritz
Freiherr Nordenstam
(s.a.)
(2nd time)(acting for Adlerberg)
15 Jul 1869 - 6 Oct 1869 Bernhard
Indrenius (3rd time)
(s.a.)
(acting for Adlerberg)
7 May 1870 - 11 Sep 1870 Johan
Maurtiz Freiherr Nordenstam
(s.a.)
(3rd time)(acting for Adlerberg)
13 Jun 1871 - 13 Sep 1871 Bernhard
Baron
Indrenius (4th time)(s.a.)
(acting for Adlerberg)
19 Jul 1872 - 19 Nov 1872 Edvard Gustaf
af Forselles (b. 1817 - d.
1891)
(acting for Adlerberg)
19 Nov 1872 - 24 Mar 1873 Johan Maurtiz Freiherr
Nordenstam (s.a.)
(4th time)(acting for Adlerberg)
25 Jun 1873 - 11 Nov 1873
Bernhard Baron Indrenius
(s.a.)
(5th time)(acting for Adlerberg)
2 Jun 1874 - 22 Oct
1874 Bernhard Baron Indrenius
(s.a.)
(6th time)(acting for Adlerberg)
22 Jun 1875 - 17 Nov 1875
Bernhard Baron Indrenius
(s.a.)
(7th time)(acting for Adlerberg)
17 Aug 1876 - 21 Jun 1876
Bernhard Baron Indrenius
(s.a.)
(8th time)(acting for Adlerberg)
3 Jun 1881 - 31 Jan
1897 Friedrich Graf von
Heyden (b. 1831
- d. 1900)
(= Graf
Fyodor Logginovich fon Heiden)
31 Jan 1897 - 12 Oct
1898 Stepan Osipovich Goncharov
(b. 1831 - d. 1912)
(acting)
12 Oct 1898 -
17 Jun 1904 Nikolay Ivanovich
Bobrikov
(b. 1839 - d. 1904)
18 Jun 1904 - 18 Aug
1904 Nikolay Matveyevich Turbin (acting)(b. 1832
- d. 1913)
18 Aug 1904 - 6 Dec 1905 Knyaz'
Ivan Mikhaylovich Obolenskiy(b. 1853 - d. 1910)
18 Nov 1905 - 6 Dec 1905 Anton
Freiherr
Salza
(b. 1843 - d. 1916)
(acting for Obolenskiy)
6 Dec 1905 - 15 Feb 1908 Nikolay
Nikolayevich
Gerard (b.
1838 - d. 1929)
15 Feb 1908 - 24 Nov 1909 Vladimir
Aleksandrovich Bekman (b. 1848
- d. 1923)
(Boeckmann)
19 Feb 1908 - 28 Feb 1908 Frans-Al'bert
Aleksandrovich Zeyn (b. 1862 - d. 1918)
(acting for Bekman)
24 Nov 1909 - 16 Mar 1917 Frans-Al'bert
Aleksandrovich Zeyn (s.a.)
16 Mar 1917 - 19 Mar 1917 Adam Iosifovich
Lipskiy (acting) (b. 1860 - d. 19..)
19 Mar 1917 - 31 Mar 1917 Baron Sergey
Aleksandrovich
(b. 1876 - d. 1924)
Korov (acting)
31 Mar 1917 - 17 Sep 1917 Mikhail Aleksandrovich
Stakhovich (b. 1861 - d. 1923)
17 Sep 1917 - 9 Nov 1917 Nikolay
Vissarionovich Nekrasov (b. 1879 -
d. 1940) KDP
Speaker of the Diet of Finland
9 Nov 1917 - 18 May 1918 Otto Johannes
Lundson
(b. 1867 - d. 1939) PSP
Holder of Supreme Authority (commonly
called Regent)
18 May 1918 - 12 Dec 1918 Pehr Evind Svinhufvud
af Qvalstad (b. 1861 - d. 1944) PSP
(formally held the office of chairman of
Senate 27 Nov 1917 - 27 Nov 1918, then chairman
of Council of State 27 Nov - 12 Dec 1918;
[in Vaasa refuge 29 Jan - 3 May 1918])
- King-elect3
9 Oct 1918 - 14 Dec 1918 Friedrich Karl
(did not reign) (b. 1868 - d.
1940)
Lieutenant of the Realm (Valtionhoitaja =
Riksföreståndare [usually translated: Regent])
12 Dec 1918 - 26 Jul 1919 vapaaherra Carl Gustaf
Emil (b.
1867 - d. 1951) Mil
Mannerheim (= Kustaa Mannerheim)
(landed in Turku 22 Dec 1918, in Helsinki 23 Dec 1918)
12 Dec 1918 - 23 Dec 1918 Lauri Johannes
Ingman
(b. 1868 - d. 1934) KOK
(acting for absent Mannerheim)
Presidents
26 Jul 1919 - 1 Mar 1925 Kaarlo
Juho
Ståhlberg
(b. 1865 - d. 1952) ED
(= Carl Johan Ståhlberg)
1 Mar 1925 - 1 Mar 1931 Lauri
Kristian
Relander
(b. 1883 - d. 1942) ML
(= Lars Kristian Relander)
1 Mar 1931 - 1 Mar 1937 Pehr
Evind Svinhufvud af Qvalstad
(s.a.)
SDP
1 Mar 1937 - 19 Dec 1940 Kyösti
Kallio
(b. 1873 - d. 1940) ML
(= Gustaf Kalliokangas)
19 Dec 1940 - 1 Aug 1944 Risto Heikki
Ryti
(b. 1889 - d. 1956) ED
(= Risto Henrik Ryti)
(acting [for Kallio 29 Aug - 19 Dec 1940] to 21 Dec
1940)
1 Aug 1944 - 4 Aug 1944 Edwin
Johan Hildegard Linkomies (b. 1894 -
d. 1963) KOK
(= Edwin Johan Hildegard Flinck)
(acting)
4 Aug 1944 - 4 Mar 1946
vapaaherra Carl Gustaf
Emil
(s.a.)
Mil/Non-party
Mannerheim
4 Mar 1946 - 1 Mar 1956 Juho
Kusti
Paasikivi
(b. 1870 - d. 1956) KOK
(= Johan August Hellstén)
(acting [for Mannerheim 5 Mar 1945 - 4 Mar 1946] to 11
Mar 1946)
1 Mar 1956 - 27 Jan 1982 Urho Kaleva
Kekkonen
(b. 1900 - d. 1986) ML;1965 KESK
27 Jan 1982 - 1 Mar 1994 Mauno Henrik
Koivisto
(b. 1923 - d. 2017) SDP
(acting for Kekkonen 11 Sep 1981 - 27 Jan 1982)
1 Mar 1994 - 1 Mar 2000 Martti
Oiva Kalevi
Ahtisaari (b.
1937)
SDP
1 Mar 2000 - 1 Mar 2012 Tarja
Kaarina Halonen
(f)
(b.
1943)
SDP
1 Mar 2012
-
Sauli Väinämö
Niinistö
(b.
1948)
KOK
- Chairman of the Finnish
Delegation (in Saint Petersburg)
12 Nov 1808
- 9 Jan 1809 Carl Erik Graf
Mannerheim
(b. 1759 - d. 1837)
State
Secretaries for Finnish Affairs (in
Saint Petersburg)
9 Jan 1809 -
7 Nov 1811 Mikhail Mikhaylovich
Speranskiy (b. 1772 - d. 1839)
7 Nov 1811 - 18 Dec
1834 Robert Henrik Rehbinder
(b. 1777 - d. 1841)
(from 3 Sep 1826,
Robert Henrik Graf Rehbinder)
Chairmen of the Committee for
Finnish Affairs (in Saint Petersburg)
20 Oct 1811 - 19 Aug 1814 Gustaf Mauritz
Armfelt
(s.a.)
(from 18 Sep 1812 Gustaf Mauritz Graf
Armfelt)
19 Aug 1814 - 9 Sep 1832 Knut von
Troil
(b. 1760 - d.
1825)
(from 22 Jan 1818, Knut Freiherr von
Troil)
(acting to 12 Sep 1814)
28 Aug 1821 - 29 Mar 1826 Robert
Henrik Rehbinder
(s.a.)
(acting for Troil)
Ministers of State for the Grand
Principality of Finland (in Saint Petersburg)
18 Dec 1834 - 8 Mar 1841 Robert Henrik
Graf Rehbinder
(s.a.)
8 Mar 1841 - 8 Jan 1876 Alexander
Graf Armfelt
(b. 1794 - d. 1876)
(acting to 17 Mar 1841)
8 Jan 1876 - 3 Sep 1881 Carl
Knut Emil Freiherr Stjernvall (b. 1806 - d. 1890)
-Walléen (acting to 13 Jan 1876)
3 Sep 1881 - 3 Sep 1888 Theodor von
Bruun
(b. 1821 - d. 1888)
(from 14 Apr 1883, Theodor Freiherr von Brunn)
3 Sep 1888 - 9 Apr 1891 Johann
Casimir Ehrnrooth
(b. 1833 - d. 1913)
(acting to 9 Nov 1888)
9 Apr 1891 - 13 Jun 1898 Woldemar Carl von
Daehn (b.
1838 - d. 1900)
13 Jun 1898 - 29 Aug 1899 Victor Napoleon von
Procopé (b. 1839 - d. 1906)
(acting)
29 Aug 1899 - 28 Jul 1904 Vyacheslav
Konstantinovich Pleve (b. 1846 - d. 1904)
(von Plehwe)(acting to 13 Jan 1900)
28 Jul 1904 - 18 Jan 1905 Edvard Oerstroem (1st
time)(acting)(b. 1862 - d. 1922)
18 Jan 1905 - 28 Nov 1905 Constantin
Linder
(b. 1836 - d. 1908)
28 Nov 1905 - 5 Feb 1906 Edvard Oerstroem
(2nd time)(acting)(s.a.)
5 Feb 1906 - 21 Apr 1913 Carl Fredrik
Langhoff
(b. 1856 - d. 1929)
(from 14 Oct 1912, Carl Frederik Freiherr
Langhoff)
21 Apr 1913 - 19 Mar 1917 Vladimir Ivanovich
Markov
(b. 1859 - d. 1919)
19 Mar 1917 - 8 Apr 1917 Theodor
Izmailovich Rodichev (b.
1854 - d. 1923) KDP
(Minister Secretary for Finnish Affairs)
(acting)
- 8 Apr 1917 - 14 Dec 1917
Carl Johan Alexis Enckell
(b. 1876 - d. 1959)
(Minister
Secretary for Finnish Affairs)
Vice Chairmen of the Senate's
Economy Department (from 27 Nov
1917, Chairmen of the Senate)
1 Oct 1822 - 28 Feb
1826 Carl Erik Freiherr Mannerheim
(s.a.)
(from 7 Jan 1824,
Carl Erik Graf Mannerheim)
1 Mar 1826 - 12 Jan 1828
Samuel Fredrik von Born
(b. 1782 - d. 1850)
(acting to 1 Jan
1827)
12 Jan 1828 - 10 Apr 1833
Anders Henrik
Falck
(b. 1772 - d. 1851)
10 Apr 1833 - 30 Sep 1841
Gustaf
Hjärne
(b. 1768 - d. 1845)
(from 5 May 1841, Gustaf Freiherr
Hjarne)
(acting to 1 Oct 1834)
1 Oct 1841 - 30 Apr 1858 Lars
Gabriel von Haartman
(b. 1789 - d. 1859)
(from 26 Apr 1851, Lars
Gabriel Freiherr von Haartman)
1 Jun 1858 - 8 Jun 1882 Johan
Mauritz Nordenstam
(s.a.)
(from 15 Apr 1860, Johan
Mauritz Freiherr Nordenstam)
1 Oct 1882 - 30 Sep 1885 Edvard
Gustaf af
Forselles
(s.a.)
1 Oct 1885 - 1 Dec
1891 Samuel Werner Freiherr von
Troil (b. 1833 - d. 1900)
1 Dec 1891 - 29 Oct 1900
Sten Carl
Tudeer
(b. 1840 - d. 1905)
29 Oct 1900 - 18 Jan 1905
Constantin
Linder
(s.a.)
4 May 1905 - 4 Dec
1905 Emil
Streng
(b. 1838 - d. 1911)
1 Dec 1905 - 10 Jun 1908
Leopold Henrik Stanislaus Mechelin (b. 1839 - d. 1914)
SFP
5 Aug 1908 - 27 Apr 1909
Edvard Immanuel
Hjelt
(b. 1855 - d. 1921) PSP
27 Apr 1909 - 19 Oct 1909
August Johannes Hjelt (acting) (b.
1862 - d. 1919) SP
19 Oct 1909 - 21 Dec 1909 Andrey Andreyevich
Virenius (b.
1850 - d. 1919) Mil
(1st time) (acting)
21 Dec 1909 - 21 Apr 1913 Vladimir Ivanovich
Markov
(s.a.)
Mil
21 Apr 1913 - 16 Mar 1917 Mikhail Mikhaylovich
Borovitinov (b. 1874 - d. 1921)
Non-party
17 Mar 1917 - 26 Mar 1917 Andrey Andreyevich
Virenius
(s.a.)
Mil
(2nd time) (acting)
26 Mar 1917 - 17 Aug 1917 Antii Oskari
Tokoi
(b. 1873 - d. 1963) SDP
17 Aug 1917 - 27 Nov 1917 Eemil Nestor
Setälä
(b. 1864 - d. 1935) PSP
27 Nov 1917 - 27 Nov 1918 Pehr Evind Svinhufvud
af Qvalstad
(s.a.)
PSP
(1st time)(in Vaasa refuge 29 Jan - 3 May 1918)
27 May 1918 - 27 Nov 1918 Juho Kusti
Paasikivi
(s.a.)
SP
(= Johan August Hellstén)
(acting for Svinhufvud)
Prime ministers
27 Nov
1918
Juho Kusti Paasikivi (1st time)
(s.a.)
SP
27 Nov 1918 - 17 Apr 1919 Lauri Johannes Ingman
(1st time)
(s.a.)
KOK
17 Apr 1919 - 15 Aug 1919 Kaarlo
Castrén
(b. 1860 - d. 1938) NPP
15 Aug 1919 - 15 Mar 1920 Juho Heikki Vennola
(1st time) (b. 1872 - d.
1938) NPP
15 Mar 1920 - 9 Apr
1921 Rafael Waldemar
Erich
(b. 1879 - d. 1946) KOK
9 Apr 1921 -
2 Jun 1922 Juho Heikki Vennola (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
NPP
2 Jun 1922 - 14 Nov
1922 Aimo Kaarlo Cajander (1st
time) (b. 1879 - d. 1943)
Non-party
14 Nov 1922 - 18 Jan
1924 Kyösti Kallio (1st
time)
(s.a.)
ML
18 Jan 1924 - 31 May
1924 Aimo Kaarlo Cajander (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
ED
31 May 1924 - 31 Mar
1925 Lauri Johannes Ingman (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
KOK
31 Mar 1925 - 31 Dec
1925 Antti Agaton
Tulenheimo
(b. 1879 - d. 1952) KOK
31 Dec 1925 - 13 Dec
1926 Kyösti Kallio (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
ML
13 Dec 1926 - 17 Dec
1927 Väinö Alfred
Tanner
(b. 1881 - d. 1966) SDP
17 Dec 1927 - 22 Dec
1928 Juho Emil Sunila (1st
time) (b.
1875 - d. 1936) ML
22 Dec 1928 - 16 Aug
1929 Oskari Mantere (= Oskar Majamäki)
(b. 1874 - d. 1942) NPP
16 Aug 1929 - 6 Jul
1930 Kyösti Kallio (3rd
time)
(s.a.)
ML
6 Jul 1930 - 16 Feb 1931 Pehr
Evind Svinhufvud af Qvalstad
(s.a.)
KOK
(2nd time)
16 Feb 1931 - 21 Mar 1931 Juho Heikki
Vennola (3rd time)
(s.a.)
ED
21 Mar 1931 - 14 Dec 1932 Juho Emil
Sunila (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
ML
14 Dec 1932 - 7 Oct 1936 Toivo
Mikael
Kivimäki
(b. 1886 - d. 1968) NPP
7 Oct 1936 - 17 Feb 1937 Kyösti
Kallio (4th
time)
(s.a.)
ML
17 Feb 1937 - 12 Mar 1937 Eino Rudolf
Woldemar Holsti (b. 1881 -
d. 1945) ED
(acting)
12 Mar 1937 - 1 Dec 1939 Aimo
Kaarlo Cajander (3rd time)
(s.a.)
NPP
1 Dec 1939 - 21 Dec 1940 Risto
Heikki
Ryti
(s.a.)
NPP
-
(= Risto Henrik Ryti)
21 Dec 1940 - 3 Jan 1941 Rudolf
Waldén (acting)
(b. 1878 - d. 1946)
Mil
3 Jan 1941 - 5 Mar 1943
Johan Wilhelm
Rangell
(b. 1894 - d. 1982) NPP
5 Mar 1943 - 8 Aug 1944
Edwin Johan Hildegard Linkomies
(s.a.)
KOK
-
(= Edwin Johan Hildegard Flinck)
8 Aug 1944 - 21 Sep 1944 Antti
Verner
Hackzell
(b. 1881 - d. 1946) KOK
21 Sep 1944 - 17 Nov 1944 Urho Jonas
Castrén
(b. 1886 - d. 1965) Non-party
17 Nov 1944 - 26 Mar 1946 Juho Kusti
Paasikivi (2nd time)
(s.a.)
KOK
26 Mar 1946 - 29 Jul 1948 Mauno
Pekkala
(b. 1890 - d. 1952) SKDL
29 Jul 1948 - 17 Mar 1950 Karl August
Fagerholm (1st time) (b. 1901 - d.
1984) SDP
17 Mar 1950 - 17 Nov 1953 Urho Kaleva
Kekkonen (1st time)
(s.a.)
ML
17 Nov 1953 - 5 May 1954 Sakari
Severi
Tuomioja
(b. 1911 - d. 1964) VL
5 May 1954 - 20 Oct 1954 Ralf
Johan Gustaf
Törngren
(b. 1899 - d. 1961) SFP
20 Oct 1954 - 3 Mar 1956 Urho
Kaleva Kekkonen (2nd time)
(s.a.)
ML
15 Feb 1956 - 3 Mar 1956 Johannes
Virolainen
(b. 1914 - d. 2000) ML
(acting for Kekkonen)
3 Mar 1956 - 27 May 1957 Karl
August Fagerholm (2nd time)
(s.a.)
SDP
27 May 1957 - 29 Nov 1957 Vieno
Johannes Sukselainen
(b. 1906 - d. 1995) ML
(1st time)
29 Nov 1957 - 26 Apr 1958 Berndt Rainer
von
Fieandt
(b. 1890 - d. 1972) Non-party
26 Apr 1958 - 29 Aug 1958 Reino Iisakki
Kuuskoski
(b. 1907 - d. 1965) Non-party
29 Aug 1958 - 13 Jan 1959 Karl August
Fagerholm (3rd time)
(s.a.)
SDP
13 Jan 1959 - 19 May 1961 Vieno
Johannes Sukselainen
(s.a.)
ML
(2nd time)
19 May 1961 - 14 Jul 1961 Eemil Vihtori
Luukka (acting) (b. 1892
- d. 1970) ML
14 Jul 1961 - 13 Apr 1962 Martti
Johannes
Miettunen
(b. 1907 - d. 2002) ML
(1st time)
13 Apr 1962 - 18 Dec 1963 Ahti Kalle
Samuli Karjalainen (b.
1923 - d. 1990) ML
(1st time)
18 Dec 1963 - 12 Sep 1964 Reino Ragnar
Lehto
(b. 1898 - d. 1966) Non-party
12 Sep 1964 - 27 May 1966 Johannes
Virolainen
(b. 1914 - d. 2000) ML;1965 KESK
27 May 1966 - 22 Mar 1968 Kustaa Rafael
Paasio (1st time) (b. 1903 - d.
1980) SDP
22 Mar 1968 - 14 May 1970 Mauno Henrik
Koivisto (1st time)
(s.a.)
SDP
14 May 1970 - 15 Jul 1970 Teuvo Ensio
Aura (1st time)(acting)(b. 1912 - d. 1999)
Non-party
15 Jul 1970 - 29 Oct 1971 Ahti Kalle
Samuli Karjalainen
(s.a.)
KESK
(2nd time)
29 Oct 1971 - 23 Feb 1972 Teuvo Ensio
Aura (2nd
time)(acting)(s.a.)
Non-party
23 Feb 1972 - 4 Sep 1972 Kustaa
Rafael Paasio (2nd time)
(s.a.)
SDP
4 Sep 1972 - 13 Jun 1975 Taisto
Kalevi Sorsa (1st
time) (b. 1930 - d.
2004) SDP
13 Jun 1975 - 30 Nov 1975 Keijo Anfero
Liinamaa (acting) (b. 1929 -
d. 1980) Non-party
30 Nov 1975 - 15 May 1977 Martti
Johannes
Miettunen
(s.a.)
KESK
(2nd time)
15 May 1977 - 26 May 1979 Taisto Kalevi
Sorsa (2nd time)
(s.a.)
SDP
26 May 1979 - 27 Jan 1982 Mauno Henrik
Koivisto (2nd time)
(s.a.)
SDP
11 Sep 1981 - 19 Feb 1982 Eino Oskari
Uusitalo
(b. 1924 - d. 2015) KESK
(acting [for Koivisto to 27 Jan 1982])
19 Feb 1982 - 30 Apr 1987 Taisto Kalevi
Sorsa (3rd time)
(s.a.)
SDP
30 Apr 1987 - 26 Apr 1991 Harri
Hermanni
Holkeri
(b. 1937 - d. 2011) KOK
26 Apr 1991 - 13 Apr 1995 Esko Tapani
Aho
(b.
1954)
KESK
13 Apr 1995 - 17 Apr 2003 Paavo Tapio
Lipponen
(b.
1941)
SDP
17 Apr 2003 - 24 Jun 2003 Anneli
Tuulikki Jäätteenmäki (f) (b.
1955)
KESK
24 Jun 2003 - 22 Jun 2010 Matti Taneli
Vanhanen
(b.
1955)
KESK
22 Jun 2010 - 22 Jun 2011 Mari Johanna Kiviniemi
(f)
(b.
1968)
KESK
22 Jun 2011 - 24 Jun 2014 Jyrki Tapani
Katainen
(b.
1971)
KOK
24 Jun 2014 - 29 May 2015 Alexander
Stubb
(b.
1968)
KOK
29 May 2015 - 6 Jun 2019
Juha Petri Sipilä
(b.
1961)
KESK
- 6 Jun 2019 - 10 Dec 2019 Antti Juhani
Rinne
(b.
1962)
SDP
- 10 Dec 2019
-
Sanna Mirella Marin (f)
(b. 1985)
SDP
Allied (Soviet)
Occupation
Chairman of the Allied Control Commission
22 Sep 1944 - 15 Sep 1947 Andrey
Aleksandrovich Zhdanov
(b. 1896 - d. 1948) Mil
(Soviet Union)
German Forces 1918
- Director-general of German Forces in
Finland (Ostsee-Division)
12 Apr 1918 - 16 Dec 1918 Gustav
Adolph Joachim Rüdiger von (b. 1865 -
d. 1946) Mil
-
der Goltz
- ¹common confusion over the
polity name ("grand principality" versus
"grand duchy") stems from
the fact that the title initially introduced was that
of a "duke" (Hertig til Finland);
"duchy" being the regular designation of a region
within the Swedish kingdom), whereas subsequently and
still in the 19th century the title
used was that of "grand prince" (Storfurste till
Finland, in Russian Velikiy knyaz'). The
style of the polity should therefore be correctly
rendered as "Grand Principality".
-
2title
used 1809-1917 only as a part of the full
and/or short title of the Emperor of Russia;
equivalents in other languages used for official
purposes: (in Russian) Velikiy
knyaz' Finlyandskiy; (in
Swedish) Storfurste till Finland;
(in Finnish) Suomen Suuriruhtinas (Grand
Prince of Finland).
- 3Friedrich
Karl Ludwig Konstantin, Prinz und Landgraf zu Hessen
(s.a.) was elected King of Finland (Suomen
kuningas) by the Diet on 9
Oct 1918, but declined to accept the crown. His
decision was communicated by a letter on 14 Dec 1918
addressed to the Finnish ambassador in Berlin. The
Council of State of Finland published the letter in
the Official Gazette No. 232 on 28 Dec 1918.
In the Finnish election document the prince was called
"Fredrik Kaarle", the name "Väinö I", occasionally
reported as the intended regnal name, was never
actually considered a name for the king of Finland.
- Noble titles: Greve/Graf
= Count; Friherre/Freiherr/Vapaaherra
= Baron; Jarl = Earl; Knyaz'
= Prince.
Territorial
Disputes: None;
Following a treaty agreement in 1963, the Soviet Union
leased the Soviet section of the Saimaa
Canal area and the island of Malyy Vysotskiy
(Ravansaari) to Finland for fifty years. Under the new
Saimaa Canal lease treaty signed by the Finnish and
Russian governments in 2010, the lease was extended
for another fifty years and Malyy
Vysotskiy was again to be managed by Russian
authorities, the treaty went into effect on 17 Feb
2012; Various groups in Finland
advocate restoration of Karelia and other areas ceded
to the Soviet Union, but the Finnish government
asserts no territorial demands.
Party abbreviations:
KESK = Suomen Keskusta (Center
of Finland, centrist, former ML, est.1965);
KOK = Kansallinen
Kokoomus (National Coalition, center-right, est.1918);
LKP = Liberaalinen Kansanpuolue
(Liberal People's Party, liberal, merger of VL and KP,
from 2001 named Liberaalit [Liberals], est.1965); SDP
= Suomen Sosialidemokraattinen Puolue (Social
Democratic Party of Finland, social-democratic,
est.1899); SFP = Svenska
Folkpartiet i Finland/Ruotsalainen kansanpuolue
(Swedish People's Party of Finland, liberal, est.1906,
as Svenska Partiet/Ruotsalainen Puolue [Swedish Party]
1870-1906); KD = Suomen
Kristillisdemokraatit (Christian Democratic Party of
Finland, christian democratic, former SKL, est.2001);
VS = Vasemmistoliitto (Left
Alliance, democratic socialist, merger of SKDL and
SKP, est.1990); Mil =
Military;
- Former parties:
ED = Kansallinen Edistyspuolue
(National Progressive Party, liberal, republican,
former, NSP, 1918-1951); KDP
= Konstitutsionno-Demokraticheskaya Partiya
(Constitutional Democratic Party, "Kadets", Russian
liberal, 12 Oct 1905-12 Dec 1917); KP = Suomen
Kansanpuolue (Finnish People's Party, liberal
conservative, nationalist, 1951-1965, merged with VL
as LKP); ML = Maalaisliitoksi (Farmers League,
agrarian, liberal, 1906-1965, renamed KESK); NPP
= Kansallinen Edistyspuole (National Progressive
Party, liberal, 1918-1951); SKDL = Suomen
Kansan Demokraattinen Liitto (Finnish People's
Democratic League, communists and socialists,
1944-1990, then VS); PSP =
Perustuslaillis-Suomenmielinen Puolue
(Constitutional-Fennoman Party, "Young Finnish" Party,
liberal, opposed Russification, 1894-1918, succeeded
by ED); SKL = Suomen Kristillinen Liitto
(Christian League of Finland, christian democratic,
centrist, 1958-2001, renamed KD); SKP = Suomen
Kommunistinen Puolue (Finnish Communist Party,
communist, suppressed 1923-44, merged with SKDL into
VS, 1918-1990); SMP = Suomen Maaseudun Puolue
(Finnish Agrarian Party, agrarian, 1959-2003); SP
= Suomalainen puolue/Finska Partiet (Finnish Party,
"Old Finnish" Party, conservative, 1863-1918,
succeeded by KOK); VL = Vapaamielisten Liitto
(Liberal League, liberal, 1951-1965, merged with KP as
LKP)
Alternative
Government: People's Delegation of Finland
28 Jan
1918
Finland (name "Finnish Socialist
Workers' Republic" (Suomen
-
sosialistinen työväentasavalta)
was used as polity name only in
-
a treaty with Soviet Russia (but
not in national legislation).
-
People's Delegation of Finland (Suomen
kansanvaltuuskunta)
-
established in Helsinki in opposition to the Senate of
Finland
-
and preventing the Diet from
holding sessions in the south of
-
Finland.
14 Feb 1918
Central Workers' Council of
Finland (Suomen työväen pääneuvosto)
-
established as a legislative and controlling body by
the People's
-
Delegation of Finland.
- 4-9 Apr
1918
Forced to move from Helsinki to Viipuri (modern
Vyborg).
25 Apr
1918
Government flees national territory from Viipuri to Petrograd,
-
Russia
(holding last meeting in Russia exile on 27
Apr 1918).
-
Chairman
of the Central Workers' Council of
Finland
14
Feb 1918 - 25 Apr 1918 Matti Valfrid Perttilä
(b. 1878 - d. 1953) SDP
Chairmen
of the People's Delegation of
Finland
28
Jan 1918 - 12? Apr 1918 Kullervo Akilles
Manner
(b. 1880 - d. 1939) SDP
12?
Apr 1918 - 17 Apr 1918 Otto Ville
Kuusinen
(b. 1881 - d. 1964) SDP
(= Otto Wilhelm Kuusinen)
17
Apr 1918 - 25 Apr 1918 Lauri Aukusti Letonmäki
(b. 1886 -
d. 1935) SDP
Party
abbreviation: SDP
= Suomen Sosialidemokraattinen Puolue (Social
Democratic Party of Finland, social-democratic,
radicalized 1917/18, est.1899)
Alternative
Government: Finnish Democratic Republic
1 Dec
1939
Finnish Democratic Republic (Suomen kansanvaltainen
tasavalta),
dissident
government proclaimed at Soviet
occupied town of
Terijoki (now Zelenogorsk, Russia).
12 Mar
1940
Dissolution, Vyborg area ceded to Soviet Union (ratified
21 Mar
1940) as part of Karelo-Finnish
Soviet Socialist Republic.
Chhairman of the People's Government of Finland
1 Dec 1939 - 12 Mar 1940
Otto Ville
Kuusinen
(b. 1881 - d. 1964) SKP
(= Otto Wilhelm Kuusinen)
Party abbreviation: SKP
= Suomen Kommunistinen Puolue
(Finnish Communist Party, communist, 1923-44
suppressed, 1918-1990, merged
with SKDL into VS)
Hanko
and Porkkala
![[Flag of Soviet Union] [Flag of
Soviet Union]](su.gif)
Map
of Hanko
Headquarters: Hanko
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Map
of Porkkala
Headquarters: Kirkkonummi
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Population: 23,000 military,
5,000 Soviet civilian
(Jan 1941)
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Population: 22,000 military,
N/A Soviet civilian (Jun 1945)
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12 Mar 1940
Finland agrees to lease 115 sq. km of Hanko
(Hangö) peninsula
and surrounding maritime areas and islands
to Soviet Union
for 30 years by the Treaty of Moscow.
22 Mar
1940
Soviets occupy Hanko (Hangö)(as Hanko
Leased Territory).
2
Dec 1941
Soviet forces withdraw from
Hanko.
4 Dec
1941
Hanko re-occupied by Finland, lease terminated.
19 Sep
1944
Finland agrees to lease the territory and waters of
Porkkalanniemi
(Porkala-Udd) to Soviet Union for 50 years and
in exchange the
Soviet Union renounces
its lease over Hanko, by the Moscow
Armistice (confirmed
by the Treaty of Paris on 10
Feb 1947).
30 Sep
1944
Finnish population evacuated.
3 Oct
1944
Soviets occupy Porkkala (Naval Base Porkkala).
19 Sep 1955
Soviet Union agrees to restore
Porkala to Finland by agreement.
26 Jan
1956
Soviet Union restores Porkkala to Finland.
Soviet Commanders of Hanko
22 Mar 1940 – 20 Nov 1940 Sergey
Filippovich Belousov (b. 1903 –
d. 1984)
17 Jun 1940 - 13 May 1941 Aleksey
Borisovich Yeliseyev (b. 1887 -
d. 1942)
(often acting for Belousov
to 20 Nov 1940)
13 May 1941 - 2 Dec 1941 Sergey
Ivanovich
Kabanov
(b. 1901 - d. 1973)
Commanders of Porkkala
3 Oct 1944 - Jun 1945
Neon Vasilyevich
Antonov
(b. 1907 - d. 1948)
Jun 1945 - Apr 1950
Konstantin Davidovich
(b. 1902 - d. 1955)
Sukhiashvili
Apr 1950 – Oct
1951 Andrey
Trofimovich Chabanenko (b. 1909 - d.
1986)
Oct 1951 - 25 Jan 1956 Sergey
Ivanovich
Kabanov
(s.a.)
Aland Islands
-
- 1922 - 7 Apr 1954
(unofficial)
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- 18 Apr 1951 - 31 Dec 2009
- Province Flag
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- Adopted 7 Apr 1954
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c.730
Part of
Sweden.
29 Jul
1634
Administered as a district of the Finnish province
of Åbo och Björneborgs län (=
Turun ja Porin lääni).
8 Aug 1714 - 10 Sep 1721
Russian occupation (along with all of Finland).
1 Jun 1743 - 16 Jun 1743
Russian occupation (along with all of
Finland).
22 Mar 1808 - May 1808 Russian
occupation (along with all of Finland).
May 1808 - 17 Mar 1809 Swedish
re-occupation of the islands; attempt to
separate
the islands from Åbo och Björneborgs län.
17 Mar 1809 - 13 Oct 1809 Russian
re-occupation of the islands.
17 Sep
1809
By the Treaty of Fredrikshamn, Finland (including Åland)
ceded to
Russia as part of Finland (ratified 13 Oct 1809).
16 Aug 1854 - Nov 1855
Allied (British and French) occupation of the islands
during
the Crimean War.
30 Mar
1856
Åland Convention, concluded between U.K, France, and
Russia
stipulates that the Åland Islands shall be
demilitarized.
20 Aug 1917 - 1921
Popular local movement
to rejoin Sweden.
6 Dec
1917
Part of independent Finland.
25-29 Dec
1917
By plebiscite the islands vote 95% for reunion with
Sweden.
13 Feb 1918 - May 1918
Occupied by Sweden.
6 Mar 1918 - Oct
1918 Occupied by Germany.
7 May 1920
Autonomy Act for Åland is
enacted by the Finnish parliament.
24 Jun
1921
Recognized as part of Finland by the League of Nations.
9 Jun
1922
Åland Autonomous Region
28 Dec
1951
New autonomy act (effective 1 Jan 1952).
16 Aug
1991
Revised autonomy act approved (from
1 Jan 1993).
20 Nov 1994
Åland referendum
(following Finnish referendum on 16 Oct 1994)
supports
European Union membership, 73.6% to 26.3%.
Crown Bailiffs (title Kronofogde)
1634 - 1650
Stephan Hansson Schoeder
(d. 1655)
1650 - 1653
Johan Johansson
1653 - 1656
Albrecht Behm
1656 - 1657
Christopher Bylow
1657 - 1660
Olof Evertsson Håger
1660 - 1664
Nils Sigfridsson Wast
1665 -
1675
Erland Andersson Törn
(d. 1690)
1675 - 1685
Jacob Rusk
1685 - 1694
Nicolaus Lundius
1695 - 1696
Johan Höök
1696 - 1698
Leonard Collin
1698 - 1714
Wilhelm Pihl (1st time)
(b. 1660 - d. 1741)
1714? - 1722?
Bengt Andorin ?
(under Russian occupation)
1722 - 1729
Wilhelm Pihl (2nd time)
(s.a.)
1729 - 23 Nov
1749
Sven
Colléen
(b. 1688 - d. 1749)
Jun 1743 - 16 Jun 1743 Johan
Wialenius
(under Russian occupation)
1751 - 1774
Daniel Mansnerus
(b.
1712 - d. 1776)
1774 - 1781
Hans Löfman
1781 -
1802
Lars Jung
(b. 17..
- d. 1802)
1802 - 1811?
Erik Johan Eriksson Taxell
(b. 1763 - d. 1841)
1811 -
1817
Israel Wallin
(b. 1777 - d. 1839)
13 May 1817 - 24 Jan 1832 Samuel Gabriel
Crusell (b.
1786 - d. 1832)
1832 - 20 Jul
1853
Adolf Fredrik von Willebrand
(b. 1796 - d. 1853)
1853 - 17 Dec
1880
Karl Oskar
Lignell
(b. 1815 - d. 1880)
1881 - 16 Jun
1890
Johan Frithiof
Salvén
(b. 1836 - d. 1890)
1890 - 22 Jan
1896
Alexander Stefanus
Träskelin (b. 1854 -
d. 1896)
1896 -
1897
Thure Severin
Granberg
(b. 1861 - d. 1928)
1898 - 13 Jul
1906
Reinhold Waldemar
Blomqvist (b.
1845 - d. 1906)
1906 -
1913
Johan Axel
Bergroth
(b. 1862 - d. 1923)
1913 -
1915
Robert Optatus Silander (1st time) (b. 1861 - d. 1917)
1915 -
1916
Karl Fredrik
Nummelin
(b. 1881 - d. 1916)
1917
Aarne Nyström Inha
(b. 1885 - d. 1921)
1917 - 17 Sep 1917
Robert
Optatus Silander (2nd time) (s.a.)
1917 - 1918
Emil Walter
Johansson
(b. 1885 - d. 1960)
Governors (title Landshövding)
May 1808 - 17 Mar 1809 Otto
Reinhold Meurman (acting) (b.
1750 - d. 1815) Mil
9 Mar 1918 - 13 Jun
1918 Hjalmar von Bonsdorff
(acting) (b. 1869 - d.
1945) Mil
13 Jun 1918 - 17 Oct 1922 Karl William
Isaksson
(b. 1866 - d. 1924)
17 Oct 1922 - 1 Jan 1938 Lars
Wilhelm
Fagerlund
(b. 1852 - d. 1939)
1 Jan 1938 - 3
Nov 1938 Johan Torsten
Rothberg
(b. 1884 - d. 1938)
3 Nov 1938 - 21 Dec
1938 Emil Walter Johansson
(acting) (s.a.)
21 Nov 1938 - 1 May 1945 Ruben
Fredrik
Österberg
(b. 1895 - d. 1959)
14 May 1945 - 31 Dec 1953 Herman Koroleff
(b. 1883 - d. 1957)
(= Herman Vasilyevich Korolov)
1 Jan 1954 - 1 Jul 1972 Tor
Johan Brenning
(b. 1903 - d.
1983)
1 Jul 1972 - 1
Oct 1982 Gunnar Martin
Isaksson
(b. 1921 - d. 2001)
1 Oct 1982 - 1
Apr 1999 Pehr Henrik
Gustafsson
(b. 1934)
1 Apr 1999
-
Rolf Peter
Lindbäck
(b. 1955)
Chief ministers (title Lantråd)
10 Jul 1922 - 30 Dec 1938 Carl
Björkman
(b. 1873 - d. 1948) Non-party
30 Dec 1938 - 1 Jan 1955 Viktor
Strandfält
(b. 1887 - d. 1962) Non-party
1 Jan 1955 - 28 Mar
1967 Hugo Valdemar
Johansson
(b. 1900 - d. 1983) Non-party
28 Mar 1967 - 1 Jul 1972 Gunnar
Martin
Isaksson
(s.a.)
Non-party
1 Jul 1972 - 1
Jan 1979 Elmar Alarik
Häggblom
(b. 1914 - d. 1996) Non-party
1 Jan 1979 - 20 Apr
1988 Folke Edvin Ossian Woivalin
(b. 1928)
Non-party
20 Apr 1988 - 28 Nov 1991 John Sune
Eriksson
(b.
1939)
LpA
28 Nov 1991 - 24 Nov 1995 Knut Ragnar
Erlandsson
(b.
1941)
AC
24 Nov 1995 - 3 Dec 1999 Roger Karl
Helge
Jansson
(b.
1943)
FS
3 Dec 1999 - 26 Nov
2007 Kjell Roger
Nordlund
(b.
1957)
AC
26 Nov 2007 - 25 Nov 2011
Viveka Emilia Eriksson (f)
(b. 1956)
LpA
25 Nov 2011 - 25 Nov 2015 Camilla Gunell
(f)
(b. 1970) AS
25 Nov 2015 - 10 Dec 2019
Katrin Sjögren
(f)
(b. 1966) LpA
10 Dec 2019
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Veronica Thörnroos
(f)
(b. 1962) AC
Military Commanders
13 Feb 1918 - May 1918 Carl
August, greve Ehrensvärd
(b. 1858 - d. 1944) Mil
(Sweden)(commander of the
Expeditionary Corps)
6 Mar 1918 - 2
May 1918 Hugo Karl August Meurer (Germany)
(b. 1869 - d. 1960) Mil
(chef des Sonderverbandes Ostsee)
Party abbreviations: AC
= Åländsk Center/Ahvenanmaan Keskusta (Aland
Centre, centrist, agrarian, est.13 Jan 1976); AS
= Ålands Socialdemokrater/Ahvenanmaan
Sosiaalidemokraatit (Åland Social Democrats,
social-democratic, est.1971); LpA
= Liberalerna på Åland/Ahvenanmaan Liberaalit (Liberals
for Aland, social-liberal, est.1978); Mil
= Military;
- Former parties: FS
= Frisinnad Samverkan/Vapaamielinen Yhteistoiminta
(Progressive Cooperation, conservative, 1967-Mar 2011,
renamed Moderaterna på Åland/Ahvenanmaan Maltilliset [Moderates
of Åland])
© Ben Cahoon
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