Ethiopia
 

c.1881 - 6 Oct 1897 6 Oct 1897 - 9 May 1936 9 May 1936 - 5 May 1941    5 May 1941 - 1 Jan 1975 5 May 1941 - 1 Jan 1975 (Reverse) 1 Jan 1975 - 12 Sep 1975 Civil Flag from 1 Jan 1975 12 Sep 1975 - 12 Sep 1987 12 Sep 1987 - 28 May 1991 31 Oct 1996 - 16 May 2009 Adopted 16 May 2009 Map of Ethiopia Hear National Anthem "Wedefīt Gesigishī Wid Inat ītiyop’iya" (March Forward, Dear  Mother Ethiopia) Text of National Anthem Adopted 1992 Constitution (22 August 1995) ---------------------------------- Imperial Constitutions (16 Jul 1931 and 4 Nov 1955) Map of Ethiopia 1952-1993 Hear Former Anthem "Ityoṗya hoy des ybelish" (Ethiopian, Be Happy) (2 Nov 1930-21 Mar 1975) Hear Former Anthem "Ītyoṗya, Ītyoṗya, Ītyoṗya, qidämī" (Ethiopia, Ethiopia, Ethiopia be first) (21 Mar 1975-1992) Eritrea-Ethiopia Border Map Capital: Addis Ababa (Adis Abeba) (Addis Abeba 1936-1941; Finfine 1880-1886; Magdella 1855-1868; Mekele 1886-1889; Gondar 1636-1855; Danqaz  1604-34; Teguelat 1268-c.1412; Lasta-Lalibela [Roha] 11..-1268; Axum [Aksum] c.500 BC - c.980 AD) Currency: Birr (ETB); 1945-1976 Ethiopian Dollar (ETD); 1941-45 East Africa Shilling (XEAS); 1936-1941 Italian East Africa Lira (AOIL); 1893-1936  Ethiopian Talari (ETT) National Holiday: 28 May (1991) Derigi Yewedek’ebeti K’eni (Downfall of the Derg) Population: 108,386,391 (2018) GDP: $200.6 billion (2017) Exports: $3.23 billion (2017) Imports: $15.59 billion (2017) Ethnic groups: Oromo 34.5%, Amhara (Amara) 26.9%, Somali (Somalie) 6.2%, Tigray (Tigrigna) 6.1%, Sidama 4%, Gurage 2.5%, Welaita 2.3%, Hadiya 1.7%, Afar (Affar) 1.7%,  Gamo 1.5%, Gedeo 1.3%, Silte 1.3%, Kefficho 1.2%, other 8.8% (2007) Total Active Armed Forces: 138,000 (2010) Merchant marine: 11 ships (2017) Religions: Ethiopian Orthodox 39.1%, Muslim 34.6%, Protestant 21%, Pentecostal 2.8%, traditional 1.4%, Roman Catholic 0.7%, other and none 0.4% (2015) International Organizations/Treaties: ACP, AfCFTA, AfDB, AIIB (nonregional), APM, AU, BRICS, BTWC, COMESA, CTBT, CWC, EITI (suspended), ENMOD (signatory), ESCR, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, ICSID (signatory), IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, IRENA (signatory), ISA (observer), ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NAM, NPT, NTBT (signatory), OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCLOS (signatory), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNFCC-KP, UNFCC-PA, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer) Ethiopia Index Chronology   c.980 BC – c.400 BC        Kingdom of Damot (D'mt) c.500 BC - c.980 AD        Kingdom of Axum (Aksum) c.331 AD                   Emperor Ezanas II converts to Christianity. c.980                      Gudit (f), head of a large tribal confederation                              known as the Agaw (including Jewish Falashas),                              leads an uprising which razes much of Axum and                              destroys much of the ruling Solomonic dynasty,                              replacing it with the Zagwe dynasty. 1268                       Empire of Ethiopia (yä'Ityoṗṗya Nəguśä Nägäśt                              Mängəśt). c.1314                     The Kebra Negast (kəbrä nägäśt)("The Glory of the                              Kings") national epic written in Ge'ez by Nebure                              Id Ishaq of Axum. 1528 - 1541                Much of Ethiopia occupied by the Muslim Sultan                               of Harar, Ahmad bin Ibrahim "Gragn", allied                              with the Ottoman Empire. Jul 1541 - 21 Feb 1543     Portuguese crusade in Ethiopia led by Cristóvão da                              Gama (b. c.1516 – d. 1542)(to 28 August 1542) to                              aid Emperor Gelawdewos against the Adal Muslim                              army of Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi (Ahmad Gurey). 11 Feb 1626 - 14 Jun 1632  Emperor Susenyos I makes Roman Catholicism the                              state religion. Dec 1867 – May 1868        British Expedition to Abyssinia. 11 Oct 1875 - 1884         Harar occupied by Egypt. 1889                       Definitive incorporation of the Kingdom                               of Shewa (Shoa) into Ethiopia.  2 May 1889 -  1 Mar 1896  By the Treaty of Uccialle (Wuchale) declared a                              protectorate by Italy (Abyssinian Protectorate);                              repudiated by Ethiopia in 1893.  1 Mar 1896                Battle of Adwa, Ethiopia defeats Italian invasion. 28 Oct 1902 - 1956         British leased concession at Gambella. 16 Jul 1931                First written Ethiopian constitution promulgated.  3 Oct 1935                Italian invasion.  9 May 1936                Annexed by Italy.  1 Jun 1936                Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Italian Somalia are united                               into Italian East Africa (Africa Orientale                              Italiana) and reorganized as a federation of                              six provinces: Eritrea (formed by the merger                              of the former colony of Eritrea and the Ethiopian                              region of Tigre), Somalia (formed by the merger                              of the former colony of Somalia and the                               Ethiopian region of Ogaden), Addis Abeba                              (capital region of Ethiopia), Amhara, Harar, and                              Galla-Sidama (parts of Ethiopia). 26 Nov 1936                Gore occupied by the Italians, Bitwoded Wolde                              Tzadick surrenders.  1 Jan 1939                Addis Ababa and parts of the provinces of Amhara                              and Galla-Sidama are united into the new                              province of Showa. Mar 1941 - 23 Sep 1948     British military administration of the Ogaden.  5 May 1941                Addis Ababa liberated by Allies. 27 Nov 1941                Last Italian administrators surrender. 31 Jan 1942 - 19 Dec 1944  Under British Military Administration of Occupied                              Territories in Africa. 15 Sep 1952 - 24 May 1993  Eritrea part of Ethiopia. 28 Feb 1955                Haud and Reserved Areas transferred from British                              Somaliland to Ethiopia by U.K. 12 Sep 1974                Ethiopia ('Ityoṗṗya, from 20 Dec 1974, frequently                              in official use: Socialist Ethiopia                              [Ḫəbrätäsäb'awit 'Ityoṗṗya]).  21 Mar 1975                Monarchy is formally abolished. 13 Jul 1977 - 15 Mar 1978  Somalia occupies Ethiopia's Ogaden region. 12 Sep 1987                People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia                              (yä'Ityoṗṗya Ḥəzbawi Dimokrasiyawi Räpäblik). 27 May 1991                Ethiopia (’Ityoṗṗya) 22 Aug 1995                Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia                               (yä'Ityoṗṗya Federalawi Dimokrasiyawi Räpäblik). Administrative Divisions (from 1995) Traditional Border States Imperial Govt. in Exile Shewa (1682-1889) Italian East Africa (1935-1942) Ethiopian provinces Addis Abeba Amhara Galla-Sidama Harar Showa British Occupied Ogaden (1941-1948) Gambela Enclave (1902-1955) Ethiopian Orthodox Church Historical Maps of Ethiopia Map of Ethiopia 1952-1993

Chairman of the Central Committee of the Commission for Organizing
the Party of the Working People of Ethiopia (COPWE)
Dec 1979 - 12 Sep 1984     Mengistu Haile Mariam              (b. 1937)
General Secretary of the Worker's Party of Ethiopia (EWP)
12 Sep 1984 - 21 May 1991  Mengistu Haile Mariam              (s.a.)
                         (party renounces Marxist-Leninism 10 Mar 1990)

Emperors¹
1268 - 19 Jun 1285         Yekuno Amlak Tasfa Iyasus          (d. 1285)
                             (= Tasfa Iyasus)  
19 Jun 1285 - 1294         Yagbe'u Seyon Yekuno Amlak         (d. 1294)
                             (= Salomon)  
1294 - 1295                Senfa Ared IV Yagbe'u Seyon
1295 - 1296                Hezba Asgad Yagbe'u Seyon
1296 - 1297                Qedma Asgad Yagbe'u Seyon
1297 - 1298                Zin Asgad Yagbe'u Seyon
1298 - 1299                Saba Asgad Yagbe'u Seyon
1299 - 1314                Wedem Arad Yekuno Amlak            (d. 1314)
1314 - 1344                Amda Seyon I Wedem Arad            (d. 1344)
                             (= Gebre Mesqel I)
1344 - 1372                Newaya Krestos Amda Seyon          (d. 1372)
                             (= Sayfa Ared)
1372 - 1382                Newaya Mariam Newaya Krestos       (d. 1382)
                             (= Wedem Asfare, Germa Asfare)
1382 - 1411                Be'ede Mariam Newaya Krestos       (d. 1413)
                             (= Dawit I)
1411 - 23 Jun 1414         Tewodros I Be'ede Mariam           (d. 1414)
                             (= Woldr Anbasa)
Sep 1414 - Aug 1429        Yeshaq I Be'ede Mariam             (d. 1429)
                             (= Gabra Masqal II)
Aug 1429 - Mar 1430        Andreyas Yeshaq (= Eskender)       (d. 1430)
1430 - Jun 1433            Takla Maryam Be'ede Mariam         (d. 1433)
                             (= Hezba Nan)
Jun 1433 - Nov 1433        Sarwe Iyasus Takla Mariam          (d. 1433)
                             (= Mehreka Nan)
Nov 1433 - Jun 1434        Amda Iyasus Takla Mariam           (d. 1434)
                             (= Badel Nan)
Jun 1434 - 24 Aug 1468     Zar'a Yaqob Be'ede Mariam          (b. 1399 - d. 1468)
                             (= Amda Seyon Kwestantinos I)
 6 Sep 1468-8/19 Nov 1478  Be'ede Maryam Zar'a Ya`qob         (b. 1448 - d. 1478)
                             (= Admas Seggad Dawit III)
1478 - May 1494            Eskender Be'ede Mariam             (b. 1471 - d. 1494)
                             (= Kwestantinos II)
May 1494 - 26 Oct 1494     Amda Seyon II Eskender (= Andreyas)(b. c.1487 - d. 1494)
1494 - 31 Jul 1508         Na'od I Baeda Mariam               (d. 1508)
                             (= 'Anbasa Bazar)  
22 Aug 1508 - 13 Sep 1540  Lebna Dengel Naod                  (b. c.1496 - d. 1540)
                             (= Anbasa Sagad Dawit)
13 Sep 1540 -  3 Apr 1559  Gelawdewos Lebna Dengel            (b. 1521/22 - d. 1559)
                             (= Asnaf Sagad I)
 3 Apr 1559 - 31 Jan 1563  Menas Lebna Dengel                 (d. 1563)
                             (= Admas Sagad, Wanag Sagad)
1561 - Jul 1561            Tazkaro Qal Yaqob (in opposition)
31 Jan 1563 - 3 Apr 1597   Sarsa Dengel Menas                 (b. 1550 - d. 1597)
                             (= Malak Sagad I)
1563 - 1564                Tekle Mariam (in opposition)
156. - 156.                Marqos (in opposition)
1597 - Aug/Sep 1603        Yaqob Sarsa Dengel (1st time)      (d. 1607)
                             (= Malak Sagad II)
Sep 1603 - 24 Oct 1604     Za Dengel Sarsa Denge              (d. 1604)
                             (= Asnaf Sagad II)
Nov 1604 - 10 Mar 1607     Yaqob Sarsa Dengel (2nd time)      (s.a.)
1607 - 1607                Yaqob Sarsa Dengel
                             (an impostor, in opposition)
10 Mar 1607 - Aug 1632     Susenyos I Fasilides               (b. 1572 - d. 1632)
                             (= Malak Sagad III, Seltan Sagad)
                             (in dissidence from 14 Dec 1604)
1607                       'Arzo Hawaryat (in opposition)
1608 - 16..                Yaqob Sarsa Dengel (1st time)
                             (another impostor, in opposition)
1626 - 16..                Yaqob Sarsa Dengel (2nd time)
                             (in opposition)
Aug 1632 - 18 Oct 1667     Fasilides Susenyos                 (b. 1603 - d. 1667)
                             (= Alam Sagad, Seltan Sagad, Adyam Sagad I)
1635 - 1636                Melke Krestos Fasilides
                             (in opposition)
1636 - 1640                La'eke Maryam Melke Krestos
                             (in opposition)
18 Oct 1667 - 19 Jul 1682  Yohannes I Fasilides               (b. c.1640 - d. 1682)
                             (= `Alam Sagad)
19 Jul 1682 - 13 Oct 1706  Iyasu I Yohannes                   (b. 1662 - d. 1706)
                             (= Adyam Sagad II, Seltan Sagad Tallaq)
1685 - ....                Yeshaq Iyasu (in opposition)
13 Oct 1706 - 30 Jun 1708  Tekle Haymanot I Iyasu             (b. 16.. - d. 1708)
                             (= Leul Sagad, Gerum Sagad, Abrak Sagad Regum)
                             (in dissidence from 27 Mar 1706)
30 Jun 1708 -  1 Jul 1708  Na'od II Tekle Haymanot            (b. 1704 - d. 1722)
 1 Jul 1708 - 14 Oct 1711  Tewoflos Yohannes                  (b. 16.. - d. 1711)
                             (= Asrar Sagad Wolde Anbasa)
Sep 1709 - Sep 1709        Amda Seyon (in opposition)
1709 - Jul 1710            Nebahne Yohannes (in opposition)
14 Oct 1711 - 19 Feb 1716  Yostos Delba Iyasus                (b. 16.. - d. 1716)
                             (= Tsehay Sagad)
 8 Feb 1716 - 18 May 1721  Dawit III Iyasu (= Adabar Sagad)   (b. 1695 - d. 1721) 
                             (in dissidence to 19 Feb 1716)
18 May 1721 - 21 May 1721  Wolde Giyorgis Iyasu
21 May 1721 - 19 Sep 1730  Asma Giyorgis Iyasu                (b. 1694 - d. 1730)
                             (= Masih Sagad, Adbar Sagad Bakaffa)
19 Sep 1730 - 26 Jun 1755  Iyasu II Asma Giyorgis             (b. 1723 - d. 1755)
                             (= Adyam Sagad, Berhan Sagad)
19 Sep 1730 - 26 Jun 1755  Mentewab (Walatta Giyorgis) (f)    (b. c.1706 - d. 1773)
                             (1st time) -Dowager Empress-Regent
                             (= Berhan Mogasa)
1736 - 1737                Hezqeyas (in opposition)
26 Jun 1755 -  7 May 1769  Iyoas I Iyasu (= Adyam Sagad)      (b. 174. - d. 1769)
26 Jun 1755 -  7 May 1769  Mentewab (Walatta Giyorgis) (f)    (s.a.)
                             (2nd time) -Dowager Empress-Regent
 7 May 1769 - 18 Oct 1769  Yohannes II Iyasu (= Adyam Sagad)  (b. 1699 - d. 1769)
18 Oct 1769 - Jun 1770     Tekle Haymanot II Yohannes         (b. 1754 - d. 1777)
                             (1st time)(= Admas Sagad)
Jun 1770 - Dec 1770        Susenyos II Iyasu                  (d. c.1771)
                             (= Wolde Giyorgis)
Dec 1770 - 13 Apr 1777     Tekle Haymanot II Yohannes         (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
13 Apr 1777 - 20 Jul 1779  Salomon II Adigo (= Tebab Sagad)   (d. 18..)
20 Jul 1779 -  8 Feb 1784  Tekle Giyorgis I Yohannes
                             (= Feqr Sagad)(1st time)         (b. 1755 - d. 1817)
16 Feb 1784 - 24 Apr 1788  Iyasu III Azequ  (= Ba'ala Sagad)  (d. 1788)
1787 - 1788                Iyasu (in opposition)              (d. 1813)
1787 - 1788                Be'ede Mariam (in opposition)
Feb 1788 - 1789            Tekle Haymanot (in opposition)     (d. bf.1810)
24 Apr 1788 - 26 Jul 1789  Tekle Giyorgis I Yohannes
                             (2nd time)                       (s.a.)
26 Jul 1789 - Jan 1794     Hezqeyas Iyasu                     (b. 17.. - d. 1816)
Jan 1794 - 15 Apr 1795     Tekle Giyorgis I Yohannes
                             (3rd time)                       (s.a.)
15 Apr 1795 - Dec 1795     Be'ede Mariam III Salomon          (b. 1749 - d. 1833)
Dec 1795 - 20 May 1796     Tekle Giyorgis I Yohannes
                             (4th time)                       (s.a.)
20 May 1796 - 15 Jul 1797  Salomon III Tekle Haymanot         (d. 18..)
                             (1st time)
18 Aug 1797 -  4 Jan 1798  Yonas Letezum                      (b. 1766 - d. 1813)
 4 Jan 1798 - 20 May 1799  Tekle Giyorgis I Yohannes
                             (5th time)                       (s.a.)
20 May 1799 - 25 Jul 1799  Salomon III Tekle Haymanot         (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
25 Jul 1799 - 24 Mar 1800  Demetros Arqedewos (1st time)      (b. 17.. - d. 1803)
24 Mar 1800 - Jun 1800     Tekle Giyorgis I Yohannes
                             (6th time)                       (s.a.)
Jun 1800 - Jun 1801        Demetros Arqedewos (2nd time)      (s.a.)
Jun 1801 -  3 Jun 1818     Egwale Seyon Hezqeyas              (d. 1818)
                             (= Newaya Sagad)
19 Jun 1818 -  3 Jun 1821  Iyoas II Hezqeyas (= Adyam Sagad)  (d. 1821)
 3 Jun 1821 - Apr 1826     Gigar Iyasu (1st time)             (b. 1745 - d. 1831)
Apr 1826                   Be'eda Mariam IV
Apr 1826 - 18 Jun 1830     Gigar Iyasu (2nd time)             (s.a.)
18 Jun 1830 - 18 Mar 1832  Iyasu IV Salomon
18 Mar 1832 - 1832         Gebre Krestos Gebre Mesay
                             (1st time)                       (d. 1832)
1832                       Sahle Dengel Gebre Mesay
                             (1st time)                       (b. c.1778 - d. 1855)
1832 -  8 Jun 1832         Gebre Krestos Gebre Mesay
                             (2nd time)                       (s.a.)
Oct 1832 - 29 Aug 1840     Sahle Dengel Gebre Mesay
                             (2nd time)                       (s.a.)
1832                       Egwala Anbasa (in rebellion)
30 Aug 1840 - Oct 1841     Yohannes III Tekle Giyorgis
                             (1st time)                       (b. 1797 - d. c.1873)
Oct 1841 - 1845            Sahle Dengel Gebre Mesay
                             (3rd time)                       (s.a.)
1845                       Yohannes III Tekle Giyorgis
                             (2nd time)                       (s.a.)
1845 - 1850                Sahle Dengel Gebre Mesay
                             (4th time)                       (s.a.)
1850 - 1851                Yohannes III Tekle Giyorgis
                             (3rd time)                       (s.a.)
1851 - Feb 1855            Sahle Dengel Gebre Mesay
                             (5th time)                       (s.a.)
1851 - 29 Jun 1853         Ali Alula (usurper)                (b. c.1819 - d. 1853)
Jul 1853 -  9 Feb 1855     Webe Haile Mariam (usurper)        (b. 1799 - d. 1867)
 9 Feb 1855 - 13 Apr 1868  Tewodros II (= Sahle Dingil)       (b. c.1818 - d. 1868)
11 Jun 1868 - 11 Jul 1871  Tekle Giyorgis II                  (b. c.1836 - d. 1872)
                             (= Gobaze Gebre Medhen)
1868 - 15 Nov 1868         Menelik II (in rebellion)          (b. 1844 - d. 1913)
Sep 1871 - 10 Mar 1889     Yohannes IV (= Kasa Mercha)        (b. 1837 - d. 1889)
Mar 1889 - 12 Dec 1913     Menelik II (= Sahle Mariam)        (s.a.)
1910                       Etege T'aytu Bet'ul (f) -Regent    (b. 1853 - d. 1918)
1910 - 11 Apr 1911         Ras Bitwoded Tesemma Nadew -Regent (b. 18.. - d. 1911)
1912 - 1913                Lij Iyasu -Regent                  (b. 1898 - d. 1935)
12 Dec 1913 - 27 Sep 1916  Iyasu V (Lij Iyasu)(= Kifle Yaqob) (s.a.)
27 Sep 1916 -  2 Apr 1930  Zauditu -Empress                   (b. 1876 - d. 1930)
                            (= Askala Mariam)
27 Sep 1916 -  2 Apr 1930  Ras Tafari Makonnen -Regent        (b. 1892 - d. 1975)
                            (from 7 Sep 1928, Negus Tafari Makonnen)
 2 Apr 1930 -  9 May 1936  Haile Selassie I (1st time)        (s.a.)
                            (= Ras Tafari Makonnen)
                            (in exile 2 May 1936 - 18 Jan 1941 in 
                             Jerusalem, then Bath, U.K and later
                             in Anglo-Egyptian Sudan)
 2 May 1936 - 19 Dec 1936  Ras Imru Haile Selassie -Regent    (b. 1892 - d. 1980)  Mil
 9 May 1936 -  5 May 1941  Vittorio Emanuele III              (b. 1869 - d. 1947)
                            (nominally to 8 Sep 1943, also King of Italy)
1938                       Meleke Tsehai (pretender)          (b. 1920? - d. 1938)
                            (= Lij Meleke Tsehai Iyasu)
18 Jan 1941 - 12 Sep 1974  Haile Selassie I (2nd time)        (s.a.)
                            (enters Addis Ababa 5 May 1941)
14 Dec 1960 - 17 Dec 1960  Mengistu Newaye                    (b. 1916 - d. 1961)  Mil
                           + Germamé Newaye                   (b. 1924 - d. 1960)  Non-party
                           (in rebellion)
12 Sep 1974 - 21 Mar 1975  Asfa Wossen                        (b. 1916 - d. 1997)
                            (rebel designated head of state 13-15 Dec 1960;
                             designated emperor 21 Sep 1974, does not take office)
Chairman of the Provisional Military Administrative Council²
12 Sep 1974 - 23 Nov 1974  Aman Mikael Andom                  (b. 1924 - d. 1974)  Mil
First Deputy Chairman of the Provisional Military Administration Committee²
23 Nov 1974 - 28 Nov 1974  Mengistu Haile Mariam (1st time)   (s.a.)               Mil
Chairman of the Provisional Military Administrative Council²
28 Nov 1974 -  3 Feb 1977  Tafari Benti                       (b. 1921 - d. 1977)  Mil
First Deputy Chairman of the Provisional Military Administration Committee
 3 Feb 1977 - 11 Feb 1977  Mengistu Haile Mariam (2nd time)   (s.a.)               Mil
Chairman of the Provisional Military Administrative Council
11 Feb 1977 - 10 Sep 1987  Mengistu Haile Mariam              (s.a.)             Mil;1979 COPWE;
Presidents                                                                         1984 EWP
10 Sep 1987 - 21 May 1991  Mengistu Haile Mariam              (s.a.)               EWP
21 May 1991 - 27 May 1991  Tesfaye Gebre Kidan (acting)       (b. 1935 - d. 2004)  EWP
Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Ethiopian Peoples' Revolutionary Democratic
Front, exercising State Authority
27 May 1991 - 23 Jul 1991  Meles Zenawi Asres                 (b. 1955 - d. 2012)  TPLF+EPRDF
                             (= Legesse Zenawi Asres)
President of the Transitional Government
23 Jul 1991 - 22 Aug 1995  Meles Zenawi Asres                 (s.a.)               TPLF+EPRDF
Presidents
22 Aug 1995 -  8 Oct 2001  Negasso Gidada Solon               (b. 1943 - d. 2019)  ODPO+EPRDF
 8 Oct 2001 -  7 Oct 2013  Girma Wolde-Giorgis Lucha          (b. 1924 - d. 2018)  Ind+EPRDF
 7 Oct 2013 - 25 Oct 2018  Mulatu Teshome Wirtu               (b. 1955)            OPDO+EPRDF
25 Oct 2018 -              Sahle-Work Zewde (f)               (b. 1950)            Non-party

Chief ministers
1909 - 12 Dec 1926         Fitawrari Habte Giyorgis Dinagde   (b. 1851 - d. 1926)  Non-party
1927 -  1 May 1936         Ras Tafari Makonnen                (s.a.)               Non-party
                             (from 2 Apr 1930, Haile Selassie I)
 1 May 1936 - 26 Nov 1936  Bitwoded Wolde Tzadik              (b. 1868? - d. 19..) Non-party
                             (provisional; at Gore)
Prime ministers
14 May 1942 -  1 Nov 1957  Ras Bitwoded Makonnen Endalkachew  (b. 1890 - d. 1963)  Non-party
27 Nov 1957 - 17 Dec 1960  Ras Abebe Aregai                   (b. 1903 - d. 1960)  Non-party
14 Dec 1960 - 17 Dec 1960  Ras Imru Haile Selassie            (s.a.)               Non-party
                             (acting, in rebellion) 
15 Dec 1960 - 17 Apr 1961  Vacant
17 Apr 1961 -  1 Mar 1974  Tsehafi Taezaz Aklilu Habte-Wold   (b. 1912 - d. 1974)  Non-party
 1 Mar 1974 - 22 Jul 1974  Lij Endalkachew Makonnen           (b. 1927 - d. 1974)  Non-party
 3 Aug 1974 - 12 Sep 1974  Lij Mikael Imru                    (b. 1929 - d. 2008)  Non-party
12 Sep 1974 - 10 Sep 1987  Post abolished
10 Sep 1987 -  8 Nov 1989  Fikre Selassie Wogderess           (b. 1945 - d. 2020)  EWP
 8 Nov 1989 - 26 Apr 1991  Hailu Yimenu (acting)              (b. 19.. - d. 1991)  EWP
26 Apr 1991 -  6 Jun 1991  Tesfaye Dinka (acting)             (b. 1939 - d. 2016)  EWP
 6 Jun 1991 - 22 Aug 1995  Tamrat Layne                       (b. 1955)            ANDM+EPDM
                             (acting to 29 Jul 1991)
23 Aug 1995 - 20 Aug 2012  Meles Zenawi Asres                 (s.a.)               TPLF+EPRDF
20 Aug 2012 -  2 Apr 2018  Hailemariam Desalegn               (b. 1965)            SEPDM+EPRDF
                             (acting to 21 Sep 2012)
 2 Apr 2018 -              Abiy Ahmed Ali                     (b. 1976)            OPDO+EPRDF;
                                                                                   2019 PB

Heads of the British Military Mission to Ethiopia
Jun 1941 - 1943            Stephen Seymour Butler             (b. 1880 - d. 1964)  Mil
Apr 1943 - 1949            Algernon Edward Cottam             (b. 1893 - d. 1964)  Mil

Chief Political Officers for the Commander in Chief, East Africa
Mar 1941 - 31 Jan 1942     Sir Philip Mitchell (in Nairobi)   (b. 1890 - d. 1946)  Mil
                             (for East Africa)
18 Apr 1941 - 31 Jan 1942  Maurice Stanley Lush               (b. 1896 - d. 1990)  Mil
                             (deputy chief political officer for Ethiopia)
1942                       Travers Robert Blackley            (b. 1899 - d. 1982)  Mil
                             (deputy chief political officer for Ethiopia)
1943                       Henry Graham Gregory-Smith         (b. 1899 - d. ....)  Mil
                             (senior chief political officer, Ethiopia)

Imperial Government in Exile

Crown Prince
27 Aug 1975 -  8 Apr 1989  Asfa Wossen                        (s.a.)
                             (= Asfa Wossen Tafari)
                             (in London, U.K. exile)
Emperor
 8 Apr 1989 - 17 Jan 1997  Amha Selassie I (= Asfa Wossen)    (s.a.)
                             (in London to 23 Oct 1989, then Washington, DC)
17 Jan 1997 -              Vacant
President of the Crown Council of Ethiopia
15 Jul 1993 -              Prince Ermias Sahle-Selassie       (b. 1960)
                             (in Washington, DC later Alexandria, VA exile)

 ¹Official styles
(a) to 12 Sep 1974: Moa Anbessa ze Emnegede Yehuda, N.N., Seyume Egziebher, Neguse/Negesta za Itiyopiya ("Conquering Lion of the Tribe of Judah, N.N., Elect of God, Emperor/Empress of Ethiopia"); 
(b) 9 May 1936 - 5 May 1941: King Vittorio Emanuele III of Italy was styled Imperatore d'Etiopia ("Emperor of Ethiopia"). The use of the title Imperatore d'Etiopia was informally discontinued after 23 Sep 1943; official change of the royal style was sanctioned by the decree of 27 Nov 1943 (period of application backdated to 8 Sep 1943; published in Italy Official Gazette, No. 4, 8 Dec 1943).

  ²Nominally for Asfa Wossen (s.a.), who did not assume office from his father when he was overthrown, on 12 Sep 1974, until the abolition of the monarchy on 21 Mar 1975.

Territorial Disputes: Eritrea and Ethiopia agreed to abide by the 2002 Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission's (EEBC) delimitation decision, but neither party responded to the revised line detailed in the Nov 2006 EEBC Demarcation Statement; the undemarcated former British administrative line has little meaning as a political separation to rival clans within Ethiopia's Ogaden and southern Somalia's Oromo region; Ethiopian forces invaded southern Somalia and routed Islamist Courts from Mogadishu in Jan 2007; "Somaliland" secessionists provide port facilities in Berbera and trade ties to landlocked Ethiopia; civil unrest in eastern Sudan has hampered efforts to demarcate the porous boundary with Ethiopia.

Party abbreviations: AAPO = Ye'melawi 'Amara Hizibi Dirijiti (All-Amhara People's Organization, ethnic Amhara, est.1993); EPRP = Ye'itiyopiya Hizbawi Abiyotawi Pariti (Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party, non-ethinic federalist, to 1984 Marxist-Leninist communist, est.Apr 1972); Ind = Independent; MEISON = Mela Itiyopiya Soshalisiti Niqinaqe (All-Ethiopia Socialist Movement, Marxist-Leninist communist, est.1968); PB = Paartii Badhaadhiinaa (Prosperity Party, centrist, nationalist, former EPRDF, est.1 Dec 2019); TPLF = Hizbawi Weyane Harinet Tigray (Popular Revolution for the Freedom of Tigray, Tigre regionalist, democratic socialist, Marxist to 1991, part 1988-2019 of EPRDF, banned 18 Jan 2021 - 22 Mar 2023, est.18 Feb 1975); Mil = Military;
- Former parties: COPWE = Ya'ityopya Sareto'adaroc Parti 'Adaraj Komisen (Commission for Organizing the Party of the Working People of Ethiopia, Marxist-Leninist communist, 12 Dec 1979 - 12 Sep 1984, becomes EWP); EPRDF = Ye'itiyopiya Hizibochi Abiyotawi Dimokirasiyawi Ginibari (Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front, revolutionary democracy, ethnic self-determination, coalition of OPDO, ANDM, SEPDF and TPLF, to 1991 Marxist-Leninist communist, May 1988-1 Dec 2019, renamed PB); EWP = Ye'itiyopiya Sheratenyochi Pariti (Worker's Party of Ethiopia, communist, 1984-1990 only legal party, on 10 Mar 1990 renounces Marxist-Leninism, 12 Sep 1984-21 May 1991); ODPO = Dhaabbata Demokraatawaa Ummata Oromo/Ye'oromo Hizibochi Demokirasiyawi Dirijiti (Oromo People's Democratic Organization (Omoro regionalist, social-democratic, 1982-20 Sep 2018 renamed Oromo Democratic Party); SEPDM = Ye'debubi Itiyopiya Hizbochi Demokrasiyawi Niqinaqe (Southern Ethiopian People's Democratic Movement, 1992-1 Dec 2019, merged into PB)

1839                       Kingdom of Shewa (Shoa)
1856 - 1859                Annexed by Ethiopia.
1860 - 1864                Annexed by Ethiopia.
10 Mar 1889                Incorporated into Ethiopia.

Ruling princes
1682 - 1703                Negasi Krestos Lebsa Qal           (d. 1703)
1703 -  6 Mar 1719         Sebestyanos Negasi Krestos         (d. 1719)
 6 Mar 1719 - 23 Feb 1744  Qedami Qal Sebestyanos             (d. 1744)
23 Feb 1744 -  6 Feb 1775  Amha Iyasus Qedami Qal             (d. 1775)
 6 Feb 1775 - 30 Jul 1807  Tewodros Amha Iyasus               (d. 1807)
Kings (styled Ras to 1839)
30 Jul 1807 -  7 Jun 1813  Welde Giyorgis Tewodros            (d. 1813)
 7 Jun 1813 - 12 Oct 1847  Sahle Selassie                     (b. c.1795 - d. 1847) 
12 Oct 1847 -  9 Nov 1855  Haile Melekot                      (b. 1825 - d. 1855)
 9 Nov 1855 - 1856         Sahle Mariam (1st time)            (b. 1844 - d. 1913)
                            (Menelik II of Ethiopia)
Ruling princes
1856 - 1859                Haile Mikael Sahle Selassie        (b. 1827 - d. 1884)
1859                       Bezabeh (1st time)(usurper)
1859 - 1860                Seyfu Sahle Selassie               (b. 1828 - d. 1860)
1860 - 1865                Bezabeh (2nd time)(usurper)
King
Aug 1865 - 10 Mar 1889     Sahle Mariam (2nd time)            (s.a.)

Map of Italian East Africa

Capital: Addis Abeba (Mogadiscio 1935-1936)

Currency: 1936-1941 Lira dell'Africa Orientale Italiana (AOIL)

Population: 12,000,000 (1939 est.)

 

15 Jan 1935                Eritrea and Italian Somaliland united as Italian East Africa

                             colony (Africa Orientale Italiana).

 3 Oct 1935                Italy invades Ethiopia.

 9 May 1936                Italy annexes of Ethiopia.

 1 Jun 1936                Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Italian Somalia are united as Italian

                             East Africa and reorganized as a federation of six provinces:

                             Eritrea (formed by the merger of the former colony of Eritrea

                             and the Ethiopian region of Tigre), Somalia (formed by the merger

                             of the former colony of Somalia and the Ethiopian region of

                             Ogaden), Addis Ababa (Addis Abeba) capital region of Ethiopia),

                             Amhara, Harar, and Galla-Sidama (parts of Ethiopia).

 1 Jan 1939                Addis Ababa and parts of the provinces of Amhara, and Galla-

                             Sidama are united into the new province of Showa (Scioà).

 5 May 1941                Addis Ababa liberated by Allies.

27 Nov 1941                Last Italian administrators surrender.

 1 Jan 1939                Part of Showa.

Governors
 5 May 1936 - 27 May 1936  Giuseppe Bottai                    (b. 1895 - d. 1959)
 1 Jun 1936 - 23 Sep 1938  Alfredo Siniscalchi                (b. 1885 - d. 1964)
23 Sep 1938 -  1 Jan 1939  Francesco Camero Medici            (b. 1896 - d. 1946)

Governors
 1 Jun 1936 - 15 Dec 1937  Alessandro Pirzio Biroli           (b. 1877 - d. 1962)
15 Dec 1937 -  1 Jan 1939  Ottorino Mezzetti                  (b. 1877 - d. 1962)
 1 Jan 1939 - 19 May 1941  Luigi Frusci (acting)              (b. 1879 - d. 1949)
19 May 1941 - 27 Nov 1941  Guglielmo Nasi (acting)            (s.a.)

Governors
 1 Jun 1936 -  9 Jul 1938  Carlo Geloso                       (b. 1879 - d. 1957)
10 Jul 1938 - 12 Aug 1938  Armando Felsani                    (b. 1892 - d. 19..)
12 Aug 1938 -  6 Jul 1941  Pietro Gazzera                     (s.a.)

Governors
 1 Jun 1936 -  5 May 1939  Guglielmo Nasi (1st time)          (s.a.)
 5 May 1939 - 11 Jun 1940  Enrico Cerulli                     (b. 1898 - d. 1988)
11 Jun 1940 -  4 Feb 1941  Guglielmo Nasi (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.)
 4 Feb 1941 -  9 Mar 1941  Mario Pompeo Gorini (acting)       (b. 1894 - d. 19..)
10 Mar 1941 - 24 Apr 1941  Carlo De Simone (acting)           (b. 1885 - d. 1951)

Governors
 1 Jan 1939 -  5 May 1939  Enrico Cerulli                     (s.a.)
 5 May 1939 -  2 Jun 1940  Guglielmo Nasi                     (s.a.)
 2 Jun 1940 -  3 Apr 1941  Giuseppe Daodice di Daodicca       (b. 1882 - d. 1952)
 3 Apr 1941 -  6 Apr 1941  Agenore Frangipani dei marchesi    (b. 1876 - d. 1941)
                             di Mileta (acting)

15 May 1902                Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty demarcates the border between Anglo-Egyptian
                             Sudan and Ethiopia and leases the British Anglo-Ethiopian Sudan
                             a concession enclave on the Baro River (river frontage of not
                             more than 2,000 meters, in area not exceeding 40 hectares) under
                             Article IV (ratified 28 Oct 1902).
Jan 1904                   British set up post at Itang on the Baro River.
Jul 1904                   Itang floods, British move to Gambela.
Jan 1920                   Gambela jurisdiction transferred from the