Former Foreign Colonies and Major Concessions in China

Note: Treaty ports were of four primary types: Treaty Port, Settlement, Concession and Leased Territories. The general term, Treaty Port, applied to all cities, usually on the coast or along navigable waterways, that were opened to foreign commerce. By concessions and settlements are meant the areas reserved for foreign residence where foreign communities, either through their consuls or their municipal councils, constitute self-governing bodies politic. Settlements were usually designated districts under the control of the resident foreign consuls and, normally, an organized municipal council that provided the local government and were separate municipalities from the surrounding Chinese cities. Settlements were generally considered Chinese soil governed by foreigners. Concessions were de jure colonies of the nation leasing the property. Most were organized with a local municipal council but, in all instances, the local consul had the ultimate administrative and political authority over the concession. Legally, as leased foreign soil, Chinese and nationals of other countries could be individually excluded from entry, residence, and property ownership. By 1917 there were no less than 107 cities and towns of China open to foreign residence and trade. Leased Territories are the areas leased to foreign powers for a fixed term of years, during which the Chinese government withholds the exercise of her jurisdiction over the areas and instead the exclusive jurisdiction of the lessee is substituted (Port Arthur, Kiaochow, Kowloon, and Weihaiwei all leased in 1898 are examples).

  By the beginning of the 20th Century, several nations had treaties with China that established extraterritorial consular court jurisdiction over their nationals: Austria-Hungary (2 Sep 1869-14 Aug 1917); Belgium (2 Nov 1865-1 Jun 1945); Brazil (3 Oct 1881-16 Apr 1945); Canada (1942-3 Apr 1945); Chile (18 Feb 1915-1943); Congo Free State (10 Jul 1898-15 Nov 1908); Denmark (13 Jul 1863-20 May 1946); France (24 Oct 1844-8 Jun 1946); Germany (2 Sep 1861-14 Mar 1917); Italy (26 Oct 1866-[27 Jul 1944 RSI and Wang Jingwei regime] 10 Feb 1947); Japan (31 Jul 1896-[9 Jan 1943 Wang Jingwei regime] 2 Sep 1945); Luxembourg (2 Nov 1865-1 Jun 1945); Mexico (14 Dec 1899-26 Feb 1946); Netherlands (6 Oct 1863-5 Dec 1945); Norway (20 Mar 1847-13 Jun 1944); Peru (26 Jun 1874-1927); Portugal (1862/1 Dec 1887-1 Apr 1947); Russia/Soviet Union (13 Jun 1858-23 Sep 1920/31 May 1924); Spain (10 Oct 1864-1943); Sweden (20 Mar 1847-18 Nov 1946); Switzerland (8 Oct 1919-13 Mar 1946); United Kingdom (8 Oct 1843-20 May 1943); and United States (17 Jan 1845-20 May 1943).

  The Concessions located at Amoy, Hankow, Peking Legation Quarter, Shameen (Canton), Shangahi, Tientsin; Leased territories of Chinese Eastern Railway Zone (including Harbin), Hong Kong, Kiaochow, Kwangchowan, Kwangtung, Macau, South Manchurian Railway Zone, and Weihaiwei; and the International Settlements at Kulangsu and Shanghai are listed below.

List of Treaty Ports (year opened): Amoy (Xiamen)(1842), Canton (Guangzhou)(1842), Changsha (1904), Chefoo (Zhifu [Tantai])(1858), Chinkiang (Zhenjiang)(1858), Chungking (Chongqing)(1890), Foochow (Fuzhou)(1842), Gartok (Garyarsa)(1904), Gyangtse (Gyangze)(1904), Hami (Kumul)(1881), Hangchow (Hangzhou)(1895), Hankow (Hankou)(1858), Hokow (Hekou)(1896), Ichang (Yichang)(1877), Ili (Yining)(1851), Kalgan (Zhangjiakou)(1860), Kashgar (Kashkar)(1860), Kiukiang (Jiujiang)(1858), Kiungchow (Qiongzhou)(1858), Kobdo (Khovd)(1881), Kongmoon [Chiangmen](Jiangmen)(1902), Kucheng (Qitai)(1881), Kuldja (Yining)(1851), Lappa (Hengqin Dao)(1886); Lungchow (Longzhou)(1887), Maimaicheng [Khiagt](Altanbulag)(1727), Manhao (1887), Manwyne (Mangyun)(1894), Mengtse [Mengtsz](Mengzi)(1887), Nanking (Nanjing)(1858 [1899]), Newchwang (Yingkou)(1858), Ningpo (Ningbo)(1858), Pakhoi (Beihai)(1877), Shamshui (Sanshui)(1897), Shanghai (1842), Shan-hai-kwan (Shanhaiguan)(1894), Shasi (Shashi)(1895), Soochow (Suzhou)(1895), Suchow (Jiuquan) (1881), Suifenho (Suifehe)(1895), Swatow (Shantou)(1858), Szemao (Simao)(1895), Tachienlu (Kangding)(1913), Taiwan-fu (Tainan)(1858 to 1895), Tamsui (Danshui)(1858 to 1895), Tarbagatai (Tacheng)(1851), Tengyueh (Tengchong)(1897), Tientsin (Tianjin)(1860), Tufan (Turpan)(1860), Uliassutai (Uliastai)(1881), Urga (Ulaanbaatar)(1860), Urumchi (Urumqi)(1881), Wenchow (Wenzhou)(1876), Wuchow (Wuzhou)(1897), Wuhow (Wuhu)(1876), Yatung (Yadong)(1893), and Yunnan-fu (Kunming)(1908); and in addition the Peking/Peiping (Beijing) Legation Quarter (1860);
List of Open Cities (year opened): Aigun (Aihun)(1905), Antung (Andong)(1903), Chengchiatun (Zhengjiatun)(1914), Chengteh (Changde) (1908), Chihfeng (Chifeng)(1914), Chinpeng (Jinpeng)(1915), Chinwangtao (Qinhuangdao)(1898), Chowtsun (Zhoucun)(1904), Chuitzuchien [Chützechieh](Yanji)(1909), Dolon-nor (Duolun)(1914), Fakumen (Faku)(1905), Fenghwangcheng (Fengcheng)(1905), Haichow (Haizhou)(1905), Hailar (Hulunber)(1905), Harbin (1905), Hsiao Kulun (Kulun)(1915), Hsinmintun (Xinmin)(1905), Hulutao (Huludao)(1914), Hunchun (Hunchun)(1905), Ichow (Linyi)(1915), Kailuhsien (Kailu)(1915), Kalgan (Zhangjiakou)(1914), Kirin (Jilin)(1905), Kwangchengtze (Changchun) (1905), Kweihwacheng (Hohhot)(1914), Liaoyang (1905), Lichüan (Fuli)(1915), Linsi (Linxi)(1915), Lungchingtsun (Longjing)(1909), Lungkow (Longkou)(1914), Manchouli (Manzhouli)(1905), Mukden (Shenyang)(1903), Nanning (1899), Ninguta (Ning'an)(1905), Paitsaokow (Baicaogou)(1909), Pengpu (Bengpu)(1923), Pingchüan (Pingquan)(1915), Poshan (Boshan)(1915), Sanhsing (Yiln)(1905), Santuao (Sandu)(1898), Tali (Dali Nuori)(1915), Taonan-fu (Taonan) (1914), Tatungkow (Dadonggou) (1903), Tehchow (Dezhou)(1915), Tiehling (Tieling)(1905), Totaokow (Toudaogou)(1909), Tsinan-fu (Jinan) (1904), Tsinhing (Jining)(1915), Tsitsihar (Qiqihar)(1905), Tungkiangtze (Tongjiangkou)(1905), Wanhsien (Wanxian)(1917), Weihsien (Weifang)(1904), Woosung (Wusong)(1899), Wuchanghsien (Wuchang) (1915), Yangkiokow (Yangkou)(1915), Yenchow (Yanzhou)(1915), and Yochow (Yueyang)(1898).

Amoy (Xiamen) Concessions

Amoy British Concession

 9 Feb 1852                British concession at Amoy leased by China for an area 189 meters
                             long stretching 69 meters back from the water.
1871                       Amoy British Concession municipal council created.
17 Sep 1930                Amoy British Concession restored to China.

British Consuls-general in Amoy (resident on Kulangsu [Gulangyu])
1852 - 1853?               George Grey Sullivan               (b. 1808 - d. 1853?)
14 Oct 1853 - May 1854     Daniel Brooke Robertson            (b. 1810 - d. 1881)
                             (appointed Nov 1852)
1854 - 1855                Harry Smith Parkes                 (b. 1828 - d. 1885)
1855 - 1861                Robert Swinhoe (1st time)          (b. 1836 - d. 1877)
Apr 1856 – May 1856        William Henry Pedder               (b. 1826 - d. 1900)
                             (acting for Swinhoe)
1856 - 1857                Martin Crofton Morrison            (b. 1827 - d. 1870)
                             (acting for Swinhoe)
Oct 1857 – Feb 1858        William Henry Pedder               (s.a.)
                             (acting for Swinhoe)
27 Oct 1860 - 1866         William Henry Pedder (1st time)    (s.a.)
                             (acting to 20 Dec 1861)
1865                       John Gibson (acting for Pedder)    (b. 1834 - d. 1869)
May 1866 - 1867            Robert Swinhoe (2nd time)          (s.a.)
1867 - 1878                William Henry Pedder (2nd time)    (s.a.)
24 Apr 1875 - 19 Apr 1876  George Phillips (acting for Pedder)(b. 1836 - d. 1896)
1878 - 1879                ....
26 Jun 1879 – 16 Mar 1881  Herbert Allen Giles                (b. 1845 - d. 1935)
1881 - 1893                Robert James Forrest               (b. 1836? - d. 1902)
                             (appointed Feb 1880)
1886                       Henry Fletcher Hance               (b. 1827 – d. 1886)
                             (acting for Forrest)
Jul 1886 - 24 Dec 1886     Pierre Frederick Hausser (1st time)(b. 1856 - d. 1926)
                             (acting for Forrest)
1892                       Alexander Hosie                    (b. 1853 - d. 1925)
                             (acting for Forrest)
13 Apr 1893 - 18 Apr 1893  Walter James Clennell (acting)     (b. 1867 - d. 1928)
15 Jun 1893 - 1899         Christopher Thomas Gardner         (b. 1842 – d. 1914)
 3 Jan 1894 –  2 Oct 1894  Charles Walter Everard             (b. 1846 - d. 1926)
                             (acting for Gardner)
1899                       Henry Alexander Little (1st time)  (b. 1869 – d. 19..)
                             (acting)
1899 - 1902                Robert William Mansfield (1st time)(b. 1850 - d. 1911)
1902                       John Thomas Pratt                  (b. 1876 - d. 1970)
22 Mar 1902 – 15 Jun 1905  Pierre Frederick Hausser (2nd time)(s.a.)
                             (acting)
1905 - Apr 1906            Robert William Mansfield (2nd time)(s.a.)
 8 May 1906 - 1908         Pierce Essex O'Brien-Butler        (b. 1858 - d. 1954)
                             (acting)
Sep 1908 - Jun 1909        Ambrose John Sundius (1st time)    (b. 1864 - d. 1924)
Jun 1909 - Aug 1909        Lancelot Giles (acting)            (b. 1878 - d. 1934)
Aug 1909 – Dec 1910        Berthold George Tours (1st time)   (b. 1871 – d. 1941)
Dec 1910 - 1913            Ambrose John Sundius (2nd time)    (s.a.)
1913 - c.1918              Henry Alexander Little (2nd time)  (s.a.)
                             (consul)
1916 - 1917                W.P.W. Turner (acting for Little)
1919 – 1922                Berthold George Tours (2nd time)   (s.a.)
 5 Jan 1922 – 21 Nov 1923  Arthur Ernest Eastes               (b. 1877 – d. 1948)
1923 - 1927                William Meyrick Hewlett            (b. 1876 - d. 1944)
c.1929                     Walter Russell Brown               (b. 1879 - d. 1966)
1930? - 17 Sep 1930        Penrhyn Grant Jones                (b. 1878 - d. 1945)

Amoy Japanese Concession

Chinese Eastern Railway Zone (CER)
 

10 Mar 1897 - 16 Aug 1915 CER Flag	16 Aug 1915 - c.1925 CER Flag	c.1925 - 23 Mar 1932 CER Flag
23 Mar 1932 - 1 Sep 1935 CER Flag

Map of Chinese Eastern Railroad Zone (c.1931)

Headquarters: Harbin (Changchun 1945-46, 1948-52; Shenyang 1946-1948)

CER Zone Russian Population: 120,000 (1922)

 8 Sep 1896                Russia and China sign treaty for building Chinese Eastern
                             Railroad under the Chinese Eastern Railway Company to be funded
                             by the joint Russo-Chinese Bank. Treaty includes the right to
                             establish an administrative zone either side of the tracks and run
                             associated courts, police, customs, railway related industries
                             and coal mines within 10 miles of both sides of the tracks.
16 Dec 1896                Chinese Eastern Railway Company (CER)(in Russian: Kitaysko-
                             Vostochnaya Zheleznaya Doroga [KVZhD]) Statute approved by Russia
Jul 1897                   Construction begun on Chinese Eastern Railway in Manchuria
                             Manzhouli to Hilar to Harbin to Suifenhe.
16 May 1898                Harbin (see under China prov.) founded as the headquarters of the
                             CER.
 6 Jul 1898                CER allowed to build a Southern Manchurian branch, Port Arthur to
                             Dalniy, and to maintain a CER flagged steamship service.
Jun 1900 - 21 Jul 1900     "Boxer" rebels lay siege to Harbin and occupy most of the CER Zone.
 9 Nov 1900 - 22 Mar 1907  Russia occupies Manchuria (from 10 Mar 1905, only north of Mukden).
 3 Nov 1901                Official traffic begins.
 1 Jul 1903                Chinese Eastern Railroad formally opened under Russian controlled
                             CER administration, regular passenger traffic begun from Saint
                             Petersburg to Vladivostok.
12 Aug 1903 -  1 Jul 1905  CER Zone subordinated to the Viceroy of Far East (see Kwangtung).
 5 Sep 1905                Southern branch (Changchun to Dalian) ceded to Japan by Russia (as
                             the South Manchuria Railway) by the Treaty of Portsmouth.
 1 Aug 1906 -  1 Jul 1920  Ussurian branch line is granted on lease to the CER by Russia.
10 May 1909                Harbin Municipal Council (under control of the CER) established by
                             Russia-China treaty (see Harbin under China provinces).
12 Dec 1917 - 28 Feb 1918  Russian Bolsheviks of the Harbin Soviet of Deputies twice attempt to
                             take control of the CER.
28 Dec 1917                Chinese forces under Meng Enyuan, military governor of Jilin, occupy
                             Harbin. Then from 2 Jan 1918, go on to garrison the entire CER
                             Zone by Mar 1918 and the same time regular Russian troops
                             withdrew.
31 Jan 1918                Soviet Russian government informs Horvath that the railroad was
                             being transferred from the direction of the CER joint stock
                             company to the People's Commissariat of Communications for Soviet
                             Russia, and that he was being recalled to Petrograd. However,
                             Horvath refuses to recognize this ruling and remains in charge.
27 Apr 1918                CER Board director Dmitriy Horvath, backed by the Russo-Asiatic Bank
                            (which owned a majority of CER stock), reorganizes the CER Board
                             of Directors, independent of any declared Russian government, to
                             include Admiral Kolchak as "Supervisor of Military Organization"
                             in the CER Zone.
18 Nov 1918 - 15 Jan 1920  CER Zone Russian local administrators under Dmitriy Horvath loyal
                             to "White" Russian Government under Supreme Ruler Aleksandr
                             Kolchak and subject to chief "White" representatives in the Far
                             East (see Primorye under Russian Civil War polities).
10 Mar 1919 - 31 Oct 1922  CER administered by Inter-Allied Railway Technical Commission under
                             Britain, China, France, Italy, Japan, U.S. and "White" Russia, and
                             garrisoned by China under the Inter-Allied Railway Agreement of
                             9 Jan 1919.
Jan 1920                   Following the collapse of Kolchak's regime, Dmitriy Horvath
                             announces that he himself assumes "full state authority" for
                             Russians in the CER Zone. This move is not recognized by China or
                             Soviet Russia.
13 Mar 1920                Russian workers proclaim a general strike to oust Horvath.
16 Mar 1920 - Apr 1920     Chinese army under Bao Guiqing occupies the CER Zone in order to
                             end the strike and China announces that it would assume government
                             power within CER Zone dismissing Horvath (who resigns 18 Mar 1920)
31 Mar 1920                CER board ratifies a reorganization that defines the railway as
                             strictly a commercial concern with no political authority. The
                             railway guards, local police and court system are removed from
                             CER control and placed under Chinese administration.
9/12 Apr 1920-14 Sep 1922  Japanese military forces occupy the CER Zone.
23 Sep 1920                China revokes Russian extraterritorial rights and authority of
                             Russian consular officials in China; Harbin Russian consulate
                             general and Russian courts are occupied and closed.
Oct 1920                   China effects a reorganization of the CER by Supplement to the CER
                             Charter, affirming Chinese sovereignty over Harbin and throughout
                             the entire CER Zone.
 6 Nov 1920                China formally dismisses CER Board director Dmitriy Horvath, taking
                             full control of CER administration.
28 Dec 1920                Eastern Provinces Special District created by China to administer
                             CER Zone, de jure abolition of CER Zone (see China provinces).
31 May 1924                Chinese-Soviet Peking treaty restores co-management and co-ownership
                             over the CER. China recognizes the Soviet Union, and Soviets
                             formally renounce all concessions and extraterritorial rights.
24 Sep 1924                Mukden Agreement Concerning Mutual Rights and Privileges, a
                             supplement to the agreement on general principles of 31 May 1924,
                             signed with Manchurian 'Autonomous Three Eastern Provinces'
                             (ratified by the Peking government on 12 Mar 1925). By secret
                             protocol the Soviet government transferred full control of Chinese
                             shares of the CER to Zhang Zuolin, but reserved the rights to
                             appoint all senior staff.
10 Jul 1929 - 22 Dec 1929  Chinese warlord in Manchuria Zhang Xueliang unilaterally
                             seizes control of CER (not recognized by Soviet Union or the
                             Republic of China government).
18 Jul 1929 - 22 Dec 1929  Soviet Union severs diplomatic relations with China.
 3 Nov 1929 - 22 Dec 1929  Soviets occupy Manchurian border cities including Chalainor, Hailar,
                             Fukdin and Manzhouli in support of Soviet claims to the CER.
22 Dec 1929                Khabarovsk Protocol guarantees continued Soviet co-administration
                             and rights.  
18 Sep 1931                Japanese invasion and occupation begins (Harbin occupied 9 Feb 1932)
 3 Mar 1932                Manchukuo replaces China on CER board, action is only de facto
                             recognized by Soviet Union (not recognized by China).
23 Mar 1935                Soviet Union sells its CER rights to Japan for 140 million yen
                             (China refuses to recognize this unilateral action).
 1 Sep 1935                CER formally transferred to Manchukuo and renamed North Manchuria
                             Railway. CER merged into National Railway of Manchuria which is
                             administered by the South Manchurian Railway (see below).
14 Aug 1945                Republic of China and Soviet Union sign Agreement about the Chinese
                             Changchun Railway.
18 Aug 1945                Harbin is occupied by Soviet Union.
20 Aug 1945                Soviet Union takes control of the CER.
22 Sep 1945                Chinese Changchun Railway Company established under joint Republic
                             of China - Soviet Union administration. The new railroad unifies
                             the former CER with the former South Manchuria Railway.
18 Apr 1946 - 23 May 1946  Changchun under Chinese communist administration, Changchun Railway
                             headquarters moved to Shenyang.
28 Apr 1946                Harbin under Chinese communist administration.
25 Jul 1946                Chinese communist forces establish the Northeast Railway
                             Administration for all railway lines in Manchuria, including CER.
28 Nov 1946                Soviet Union withdraws its staff from Shenyang.
19 Oct 1948                Changchun under Chinese communist administration.
 1 Nov 1948                Shenyang under Chinese communist administration.
Mar 1949                   All lines of CER resume functioning.
 1 May 1950                Chinese Changchun Railway is formally re-established under joint
                             Soviet Union - People's Republic of China administration.
31 Dec 1952                Soviet Union transfers all rights in the joint administration of the
                             railway (with all properties appertaining to it) to China.
                             Transfer formalized by protocol.
 1 Jan 1953                Renamed Harbin Railway.

Presidents of the Board of the Chinese Eastern Railway Company
(and from 31 May 1924, Directors-general)(in St. Petersburg to 27 Apr 1918, then Harbin)
17 Dec 1896 - Jan 1897     Stanislav Ippolitovich Kerbedz        (b. 1844 - d. 1906)
                             (1st time) (acting)
1897 - 28 Jul 1900         Xu Jingcheng (Hsü Ching-ch'eng)       (b. 1845 - d. 1900)
28 Jul 1900 - 1903         Stanislav Ippolitovich Kerbedz        (s.a.)
                             (2nd time) (acting)
1903 - 1918                Aleksandr Nikolayevich 'Ventsel       (b. 1854 - d. 1927)
                             (Wenzel) (acting)
 2 Jan 1918 - 1919         Guo Zongxi (Kuo Hsing-hsi)            (b. 1878 - d. 1934)
                             (appointed by Jilin military governor Meng Enyuan)
 6 Jul 1919 - 1920         Bao Guiqing (Pao Kuei-ch'ing)         (b. 1867 - d. 1934)
                             (1st time)
1920                       Zhu Qinglan (Chu Ch'ing-lan)          (b. 1874 - d. 1941)
 1 Jun 1920 -  3 Jan 1922  Song Xiaolian (Sung Hsiao-lien)       (b. 1863 - d. 1926)
1922 - Sep 1924            Wang Jingchun (Wang Ching-ch'un)      (b. 1882 - d. 1956)   
Sep 1924 - 30 Sep 1925     Bao Guiqing (Pao Kuei-ch'ing)         (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
1925? - 1926               Liu Shanjin (Liu Shan-chin) (acting)
1926 - 1928?               Yue Jianhan (Yüeh Chien-han)
1928 -  7 Dec 1929         Lu Ronghuan (Lü Jung-huan)            (b. 1890 - d. 1946)
Dec 1929                   Li Xiaogeng (Li Hsiao-keng)(1st time) (b. 1897 - d. 1971)
                             (acting)
Dec 1929                   Guo Fumian (Kuo Fu-mien) (acting)     (b. 1887 - d. 19..)
Dec 1929 -  3 Mar 1932     Mo Dehui (Mo Te-hui)                  (b. 1883 - d. 1968)
                             (absent from Dec 1930)
Dec 1930 - 1935            Li Xiaogeng (2nd time)                (s.a.)
                            (acting [for Mo] to 3 Mar 1932,
                             then not recognized by China)
Presidents of the Board of the Chinese Changchun Railway
22 Sep 1945 - Mar 1947     Zhang Jia'ao (Chang Kia-ngau)         (b. 1889 - d. 1979)
1947 - 1948                Chen Yanjun (Ch'en Yen-chun)          (b. 1895 - d. 19..)
1948 - 1950                Vacant?
 1 May 1950 - 31 Dec 1952  Yu Guangsheng (Yü Kuang-sheng)        (b. 1907 - d. 1978)

Directors of the Board of the Chinese Eastern Railway and Chief Administrators of the
Chinese Eastern Railway Zone (and 1909-1920 Chairman of Harbin Municipal Council)(in Harbin)
Nov 1902 - 18 Mar 1920     Dmitriy Leonidovich Horvath (Khorvat) (b. 1859 - d. 1937)
                             (from 27 Apr 1918, Managing Director; also
                             Mar - Nov 1917 commissar of the Provisional Government
                             in CER Zone; Oct 1918 - Aug 1919 mostly in Vladivostok)
21 Nov 1917 - Dec 1917     Martyemyan Nikitich Ryutin            (b. 1890 - d. 1937)
                             (chairman of Harbin Workers' and Soldiers'
                             Soviet of Deputies, in rebellion)
31 Jan 1918 - Feb 1918     Boris Aronovich Slavin                (b. 1888 - d. 1919)
                             (chairman of Harbin Soviet of Workers'
                             and Soldiers' Deputies, in rebellion)
28 Apr 1918 -  5 Nov 1920  Vasiliy Dmitriyevich Lachinov         (b. 1872 - d. 1933)
                             (director of board, acting [for Horvath to 18 Mar 1920])
Oct 1918 - Aug 1919        Mikhail Mikhaylovich Pleshkov         (b. 1856 - d. 1927)
                             (acting chief administrator of CER Zone,
                             acting for the mostly absent Horvath)
Mar 1919 - 31 Oct 1922     John Frank Stevens (U.S.)             (b. 1853 - d. 1943)
                             (president of Inter-Allied Railway Technical Board)
1921 - 1922                Benjamin O. Johnson                   (b. 1878 - d. 19..)
                             (pro tempore Inter-Allied Railway Technical Board,
                              acting for frequently absent Stevens)
Directors of the Board (from 31 May 1924, Managers) of the Chinese Eastern Railway (in Harbin)
 7 Nov 1920 -  1 Feb 1921  Dmitriy Petrovich Kazakevich (acting) (b. 1869 - d. 1924)
                             (Kozakiewicz)
 2 Feb 1921 -  3 Oct 1924  Boris Vasilyevich Ostroumov           (b. 1879 - d. 1944)
                             (Ostroumoff)
 3 Oct 1924 - 19 Apr 1926  Aleksey Nikolayevich Ivanov           (b. 1892 - d. 1937)
                             (prisoner of Zhang Zuolin 21-24 Jan 1926)
19 Apr 1926 - 30 Aug 1928  Mikhail Mikhaylovich Lashevich        (b. 1884 - d. 1928)
                             (acting)
1928 - 10 Jul 1929         Aleksandr Ivanovich Yemshanov         (b. 1891 - d. 1941)
                             (Emshanov)   
11 Jul 1929 - Dec 1929     Fan Qiguang (Fan Ch'i-kuang) (acting) (d. 1949)
 5 Dec 1929 - 23 Mar 1935  Yuliy Vikentyevich Rudnyy (Rudnyj)    (b. 1887 - d. 1938)
1935 -  1 Apr 1937         Lev Vladimirovich Lemberg             (b. 1884 - d. 1937)
Managers of the Chinese Changchun Railway
26 Jan 1946 - c.1949       Aleksandr Fyodorovich Zhuravlyov      (b. 1918 - d. af.1957)
 1 May 1950 - 31 Dec 1952  Nikolay Aleksandrovich Grunichev      (b. 1908 - d. af.1959)

South Manchuria Railway Zone (SMR)

 5 Sep 1905                Southern branch of Chinese Eastern Railway (Changchun to Dalian and
                             Mukden to Antung) ceded to Japan by Russia along with a zone
                             62 meters wide on either side of tracks and facilities including
                             the Fushun coal mine.
 7 Jun 1906                South Manchuria Railway Company (SMR)(Minami-Manshū Tetsudō
                             Kabushiki kaisha or in short "Mantetsu") founded by Japan.
 1 Apr 1907                SMR begins commercial operation.
25 May 1915                By China-Japan treaty SMR lease extended to 99 years.
12 Apr 1919                Kwantung army commander given the right to issue instructions
                             relating to the operation of the SMR for military purposes.
 1 Apr 1933                National Railway of Manchuria consigned to SMR administration
                             (formally from 1935).
23 Mar 1935                SMR is transferred to Manchukuo by Japan.
 5 Nov 1937                Japanese extraterritoriality ended in and administrative rights
                             over the SMR Zone transferred to Manchukuo.
20 Aug 1945                Soviet forces take control of the SMR.
22 Aug 1945                Dairen occupied by Soviet forces.
30 Sep 1945                SMR is dissolved by Soviet Union, assets merged into the Chinese
                             Changchun Railway (see above).

Presidents of the South Manchuria Railway Company (all from Japan)
13 Nov 1906 - 14 Jul 1908  Count Shinpei Gotō                    (b. 1857 - d. 1929)
19 Dec 1908 - 18 Dec 1913  Yoshikoto (Korekimi) Nakamura         (b. 1867 - d. 1927) 
19 Dec 1913 - 15 Jul 1914  Ryūtarō Nomura (1st time)             (b. 1859 - d. 1943)
15 Jul 1914 - 31 Jul 1917  Yūjirō Nakamura                       (b. 1852 - d. 1928) 
31 Jul 1917 - 12 Apr 1919  Shimbei Kunisawa                      (b. 1864 - d. 1953) 
12 Apr 1919 - 31 May 1921  Ryūtarō Nomura (2nd time)             (s.a.)
31 May 1921 - 14 Oct 1922  Senkichirō Hayakawa                   (b. 1863 - d. 1922)
24 Oct 1922 - 22 Jun 1924  Takeji Kawamura                       (b. 1871 - d. 1955) 
22 Jun 1924 - 19 Jul 1927  Ban'ichiro Yasuhiro                   (b. 1859 - d. 1951) 
19 Jul 1927 - 14 Aug 1929  Jōtarō Yamamoto                       (b. 1867 - d. 1936)
14 Aug 1928 - 13 Jun 1931  Mitsugu Sengoku                       (b. 1857 - d. 1931) 
13 Jun 1931 -  6 Jul 1932  Count Yasuya Uchida                   (b. 1865 - d. 1936)
26 Jul 1932 -  2 Aug 1935  Count Hakutaro Hayashi                (b. 1874 - d. 1968) 
 2 Aug 1935 - 24 Mar 1939  Yōsuke Matsuoka                       (b. 1880 - d. 1946) 
34 Mar 1939 - 14 Jul 1943  Takuichi Ohmura                       (b. 1872 - d. 1946) 
14 Jul 1943 - 11 Apr 1945  Naoto Kohiyama                        (b. 1886 - d. 1949) 
 5 May 1945 - 30 Sep 1945  Motoki Yamazaki                       (b. 1889 - d. 1971) 

Civil Administrators of the South Manchurian Railway Zone
 7 Jun 1906 -  5 Nov 1937  the governors of Kwantung Territory

Administrators (resident in Macau)
26 Jan 1841 - 12 Aug 1841  Charles Elliot                     (b. 1801 - d. 1875)
22 Jun 1841 - 26 Jun 1843  Alexander Robert Johnston          (b. 1812 - d. 1888)
                             (acting for Elliot then for Pottinger)
12 Aug 1841 - 26 Jan 1843  Sir Henry Eldred Curwen Pottinger  (b. 1789 - d. 1856)
Commanders-in-chief (resident in Hong Kong)
26 Jan 1841 -  1 Mar 1841  Sir James John Gordon Bremer       (b. 1786 - d. 1850)
 2 Mar 1841 - 22 Jun 1841  Sir Hugh Gough                     (b. 1779 - d. 1869)
Governors
26 Jun 1843 -  8 May 1844  Sir Henry Eldred Curwen Pottinger  (s.a.)
 8 May 1844 - 18 Mar 1848  Sir John Francis Davis             (b. 1795 - d. 1890)
18 Mar 1848 - 21 Mar 1848  William Staveley (acting)          (b. 1784 - d. 1854)
21 Mar 1848 - 12 Apr 1854  Sir Samuel George Bonham           (b. 1803 - d. 1863)
Mar 1852 - Feb 1853        William Jervois (acting for Bonham)(b. 1784 - d. 1862)
13 Apr 1854 -  5 May 1859  Sir John Bowring                   (b. 1792 - d. 1972)
 5 May 1859 -  9 Sep 1859  William Caine (acting)             (b. 1800 - d. 1871)
 9 Sep 1859 - 15 Mar 1865  Sir Hercules George Robert         (b. 1824 - d. 1897)
                             Robinson
19 Jan 1861 - 24 Jan? 1861 Daniel Brooke Robertson            (b. 1810 - d. 1881)
                             (commissioner on the territory of Kowloon)
24 Jan 1861 - 30 Mar 1861  Charles May                        (b. 1817 - d. 1879)
                             (civil commissioner at Kowloon)
15 Mar 1865 - 11 Mar 1866  William Thomas Mercer (acting)     (b. 1821 - d. 1879)
11 Mar 1866 - 11 Apr 1872  Sir Richard Graves MacDonnell      (b. 1814 - d. 1881)
11 Apr 1877 - 16 Apr 1872  Henry Wase Whitflield (acting)     (b. 1809 - d. 1877) 
16 Apr 1872 -  1 Mar 1877  Sir Arthur Edward Kennedy          (b. 1810 - d. 1883)
15 Oct 1874 -  5 Nov 1874  John Gardiner Austin (1st time)    (b. 1812 - d. 1900)
                             (acting for Kennedy)
11 Mar 1875 -  2 Dec 1875  John Gardiner Austin (2nd time)    (s.a.)
                             (acting for Kennedy)
 1 Mar 1877 - 22 Apr 1877  John Gardiner Austin (3rd time)    (s.a.)
                             (acting)
22 Apr 1877 -  7 Mar 1882  John Pope Hennessy                 (b. 1834 - d. 1891)
                             (from 21 Apr 1880, Sir John Pope Hennessy)
 7 Mar 1882 - 28 Mar 1882  Malcolm Struan Tonnochy (acting)
28 Mar 1882 - 30 Mar 1883  Sir William Henry Marsh (1st time) (b. 1827 - d. 1906)
                             (acting)
30 Mar 1883 - 21 Dec 1885  Sir George Ferguson Bowen          (b. 1821 - d. 1899)
21 Dec 1885 - 25 Apr 1887  Sir William Henry Marsh (2nd time) (s.a.)
                             (acting)
25 Apr 1887 -  6 Oct 1887  William Gordon Cameron (acting)    (b. 1827 - d. 1913)
 6 Oct 1887 -  7 May 1891  Sir George William Des Voeux       (b. 1834 - d. 1909)
 7 May 1891 - 10 Dec 1891  George Digby Barker (acting)       (b. 1833 - d. 1914)
10 Dec 1891 -  1 Feb 1898  Sir William Robinson               (b. 1836 - d. 1912)
 1 Feb 1898 - 25 Nov 1898  Wilsone Black (acting)             (b. 1837 - d. 1909)
25 Nov 1898 - 21 Nov 1903  Sir Henry Arthur Blake             (b. 1840 - d. 1918)
21 Nov 1903 - 29 Jul 1904  Francis Henry May (1st time)       (b. 1860 - d. 1922)
                             (acting)
29 Jul 1904 - 20 Apr 1907  Sir Matthew Nathan                 (b. 1862 - d. 1939)
20 Apr 1907 - 29 Jul 1907  Sir Francis Henry May (2nd time)   (s.a.)
                             (acting)
29 Jul 1907 - 16 Mar 1912  Sir Frederick John Dealtry Lugard  (b. 1858 - d. 1945)
16 Mar 1912 - 24 Jul 1912  Claud Severn (1st time) (acting)   (b. 1869 - d. 1933)
24 Jul 1912 - 12 Sep 1918  Sir Francis Henry May (3rd time)   (s.a.)
12 Sep 1918 - 30 Sep 1919  Claud Severn (2nd time) (acting)   (s.a.)
30 Sep 1919 - 19 Mar 1925  Sir Reginald Edward Stubbs         (b. 1876 - d. 1947)
19 Mar 1925 -  1 Nov 1925  Claud Severn (3rd time) (acting)   (s.a.)
 1 Nov 1925 -  1 Feb 1930  Sir Cecil Clementi                 (b. 1875 - d. 1947)
 1 Feb 1930 -  9 Mar 1930  Wilfrid Thomas Southorn (1st time) (b. 1879 - d. 1957) 
                             (acting)
 9 May 1930 - 17 May 1935  Sir William Peel                   (b. 1875 - d. 1945)
17 May 1935 - 13 Sep 1935  Sir Wilfrid Thomas Southorn        (s.a.) 
                             (2nd time) (acting)
13 Sep 1935 -  1 Nov 1935  Norman Lockhart Smith (1st time)   (b. 1887 - d. 1968)
                             (acting)
 1 Nov 1935 - 12 Dec 1935  Sir Wilfrid Thomas Southorn        (s.a.) 
                             (3rd time) (acting)
12 Dec 1935 - 16 Apr 1937  Sir Andrew Caldecott               (b. 1884 - d. 1951)
16 Apr 1937 - 28 Oct 1937  Norman Lockhart Smith (2nd time)   (s.a.)
                             (acting)
28 Oct 1937 -  6 Sep 1941  Sir Geoffrey Alexander Stafford    (b. 1881 - d. 1948)
                             Northcote
Apr 1940 -  6 Aug 1940     Norman Lockhart Smith (3rd time)   (s.a.)
                             (acting for Northcote)
 6 Aug 1940 - 13 Mar 1941  Edward Felix Norton                (b. 1884 - d. 1954)
                             (acting for Northcote) 
 6 Sep 1941 - 10 Sep 1941  Norman Lockhart Smith (4th time)   (b. 1887 - d. 1968)
                             (acting)
10 Sep 1941 - 25 Dec 1941  Sir Mark Aitchinson Young          (b. 1886 - d. 1974)
                             (Japanese prisoner 25 Dec 1941 - 16 Aug 1945)
                             (1st time)
Governors-general
25 Dec 1941 - 20 Feb 1942  Takashi Sakai                      (b. 1887 - d. 1946) 
                           + Masaichi Niimi                   (b. 1887 - d. 1993)
                           (commissioners of the military government)
20 Feb 1942 - 24 Dec 1944  Rensuke Isogai                     (b. 1886 - d. 1967)
 1 Feb 1945 - 16 Aug 1945  Hisaichi Tanaka                    (b. 1889 - d. 1947)
Governors
28 Aug 1945 - 30 Aug 1945  Franklin Charles Gimson            (b. 1890 - d. 1975)
                             (chief of provisional government)
 1 Sep 1945 -  1 May 1946  Sir Cecil Harcourt                 (b. 1892 - d. 1959)
                             (administrator of military administration)
 1 May 1946 - 17 May 1947  Sir Mark Aitchinson Young          (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
17 May 1947 - 25 Jul 1947  David Mercer MacDougall (acting)   (b. 1904 - d. 1991)
25 Jul 1947 - 31 Dec 1957  Sir Alexander William Grantham     (b. 1899 - d. 1978)
31 Dec 1957 - 23 Jan 1958  Edgeworth Beresford David (acting) (b. 1908 - d. 1965)
23 Jan 1958 - 31 Mar 1964  Sir Robert Brown Black             (b. 1906 - d. 1999)
31 Mar 1964 - 14 Apr 1964  Edmund Brinsley Teesdale (acting)  (b. 1915 - d. 1997)
14 Apr 1964 - 19 Oct 1971  Sir David Clive Crosbie Trench     (b. 1915 - d. 1988)
19 Oct 1971 - 19 Nov 1971  Sir Hugh Selby Norman-Walker       (b. 1916 - d. 1985)
                             (acting)
19 Nov 1971 -  8 May 1982  Sir Murray MacLehose               (b. 1917 - d. 2000)
 8 May 1982 - 20 May 1982  Sir Philip Haddon-Cave (acting)    (b. 1925 - d. 1999)
20 May 1982 -  4 Dec 1986  Sir Edward Youde                   (b. 1924 - d. 1986)
 4 Dec 1986 -  9 Apr 1987  Sir David Akers-Jones (acting)     (b. 1927 - d. 2019)
 9 Apr 1987 -  9 Jul 1992  Sir David Wilson                   (b. 1935)
                             (from 14 Feb 1992, David Wilson,
                             Baron Wilson of Tillyorn) 
 9 Jul 1992 - 30 Jun 1997  Christopher "Chris" Patten         (b. 1944)

Chairman of the Chinese Representative Council
30 Mar 1942 - 1944         Lo Kuk-wo (= Robert H. Kotewall)   (b. 1880 - d. 1949)
                             (appointed by the Japanese)

14 Nov 1897                Kiaochow (Kiautschou) Bay occupied by Germany.
 6 Mar 1898                Leased for 99 years to Germany (Deutsches Pachtgebiet Kiautschou).
23 Aug 1914                German lease canceled by China (formally renounced by Germany
                             by treaty on 10 Jan 1920).
 7 Nov 1914                Occupied by Japan (Tsingtao).
28 Jun 1919                German renounces in favor of Japan all rights (effective 10 Jan
                             1920).
10 Dec 1922                Returned to China by Japan.
10 Jan 1938 - 10 Oct 1945  Re-occupied by Japan.
10 Oct 1945 - 31 Mar 1946  Occupied by U.S. Marine forces.

Military Governor
14 Nov 1897 -  7 Mar 1898  Otto von Diederichs               (b. 1843 - d. 1918)
Governors
 7 Mar 1898 - 19 Feb 1899  Carl Rosendahl                    (b. 1852 - d. 1917)
19 Feb 1899 - 27 Jan 1901  Otto Ferdinand Paul Jäschke       (b. 1851 - d. 1901)
27 Jan 1901 -  8 Jun 1901  Max Rollmann (acting)             (b. 1857 - d. 1942)
 8 Jun 1901 - 19 Aug 1911  Oskar Truppel                     (b. 1854 - d. 1931)
19 Aug 1911 -  7 Nov 1914  Alfred Meyer-Waldeck              (b. 1864 - d. 1928)
Japanese Military Governors
 7 Nov 1914 - Jun 1915     Mitsuomi Kamio                    (b. 1856 - d. 1925)
Jun 1915 - Aug 1917        Kikuzu Ōtani                      (b. 1855 - d. 1923)
Aug 1917 - Oct 1918        Hongō Fusatarō                    (b. 1860 - d. 1931)
Oct 1918 - Aug 1919        Ken'ichi Ōshima                   (b. 1858 - d. 1947)
Aug 1919 - 10 Dec 1922     Mitsue Yuhi (Yui)                 (b. 1860 - d. 1940)
U.S. Commander 6th Marine Division
10 Oct 1945 - 31 Mar 1946  Lemuel C. Shepherd                (b. 1896 - d. 1990)

Kulangsu International Settlement

1626 - 26 May 1680         Amoy occupied by "Koxinga" (see under Taiwan).
26 Aug 1842 - 22 Mar 1845  British occupy Kulangsu Island (Ku-lang Hsü [Kolangsoo (Gulangyu)]).
 2 Nov 1843                Amoy (Hsia-men [Xiamen]) Treaty Port opens.
 9 Feb 1852                British concession at Amoy leased by China for an area 189 meters
                             long stretching 69 meters back from the water (British concession
                             municipal council created in 1871).
24 Aug 1900 -  5 Sep 1900  Japanese marines briefly occupy Kulangsu Island.
10 Jan 1902                Land regulations for the settlement of Kulangsu (Kulangsoo) at Amoy
                             (Xiamen) signed by Denmark, France, Germany, Japan, Netherlands,
                             Spain, Sweden-Norway, United Kingdom, and United States (later
                             joined by Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Italy and Switzerland).
 1 May 1902                Kulangsu Land regulations are approved by China.
 1 May 1903                Kulangsu International Settlement established at Amoy (Xiamen),
                             administered by the Kulangsu Municipal Council (nominally under
                             sovereignty of China)(approximately 970 acres, 1.5 square miles).
26 Oct 1937 -  9 Sep 1945  Japanese occupy Jinmen (Kinmen) Island, offshore of Xiamen.
13 May 1938 -  9 Sep 1945  Japanese occupy Amoy (Xiamen).
12 May 1939 - 18 Oct 1939  Japanese land forces and attempt to blockade Kulangsu.
 8 Dec 1941 -  9 Sep 1945  Japanese occupy the Kulangsu (Gulangyu [Ku-Lang-Yü).
11 Jan 1943                Settlement is officially retroceded to the Republic of China by the
                             U.S. and U.K., formal end of extraterritoriality.
 8 Apr 1943                "Vichy" France retrocedes its properties on Kulangsu to the Japanese
                             sponsored Chinese National Government (not recognized by the
                             "Free" French or the Republic of China).
28 May 1943                Japanese sponsored Chinese National Government formally withdrew
                             the Kulangsu Settlement.
 9 Sep 1945                Republic of China takes possession of Gulangyu Island.
28 Feb 1946                French properties on Kulangsu formally restored to China by France.

Chairmen of the Municipal Council of the Kulangsu International Settlement
1903 – 1904                August Piehl (Netherlands)
1904 – Mar 1905            Bernhard Hempel (Netherlands)
Mar 1905 - c.1906          Fred B. Marshall (U.K.)
c.1906                     R.H. Bruce (U.K.)
1907 - 1911                W.H. Wallace (U.K.)                (b. 1861 - d. 19..)
c.1911                     Wilhelm Kruse (Netherlands/Norway)
Jan 1912 - Mar 1915        Hugh Fraser Rankin (U.K.)          (b. 1868 - d. 19..)
Mar 1915 - 1917            Harry Bathurst (U.K.)              (b. 1859 - d. 19..)
1917                       Robert W. Black (U.K.?)
24 Apr 1917 - 31 Oct 1919  Edward Gordon Lowder (U.K.)        (b. 1862 - d. 19..)
1920 - 1923                H.J. Morse (U.S.?)
1923 - 1924                Thomas Maxwell Elliott (U.S.)      (b. c.1879 - d. 19..)
1924 - 1925                Lionel John Crosby Anderson (U.K.) (b. 1875 - d. 1946)
1925 - 1927?               Edward James Strick (U.S.)         (b. 1881 - d. 1977)
1927? - 1928?              H.R. Northey (U.K.?)
1928 - 1938                Henry James Perry Anderson         (b. 1878 - d. 1941)
                             (1st time) (U.K.)
1938 - 1940                Johan Maarten Morhaus (Netherlands)
                             (J. B. Morhaus)
May 1939 - 1941?           L.H. Hitchcock (U.K.)              (b. c.1881 - d. 19..)
                             (acting for Morhaus to 1940)
1941 - 1941                Henry James Perry Anderson         (s.a.)
                             (2nd time) (U.K.)
1941 - Dec 1941            Edwin W. Koeppe (U.S.)             (b. 1888 - d. 1956)
                             (Japanese prisoner to May 1942)
194. - 1943                Nakagawa Rikuzo (Japan)

Secretaries of the Municipal Council of the Kulangsu International Settlement
1903 - c.1906              Donald Mackenzie
c.1906 - 1912              C. Berkeley Mitchell (U.K.)        (b. 1864 - d. 1912)
1912 - 1913                A. Brownlie
1913 - 191.                T.W. Dobinson
1915 - 191.                C.A. Mutton?
1918 - 19..                J.P. Anderson
1919 - 1922?               H.R. Remington
1922 - af.1925             H.C. Reed
c.1933                     G.R. Bass
c.1922 - 1943              ....

Map of Kwangchowan

Capital: Fort-Bayard (Zhanchuan)

Population: 250,000 (1935)

22 Apr 1898                French occupation.
29 May 1898                Convention to lease Kwangchowan (Guangzhouwan) to France signed.
15 Nov 1899                By Sino–French Convention France leased the territory on the Luichow
                             Peninsula in southern Guangdong from China.
 5 Jan 1900                French leased territory (Territoire de Kouang-Tchéou-Wan
                             [Kuang-chou-wan])(treaty ratified by China).
 5 Jan 1900                Subordinated to French Indochina (see Vietnam).
Jun 1940 - 21 Feb 1943     Administration loyal to Free France.
Jul 1940                   Japanese marines set up a control and observation post.
21 Feb 1943 - Sep 1945     Occupied by Japan (French civil administration continues until
                             10 Mar 1945).
Feb 1943 - 10 Mar 1945     Administration loyal to "Vichy" France.
30 Jul 1943                Retroceded to the Japanese sponsored Chinese National 
                             Government by Vichy France (not recognized by "Free" French 
                             or the Republic of China). Organized as Guangzhou Bay Autonomous
                             Region under Guangdong province.
18 Aug 1945                Chongqing Convention signed by Provisional French Government and
                             Chinese Nationalist government to retrocede Kwangchowan
                             leased territory to China.
20 Nov 1945                France formally turns over administration to China.
28 Feb 1946                Formally restored to China by France; Fort-Bayard is renamed
                             Zhanjiang.

Commander of the Naval Division of the Far East
1898 - 1900                Charles Louis Théobald             (b. 1842 - d. 1902)                              Courrejolles
Commandants-Supérieur
22 Apr 1898 - 29 Jun 1898  Jean-Aimé Aristide Fort            (b. 1845 – d. 1913) 
29 Jun 1898 -  7 Sep 1898  Joseph Alphonse Philibert (acting) (b. 1848 - d. 1926)
 7 Sep 1898 - 25 Dec 1898  René Julien Marquis (acting)       (b. 1846 - d. 1929)
25 Dec 1898 - 20 Dec 1899  Antoine Auguste Louis Bonifay      (b. 1854 - d. 1902)
20 Dec 1899 - 27 Jan 1900  Maurice Pierre Charles Marot       (b. 1847 - d. 1928)
Administrators (subordinated to Governors-general of French Indochina,
[delegated to the French Residents-superior at Tonkin: see under Vietnam])
17 Feb 1900 - Mar 1902     Gustave Alby (1st time)            (b. 1855 - d. 1920)
Mar 1902 - Dec 1902        Théophile Henri Bergès (acting)    (b. 1851? - d. 1906)
Dec 1902 - Jul 1905        Gustave Alby (2nd time)            (s.a.)
14 Jul 1905 - Mar 1906     Jean-Fernand Gautret (1st time)    (b. 1862 - d. 1912)
Mar 1906 - Sep 1906        Charles Dumont (acting)
Sep 1906 - Sep 1908        Jean-Fernand Gautret (2nd time)    (s.a.)
Sep 1908 - Nov 1908        Henri Victor Sestier               (b. 1857 - d. 1918)
Dec 1908 - May 1910        Paul Edgar Dufrénil                (b. 1856 - d. 1935)
May 1910 - Jan 1912        Pierre Stéphane Salabelle          (b. 1857 - d. 19..)
Jan 1912 - Mar 1915        Henri Jean Auguste Caillard        (b. 1872 - d. 1926)
Mar 1915 - May 1915        Pierre Ambroise Langellier-Bellevue(b. 1869 - d. 1934)
                             (acting)
May 1915 - May 1917        Marius Albert Garnier              (b. 1870 - d. 1929)
May 1917 – Jan 1919        Frédéric Alexandre Vialla          (b. 1867 - d. 19..)
Jan 1919 - Mar 1922        Jean-Félix Krautheimer (1st time)  (b. 1874 - d. 1943)
Mar 1922 - Oct 1922        Paul Marie Alexis Joseph Blanchard (b. 1872 - d. 1945) 
                             de la Brosse (1st time)
Oct 1922 - Dec 1922        Eugène Guillemain (acting)         (b. 1885 - d. 1974)
Dec 1922 - Apr 1923        Jean-Félix Krautheimer (2nd time)  (s.a.)
Apr 1923 - Dec 1925        Paul Achille Michel Quesnel        (b. 1871 - d. 1945)
Dec 1925 - Dec 1926        Paul Marie Alexis Joseph Blanchard (s.a.) 
                             de la Brosse (2nd time)
Dec 1926 – May 1927        Adrien Louis Gustave Moisy, dit    (b. 1891 - d. 19..)
                             Lavalezerie (acting) 
May 1927 – Jul 1927        René Simon Lacombe (acting)        (b. 1876 – d. 19..)
Jul 1927 - Apr 1929        Louis Félix Marie Édouard Rivet    (b. 1869 - d. 1933)
Apr 1929 - 12 Feb 1931     Achille Louis Auguste Sylvestre    (b. 1879 - d. 1937)
                             (1st time)(acting to 22 Nov 1929)
12 Feb 1931 - 10 Dec 1931  Joseph Jules Bride (acting)        (b. 1871 - d. 1963)
10 Dec 1931 - 12 Mar 1932  Achille Louis Auguste Sylvestre    (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
12 Mar 1932 - 21 Apr 1932  Vayssière (acting)
21 Apr 1932 - 25 Oct 1933  Pierre Charles Edmond Jabouille    (b. 1875 - d. 1947)
25 Oct 1933 - 30 Jun 1934  Paul Henri Desiré Delamarre        (b. 1878 - d. 1956)
                             (chef du territoire 1927-1933)
 1 Jul 1934 - 16 Jun 1936  Henry Maurice Émile de Tastes      (b. 1883 - d. 1940)
16 Jun 1936 - 26 May 1937  Camille Fernand Chapoulart         (b. 1885 - d. 19..)
27 May 1937 -  1 Jun 1941  Jacques Henri Paul Le Prevôst      (b. 1883 - d. 1945)
 1 Jun 1941 -  9 Apr 1942  Louis Frédéric Claire Guillaume    (b. 1883 - d. 1959)
                             Marty
 9 Apr 1942 - 1943         Pierre Marie Jean Domec            (b. 1891 - d. 1984)
1943 - 10 Mar 1945         Adrien Anthony Maurice Roques      (b. 1891 - d. 1977)
                             (1st time)(Japanese prisoner 10 Mar - Aug 1945)
21 Feb 1943 - 10 Mar 1945  .... -Japanese commanders
10 Mar 1945 - Sep 1945     Watanabe -Japanese commander
Mar 1945 - Sep 1945        Chen Xuetan (Tsang Hoc-tam)        (b. 1882 - d. 1966)
                             (Nanjing China National Government director)
Sep 1945 - 20 Nov 1945     Adrien Anthony Maurice Roques      (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)

---

Kwantung
 

27 Dec 1897 - 2 Jan 1905

1894 - 1895, 2 Jan 1905 - 23 Aug 1945

23 Aug 1945 - 26 May 1955

Map of Kwantung

Capital: Ryojun (Port-Artur [Port Arthur] 1898-1905,   Aug 1945-May 1955)

Population: 1,656,726 (1935) 250,000 (1898)

21 Nov 1894                Japanese occupy Lüshun.
17 Apr 1895                Lushun ceded to Japan by China under Treaty of Shimonoseki.
 5 May 1895                Russia, France, and Germany force Japan to retrocede 
                             the territory to China.
27 Dec 1897                Occupied by Russia.
27 Mar 1898                Russian leased territory of Kwantung (Kvantunskaya oblast created,
                             29 Aug 1899), Lüshun renamed Port-Artur (Port Arthur).
 8 Nov 1899                Russians found the town of Dal'niy (see under China provinces).
12 Aug 1903 -  1 Jan 1905  Seat of the Russian Viceroyalty of the Far East.
29 May 1904                Japanese occupy Dal'niy.
 2 Jan 1905                Japanese occupation of Port-Artur (under siege from 18 May 1904).
 5 Sep 1905                Japanese Kwantung (Kantō-shū) leased territory; Dalniy is renamed
                             Dairen and Port Arthur renamed Ryojun.
22 Dec 1905                Japan obtains China's consent to the lease transfer by agreement.
25 May 1915                By China-Japan treaty Kwantung lease extended to 99 years.
12 Apr 1919                Civil administration begins, Japanese Kwantung army formed.
23 Aug 1945                Occupied by Soviet Union.
22 Sep 1945 - 26 May 1955  Joint Sino-Soviet administration. Dairen renamed Dalian,
                             and Ryojun renamed Luda; the Soviet base named Port-Artur.
26 May 1955                Fully re-incorporated into China (as agreed 12 Oct 1954).

Japanese Military Governor
21 Nov 1894 -  5 May 1895  Nogi Maresuke                      (b. 1849 - d. 1912)
Russian Commanders
27 Dec 1897 - 13 May 1898  Fyodor Vasilyevich Dubasov         (b. 1845 - d. 1912)
13 May 1898 - 18 Sep 1898  Oskar Viktorovich Stark            (b. 1846 - d. 1928)
Administrator
18 Sep 1898 - Jul 1899     Dean Ivanovich Subbotich           (b. 1852 - d. 1920)
Chief Administrators
29 Aug 1899 -  1 Jan 1905  Yevgeniy Ivanovich Alekseyev       (b. 1843 - d. 1917)                              (from 12 Aug 1903, also Viceroy [Namestnik] of the Far East)
12 Mar 1904 -  1 Jan 1905  Anatoliy Mikhaylovich Stessel'     (b. 1848 - d. 1915)
                             (acting for absent Alekseyev)
Japanese Military governor
 2 Jan 1905 - 18 Oct 1905  Baron Yasukata Oku                 (b. 1847 - d. 1939)
Director of the Department of Civil Affairs
(from 9 Jun 1905, Kanto Civil Affairs Department)
 9 May 1905 -  1 Sep 1906  Ishizuka Eizō                      (b. 1866 - d. 1942) 
Governors-general
18 Oct 1905 - 26 Apr 1912  Baron Yoshimasa Ōshima             (b. 1850 - d. 1926)
                             (from 21 Sep 1907, Count Yoshimasa Ōshima)
26 Apr 1912 - 15 Sep 1914  Baron Yasumasa Fukushima           (b. 1852 - d. 1919)
15 Sep 1914 - 31 Jul 1917  Baron Satoru Nakamura              (b. 1854 - d. 1925)
31 Jul 1917 - 11 Apr 1919  Baron Yūjirō Nakamura              (b. 1852 - d. 1928)
Governors
12 Apr 1919 - 24 May 1920  Baron Gonsuke Hayashi              (b. 1860 - d. 1939)
24 May 1920 -  8 Sep 1922  Viscount Isaburō Yamagata          (b. 1858 - d. 1927)
                             (from 1 Feb 1922, Prince Isaburō Yamagata)
 8 Sep 1922 - 19 Sep 1923  Baron Hikokichi Ijūin              (b. 1864 - d. 1924)
26 Sep 1923 - 17 Dec 1927  Count Hideo Kodama                 (b. 1876 - d. 1947)
17 Dec 1927 -  7 Aug 1929  Kenjirō Kinoshita                  (b. 1869 - d. 1947)
 7 Aug 1929 - 16 Jan 1931  Masahiro Ota                       (b. 1870 - d. 1951)
16 Jan 1931 - 11 Jan 1932  Seiji Tsukamoto                    (b. 1872 - d. 1945)
11 Jan 1932 -  8 Aug 1932  Mannosuke Yamaoka                  (b. 1876 - d. 1968)
 8 Aug 1932 - 27 Jul 1933  Baron Nobuyoshi Mutō               (b. 1868 - d. 1933)
28 Jul 1933 - 10 Dec 1934  Takashi Hishikari                  (b. 1871 - d. 1952)
10 Dec 1934 -  6 Mar 1936  Jirō Minami                        (b. 1874 - d. 1955)
 6 Mar 1936 -  7 Sep 1939  Kenkichi Ueda                      (b. 1875 - d. 1962)
 7 Sep 1939 - 18 Jul 1944  Yoshijirō Umezu                    (b. 1882 - d. 1949)
18 Jul 1944 - 23 Aug 1945  Otozō Yamada                       (b. 1881 - d. 1965)
Soviet Commandants
23 Aug 1945 - Sep 1947     Vladimir Dmitriyevich Ivanov       (b. 1900 - d. 1968)
Sep 1945 - Jun 1947        Ivan Ilyich Lyudnikov              (b. 1902 - d. 1976)
Jun 1947 - May 1953        Afanasiy Pavlantyevich Beloborodov (b. 1903 - d. 1990)
May 1953 - 26 May 1955     Vasiliy Ivanovich Shvetsov         (b. 1898 - d. 1958)

Captains-major
1557                       Francisco Martins
1557 - 1558                Leonel de Sousa
1558 – 1559                Diogo Pereira
1559 - 1560                Rui Barreto
1560 - 1561                Manuel de Mendonça
1561 - 1562                Fernão de Sousa
1562 - 1563                Pero Barreto Rolim
1563 - 1565                Diogo Pereira
1565 - 1566                João Pedro Pereira
1566 - 1567                Simão de Mendonça (1st time)
1567 - 1568                Tristão Vaz da Veiga (1st time)
1568 - 1569                António de Sousa
1569 - 1571                Manuel Travassos
1571 - 1572                Tristão Vaz da Veiga (2nd time)
1572 - 1573                João de Almeida (1st time)
1573 - 1574                António de Vilhena Manuel
1574 - 1575                Simão de Mendonça (1st time)
1575 - 1576                Vasco Pereira
1576 - 1579                Domingos Monteiro (1st time)
1579 - 1570                Lionel Brito
1580 - 1581                Miguel da Gama
1581 - 1582                Inácio de Lima                     (d. 1583)
1582 - 1583                João de Almeida (2nd time)
1583 - 1585                Aires Gonçalves de Miranda
1585 - 1586                Francisco Pais
1586 - 1587                Domingos Monteiro (2nd time)
1587 - 1589                Jerónimo Pereira
1590 - 1591                Anrique da Costa
1591 - 1592                Roque de Melo Pereira
1592 - 1593                Domingos Monteiro (3rd time)
1593 - 1594                Gaspar Pinto da Rocha
1594 - 1595                Francisco de Sa
                             (did not take office)
1595 - 1596                Manuel de Miranda
1596 - 1597                Rui Mendes de Figuieredo
1598 - 1599                Nunho de Mendonça                  (b. 1560 - d. 1632?)
1599 - 1603                Paulo de Portugal
1603 - 1604                Gonçalo Rodrigues de Sousa
1604 - 1605                João Caiado de Gambôa
1605 - 1607                Diogo de Vasconcelos de Meneses
                             (1st time)
1607 - 1610                André Pessôa
1610 - 1611                Diogo de Vasconcelos de Meneses
                             (2nd time)
1611 - 1612                Pedro Martins Gaio
1612 - 1614                Miguel de Sousa Pimentel
1614 - 1615                João Serrão da Cunha
1615 - 1616                Martim da Cunha
1616 - 1617                Francisco Lopes Carrasco
1617 - 1618                Lopo Sarmento de Carvalho          (d. 1645)
                             (1st time)
1618 - 1619                António de Oliveira de Morais
1619 - 1620                Jerónimo de Macedo de Carvalho
1621 - 1622                Lopo Sarmento de Carvalho          (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
1622 - 1623                Frei Antonio do Rosario
                             (president of governing Junta)
Governors and Captains-general
 7 Jul 1623 - 1626         Francisco Mascarenhas
19 Jul 1626 - 1629         Filipe Lôbo
1630 - 1631                Jerónimo da Silveira
 1 Dec 1631 - 1636         Manuel da Câmara de Noronha
Aug 1636 - 1638            Domingos da Câmara de Noronha
Aug 1638 - 1644            Sebastião Lôbo da Silveira         (d. 1647?)
Aug 1645 - 1646            Luís de Carvalho de Sousa
1646                       Diogo Coutinho Doçem
Aug 1647 - 1650            João Pereira
Aug 1650 - 1654            João de Sousa Pereira
Aug 1654 - 1664            Manuel Tavares Bocarro
22 Jul 1664 - 1666         Manuel Coelho da Silva
31 Aug 1667 - 1670         Álvaro da Silva
20 Jul 1670 - 1672         Manuel Borges da Silva
20 Jul 1672 - 1677         António Barbosa Lôbo
10 Dec 1678 - 1679         António de Castro Sande
10 Dec 1679 - 1682         Luís de Melo Sampaio               (d. 1697)
10 Dec 1682 - 1685         Belchior do Amaral de Meneses
 5 Jul 1685 - 1688         António de Mesquita Pimentel
31 Jul 1688 - 1691         André Coelho Vieira
21 Jul 1691 - 1693         Francisco da Costa
23 Nov 1693 - 1694         António da Silva e Melo
21 Jul 1694 - 1697         Gil Vaz Lôbo Freire
17 Aug 1697 - 1697         Cosme Rodrigues de Carvalho e Sousa
28 Sep 1697 - 1698         Chamber Senate
 9 Aug 1698 - 1700         Pedro Vaz de Sequeira (1st time)   (b. 1623 - d. 1703)
 5 Aug 1700 - 1702         Diogo de Melo Sampaio
22 Jul 1702 - 1703         Pedro Vaz de Sequeira (2nd time)   (s.a.)
15 Aug 1703 - 1706         José da Gama Machado
 5 Aug 1706 - 28 Jul 1710  Diogo do Pinho Teixeira
28 Jul 1710 - 1711         Francisco de Melo e Castro
11 Jun 1711 - 1714         António de Noronha de Sequeira     (b. 1674 - d. 1720)
18 Jul 1714 - 1718         Francisco de Alarcão de Souto-Maior
30 May 1718 -  9 Sep 1719  António de Albuquerque Coelho      (b. 1682 - d. 1745)
 9 Sep 1719 - 1722         António da Silva Telo de Meneses   (b. c.1660 - d. 17..)
19 Aug 1722 - 1724         Cristóvão Severim Manuel de    
                             Vilhena
 6 Sep 1724 - 12 Aug 1727  António Carneiro de Alcáçova
11 Aug 1727 - 1732         António Moniz Barreto
18 Aug 1732 - 1735         António do Amaral e Meneses
15 Jan 1735 - 1735         João do Casal                      (b. 1641 - d. 1735)
24 Aug 1735 - 27 Aug 1738  Cosme Damião Pinto Pereira (1st time)
27 Aug 1738 - 1743         Manuel Pereira Coutinho
25 Aug 1743 - 29 Aug 1747  Cosme Damião Pinto Pereira (2nd time)
30 Aug 1747 - 1749         António José Teles de Meneses
 2 Aug 1749 - 1752         João Manuel de Melo
29 Jul 1752 - 14 Jul 1755  Rodrigo de Castro (1st time)       (b. 1713 - d. 1774)
14 Jul 1755 -  1 Jul 1758  Francisco António Pereira Coutinho
 1 Jul 1758 -  4 Jul 1761  Diogo Pereira de Castro            (b. 1717 - d. 1772)
 4 Jul 1761 - 14 Jul 1764  António de Mendonça Corte-Real     (b. 1717 - d. 1774)
14 Jul 1764 - 1767         José Plácido de Matos Saraiva
19 Aug 1767 - 1770         Diogo Fernandes Salema e Saldanha
                             (1st time)
29 Jul 1770 - 26 Jul 1771  Rodrigo de Castro (2nd time)       (s.a.)
26 Jul 1771 - 1777         Diogo Fernandes Salema e Saldanha
                             (2nd time)
25 Jun 1777 -  1 Aug 1778  Alexandre da Silva Pedrosa         (b. 1727 - d. 1799)
                             Guimarães, bispo de Macau
 1 Aug 1778 - 1780         João Vicente Ferreira da Silveira  (b. 1728 - d. ....)
                             e Meneses
 5 Jan 1780 - 28 Aug 1781  António José da Costa
28 Aug 1781 - 18 Aug 1783  Francisco de Castro
18 Aug 1783 - 1788         Bernardo Aleixo de Lemos e Faria   (b. 1754 - d. 1826)
                             (1st time)
21 Jul 1788 - 16 Jul 1789  Francisco Xavier de Mendonça       (b. c.1740 - d. 1789) 
                             Corte-Real
16 Jul 1789 - 29 Jul 1790  Commission 
                           - Lázaro da Silva Pereira
                           - Manuel Antonio da Costa Ferreira
29 Jul 1790 - 26 Jul 1793  Vasco Luís Carneiro de Sousa e Faro
27 Jul 1793 -  8 Aug 1797  José Manuel Pinto (1st time)
 8 Aug 1797 - 1800         Cristóvão Pereira de Castro        (b. 1733 - d. 1805)
 8 Aug 1800 -  8 Aug 1803  José Manuel Pinto (2nd time)
 8 Aug 1803 - 1806         Caetano de Sousa Pereira
 8 Aug 1806 - 26 Dec 1808  Bernardo Aleixo de Lemos e Faria   (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
26 Dec 1808 - 19 Jul 1810  Lucas José de Alvarenga (1st time) (b. 1768 - d. 1831)
19 Jul 1810 - 19 Jul 1814  Bernardo Aleixo de Lemos e Faria   (s.a.)
                             (3rd time)
19 Jul 1814 - 1817         Lucas José de Alvarenga (2nd time) (s.a.)
19 Jul 1817 –  9 Aug 1822  José Osório de Castro Cabral de    (b. 1779 - d. 1857)
                             Albuquerque
 9 Aug 1822 – 23 Sep 1822  Paulino da Silva Barbosa
23 Sep 1822 – 28 Jul 1825  Government Council
                           - Frei Francisco de Nossa Senhora
                             da Luz Chacim (1st time)         (b. 1767 - d. 1828)
                           - João Cabral de Estefique
                           - Joaquim Antonio da Silva                
28 Jul 1825 - 15 Nov 1827  Joaquim Mourão Garcês Palha        (b. 1775 - d. 1850)
15 Nov 1827 –  7 Jul 1830  Government Council
                           - Frei Francisco de Nossa Senhora
                             da Luz Chacim (2nd time)         (s.a.)
                              (to 18..)
                           - Ignacio da Silva (from 18..)
                           - José Filippe Pires da Costa
                           - Alexandre Joaquim Grand-Pré
                              (to 18..)
                           - Dyonisio de Mello Sampaio
                              (from 18..)           
 7 Jul 1830 - Jul 1833     João Cabral de Estefique           (b. 1780 - d. 1854)
 3 Jul 1833 - 23 Feb 1837  Bernardo José de Sousa Soares      (b. 1795 - d. 1844)
                             de Andrea
23 Feb 1837 -  2 Oct 1843  Adrião Acácio da Silveira Pinto    (b. 1795 - d. 1868)
 3 Oct 1843 - 21 Apr 1846  José Gregório Pegado               (d. 1846)
21 Apr 1846 - 22 Aug 1849  João Maria Ferreira do Amaral      (b. 1803 - d. 1849)
22 Aug 1849 - 1850         Government Council
                           - Jerônimo José da Mata (1st time) (b  1804 - d. 1865)
                           - Joaquim Antonio de Moraes
                             Carneiro (1st time)
                           - Ludgero Joaquim de Faria Neves
                             (1st time)
                           - Miguel Pereira Simões (1st time)
                           - José Bernardino Goularte
                             (1st time)
                           - Manuel Pereira (1st time)                           
30 May 1850 -  6 Jul 1850  Pedro Alexandrino da Cunha         (b. 1801 - d. 1850)
 7 Jul 1850 - 1851         Government Council
                           - Jerônimo José da Mata (2nd time) (s.a.)
                           - Joaquim Antonio de Moraes
                             Carneiro (2nd time)
                           - Ludgero Joaquim de Faria Neves
                             (2nd time)
                           - Miguel Pereira Simões (2nd time)
                           - José Bernardino Goularte
                             (2nd time)
                           - Manuel Pereira (2nd time)                           
 3 Feb 1851 - 18 Nov 1851  Francisco António Gonçalves        (b. 1800 - d. 1875)
                             Cardoso
19 Nov 1851 - 22 Jun 1863  Isidoro Francisco Guimarães,       (b. 1808 - d. 1883)
                             (from 1862) visconde da Praia
                             Grande de Macau
22 Jun 1863 - 25 Oct 1866  José Rodrigues Coelho do Amaral    (b. 1808 - d. 1873)
26 Oct 1866 -  3 Aug 1868  José Maria da Ponte e Horta        (b. 1824 - d. 1892)
 3 Aug 1868 - 1872         António Sérgio de Sousa            (b. 1809 - d. 1878)
23 Mar 1872 -  7 Dec 1874  Januário Correia de Almeida,       (b. 1829 - d. 1901) 
                             visconde de São Januário 
 7 Dec 1874 - 30 Dec 1876  José Maria Lôbo de Ávila           (b. 1817 - d. 1889)
31 Dec 1876 - 17 Oct 1879  Carlos Eugénio Correia da Silva,   (b. 1834 - d. 1905)
                             visconde de Paço de Arcos    
17 Oct 1879 – 28 Nov 1879  Manuel Bernardo de Sousa Enes      (b. 1814 - d. 1887)
                             (president of Government Council)
28 Nov 1879 – 24 Mar 1883  Joaquim José da Graça              (b. 1825 - d. 1889)
24 Mar 1883 – 23 Apr 1883  Government Council (incomplete)  
                           - Francisco Alves Morgado Jr.          
                           - João José da Silva               (b. 1845 - d. 1927)
23 Apr 1883 -  7 Aug 1886  Tomás de Sousa Rósa                (b. 1844 - d. 1918)
 7 Aug 1886 - 13 Oct 1888  Firmino José da Costa              (b. 1843 - d. 1893)
13 Oct 1888 –  5 Feb 1889  João José da Silva                 (s.a.)
                             (president of Government Council) 
 5 Feb 1889 - 1890         Francisco Teixeira da Silva        (b. 1826 - d. 1894)
16 Oct 1890 - 24 Mar 1894  Custódio Miguel de Borja           (b. 1849 - d. 1911)
24 Mar 1894 - 15 Feb 1897  José Maria de Sousa Horta e Costa
                             (1st time)                       (b. 1858 - d. 1927)
15 Feb 1897 – 12 Mar 1897  Alvaro Maria de Fornelos 
                             (president of Government Council) 
12 Mar 1897 - 21 Apr 1900  Eduardo Augusto Rodrigues Galhardo (b. 1845 - d. 1908)
21 Apr 1900 – 12 Aug 1900  José Manuel de Carvalho            (b. 1844 - d. 1904)
                             (president of Government Council)             
12 Aug 1900 - 17 Dec 1902  José Maria de Sousa Horta e Costa  (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)                       (s.a.)
17 Dec 1902 - 10 Dec 1903  Arnaldo Nogueira de Novais Guedes  (b. 1847 - d. 1917)
                             Rebelo 
10 Dec 1903 -  5 Apr 1904  João Paulino de Azevedo e Castro   (b. 1852 - d. 1918)
                            (president of council of government) 
 5 Apr 1904 -  1 Apr 1907  Martinho Pinto de Queirós          (b. 1864 - d. 1919)
                             Montenegro
 1 Apr 1907 –  6 Apr 1907  José Emilio de Santana da Cunha    (b. 1849 - d. 1920)
                             Castel-Branco (acting)
 6 Apr 1907 – 14 May 1908  Pedro de Azevedo Coutinho          (b. 1865 - d. 1942)
14 May 1908 – 18 Aug 1908  Francisco Diogo de Sá (acting) 
18 Aug 1908 – 22 Sep 1909  José Augusto Alves Roçadas         (b. 1865 - d. 1926)
22 Sep 1909 - 30 Nov 1910  Eduardo Augusto Marquês            (b. 1867 - d. 1944)
30 Nov 1910 – 17 Dec 1910  João Marques Vidal (acting)     
17 Dec 1910 – 14 Jul 1912  Álvaro Cardoso de Melo Machado     (b. 1883 - d. 1970)
14 Jul 1912 - 16 Jun 1914  Aníbal Augusto Sanches de Miranda  (b. 1865 - d. 1939)
16 Jun 1914 – 10 Jun 1914  José Maria Martins Pereira (acting) 
10 Jun 1914 –  5 Sep 1916  José Carlos da Maia                (b. 1878 - d. 1921)
 5 Sep 1916 – 22 Jun 1917  Manuel Ferreira da Rocha           (b. 1885 - d. 1951)
22 Jun 1917 - 21 Dec 1917  Fernando Augusto Vieira de Matos
21 Dec 1917 - 12 Oct 1918  Council of Government
                           - Américo Guilherme Botelho de     (b. 1877 - d. 19..)
                               Sousa
                           - José David Freire Garcia
                           - Manuel Ferreira da Rocha   
12 Oct 1918 – 17 Jul 1919  Artur Tamagnini de Sousa Barbosa   (b. 1880 - d. 1940)
                             (1st time)
17 Jul 1919 – 23 Aug 1919  Joaquim Augusto Tomé dos Santos    (b. 1867 - d. 1954)
                             (acting)  
23 Aug 1919 - 20 May 1922  Henrique Monteiro Correia da Silva (b. 1878 - d. 1935)
20 May 1922 -  5 Jan 1923  Luís António de Magalhães Correia  (b. 1873 - d. 1960)
                             (acting)
 5 Jan 1923 - 16 Jul 1924  Rodrigo José Rodrigues             (b. 1879 - d. 1963)
16 Jul 1924 - 18 Oct 1925  Joaquim Augusto Tomé dos Santos    (b. 1867 - d. 1954)
                             (acting)
18 Oct 1925 -  1 Aug 1926  Manuel Firmino de Almeida Maia     (b. 1881 - d. 1932)
                             Magalhães
 1 Aug 1926 -  8 Dec 1926  Hugo Carvalho Lacerda Castelo      (b. 1860 - d. 1944)
                             Branco (acting)
 8 Dec 1926 –  5 Apr 1929  Artur Tamagnini de Sousa Barbosa   (s.a.) 
                             (2nd time) 
 5 Apr 1929 – 30 Mar 1931  João Pereira de Magalhães          (b. 1873 - d. 1933) 
                             (1st time) (acting)
30 Mar 1931 – 15 Oct 1931  Joaquim Anselmo da Mata e Oliveira (b. 1874 - d. 1948)
15 Oct 1931 – 21 Jun 1932  João Pereira de Magalhães          (s.a.)
                             (2nd time) (acting)
21 Jun 1932 - 19 Sep 1935  António José Bernardes de Miranda  (b. 1885 - d. 1957)
19 Sep 1935 - 24 Dec 1936  João Pereira Barbosa
24 Dec 1936 -  7 Feb 1937  António Joaquim Godinho Ferreira   (b. 1887 - d. 1947)
                             da Silva Júnior
 7 Feb 1937 – 11 Apr 1937  João Pinto Crisóstomo (acting)
11 Apr 1937 - 10 Jul 1940  Artur Tamagnini de Sousa Barbosa   (s.a.)
                             (3rd time) 
10 Jul 1940 - 29 Oct 1940  José Rodrigues Moutinho (acting)   (b. 1904 - d. 1984)
29 Oct 1940 - 1946         Gabriel Maurício Teixeira          (b. 1897 - d. 1973)
1946 –  1 Sep 1947         Samuel Conceição Vieira (acting)
 1 Sep 1947 - 19 Apr 1951  Albano Rodrigues de Oliveira       (b. 1904 - d. 1973)
19 Apr 1951 – 23 Nov 1951  Aires Pinto Ribeiro
                             (government Comissioner)
23 Nov 1951 – 22 Jun 1956  Joaquim Marquês Esparteiro         (b. 1895 - d. 1976)
22 Jun 1956 –  8 Mar 1957  João Carlos Guedes Quinhones de
                             Portugal da Silveira
                             (government commissioner)  
 8 Mar 1957 - 1958         Pedro Correia de Barros            (b. 1911 - d. 1968)
1958 - 1959                Manuel Peixoto Nunes (acting)
17 Sep 1959 - 17 Apr 1962  Jaime Silvério Marques             (b. 1915 - d. 1986)
17 Apr 1962 – Jul 1966     António Adriano Faria Lopes dos    (b. 1919 - d. 2009)
                             Santos
Jul 1966 – 25 Nov 1966     Carlos Armando da Mota Cerveira    (b. 1920 - d. 1981)
                             (acting)
25 Nov 1966 – 29 Sep 1974  José Manuel de Sousa e Faro Nobre  (b. 1910 - d. 1988)
                             de Carvalho
29 Sep 1974 – 19 Nov 1974  Manuel Joaquim Álvaro de Maia
                             Gonçalves (acting)
19 Nov 1974 -  1 Feb 1979  José Eduardo Martinho García       (b. 1940)
                             Leandro                   
 1 Feb 1979 – 28 Nov 1979  Victor Manuel de Oliveira Santos
                             (acting)  
28 Nov 1979 - 26 Feb 1981  Nuno Viriato Tavares de Melo       (b. 1922 - d. 2011)
                             Egídio                    
26 Feb 1981 - 16 Jun 1981  José Carlos Moreira Campos
                             (acting)
16 Jun 1981 – Jan 1986     Vasco Fernando Leotte de Almeida   (b. 1932 - d. 2010)
                             e Costa                       
Jan 1986 – 28 May 1986     Manuel Maria Amaral de Freitas     (b. 19.. - d. 2014)
                             (acting)   
28 May 1986 – Mar 1987     Joaquim Germano Pinto Machado      (b. 1930 - d. 2011)
                             Correia da Silva
Mar 1987 –  9 Aug 1987     Carlos Augusto Valente Pulido      (b. 1942)
                             Monjardino (acting)      
 9 Aug 1987 - 28 Sep 1990  Carlos Montez Melancia             (b. 1927 - d. 2022)
28 Sep 1990 - 23 Apr 1991  Francisco Luis Murteira Nabo       (b. 1939)
                            (acting)                  
23 Apr 1991 - 19 Dec 1999  Vasco Joaquim Rocha Vieira         (b. 1939)

Japanese Advisors (Japanese Consuls in Macao)
(formally in charge of contacts with the Portuguese governor) 
1941 -  3 Feb 1945         Yasumitsu Fukui                    (d. 1945)
19 Mar 1945 - Jul 1945     Iwai Eiichi (acting)               (b. 1899 - d. 19..)
Jul 1945 - 1945            Masaki Yodogawa

20 Jun 1900 - 14 Aug 1900  Siege of the foreign legations in Peking by the "Boxer" rebels.
14 Aug 1900                Beijing occupied by Allied troops (Germany, France, Italy, Japan,
                             Russia, U.K. and U.S.)
Sep 1901                   Withdrawal of foreign forces from Peking (except from the Legation
                             Quarter) takes place with the restoration of local administration.
 7 Sep 1901                By Article VII of the Final Protocol, the Diplomatic Quarter was
                             thus assigned to the use, or special use, of the legations.
1901 - 1904                Italy occupies Hwan-tsun district; Germany, Lang-fang and Yang-tsun;
                             France, Chun-liang-cheng and Tongku; Great Britain, Lutai and
                             Tangshan; Japan, Lanchou and Changli.
13 Jun 1904                Protocol Regarding Administration of Legation Quarter in Peking -
                             supplementary to the 7 Sep 1901 Final Protocol, in order to
                             guarantee an unimpeded and adequate use of the quarter, the
                             privilege of having its own exclusive administration was  granted
                             to be run by representatives of the Powers, signatory to the
                             Final Protocol of 7 Sep 1901 (signed by Austria-Hungary,
                             Belgium, China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Netherlands,
                             Russia, Spain, U.K., and U.S.)
1904 - 1914                In the Diplomatic Quarter, three different sections were
                             established: the "eastern", "western", and "British". During the
                             long period, from 1901 to 1911, there was no unity in the
                             administration of the Legation Quarter.
 1 Jan 1914                Joint administration of the Legation Quarter under a special statute
                            (Règlements pour le Quartier Diplomatique a Pekin). "Administrative
                             Commission of the Diplomatic Quarter shall consist of three
                             representatives of the Legations of the Protocol Powers and two
                             representatives of the residents of the Quarter. The former are
                             designated by the Heads of Missions of the Protocol Powers and the
                             latter are elected by secret ballot under a system which provides
                             for the apportionment of voting power according to the amount of
                             taxes contributed."
28 Mar 1917                German minister leaves Peking followed by Austrian-Hungarian
                             minister.
17 Aug 1917                China declares war on Germany and Austria-Hungary and abrogates
                             all treaties with them.
1917 - 1919                German properties occupied by Netherlands, Austro-Hungarian by
                             Spain.
 6 Aug 1914 - 23 Aug 1917  Legation diplomatic commission does not meet due to World War I.
28 Jun 1919                By Treaty of Versailles Germany renounces its extraterritorial
                             rights in China, including in Legation Quarter, however China
                             does sign to sign the treaty.
10 Sep 1919                By Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye Austria renounces its
                             extraterritorial rights in China, including in Legation Quarter
                             (effective 16 Jun 1920) and Hungary by the Treaty of Trianon
                             (ratified on 21 Jun 1921).
30 May 1921                Sino-German treaty, Germany re-establishes diplomatic relations with
                             China renouncing extraterritorial rights in the Legation Quarter.
23 Mar 1920                Peking Government withdraws its recognition of the Russian minister
                             and all other Russian officials in China appointed by the Russian
                             Provisional government and confiscates Russian properties. The
                             foreign diplomatic corps entrusted the Russian legation and its
                             holdings in Peking to M.J. Oudendijk Minister of the Netherlands.
12 Jul 1924                Soviet representative Lev Karakhan agrees with the Netherlands
                             Minister that the Soviet Union is a cosignatory to the 1901 and
                             1904 Boxer Protocols, his  action directly violates the 31 May
                             1924 Sino-Soviet agreement.
12 Sep 1924                Immovable property of the former Russian Legation is transferred to
                             the representative of the Soviet Union by the diplomatic corps
                             (by Sino-Soviet agreement of 31 May 1924).
21 Jun 1928                Peking is renamed Beiping (Peip'ing) as the Nationalist government
                             of China establishes a new central government at Nanking.
Apr 1927                   Zhang Zuolin orders a speedy requisition of the Soviet Embassy which
                             resulted in the arrest of the Soviet Communist agents as well as
                             in the seizure of arms, munitions, and some important secret
                             documents (Soviet representative had failed to sit in the meetings
                             of the diplomatic corps at Peking as a signatory Power of the
                             Final Protocol).
Dec 1934                   Italy elevates its legation at Peking to the rank of an embassy.
17 May 1935                The American, Japanese, and British governments simultaneously
                             announce that their respective legations in China would be
                             elevated to embassies.
18 May 1935                Germany elevates its legation at Peking to the rank of an embassy.
Feb 1936                   France elevates its legation at Peking to the rank of an embassy.
Jun 1936                   Belgium elevates its legation at Peking to the rank of an embassy.
 8 Aug 1937 - 10 Oct 1945  Japanese occupy Peiping.
14 Dec 1937 - 10 Oct 1945  Beiping renamed Beijing (Peking) as the capital of the Japanese-
                             sponsored China government.
13 Aug 1940                British consulate-general guard departs.
1941                       French embassy suspended.
 8 Dec 1941                British and U.S. citizens become Japanese prisoners.
11 Jan 1943                U.S. and U.K. legations officially retroceded to the Republic of
                             China by the U.S. and U.K., formal end of extraterritoriality.
Feb 1943                   Civilian foreigners remaining in Peiping are interned by Japan in
                             the Weihsien Civilian Assembly Center, 320 km (200 mi) south.
1943                       "Vichy" France retrocedes its legation to Japanese sponsored Chinese
                             National Government (not recognized by "Free" French or the
                             Republic of China).
Feb/Mar 1943               Legation Quarter is handed over to the Japanese-sponsored Chinese
                             National Government by Japan.
15 Oct 1945                U.S. Marines accept the surrender of Japanese troops in Peiping.
26 Dec 1947                Joint Agreement of the Commissioners and Foreign Advisers of the
                             Commission for the Liquidation of the Official Assets,
                             Obligations, and Liabilities of the Peiping Legation Quarter. 
 3 Feb 1949                Nationalist forces in Peiping (Beijing) surrender to the Communists
 
Presidents of the Administrative Commission of the Diplomatic Quarter
c.1917 - 1918              Daniele Varé (Italy)               (b. 1880 - d. 1956)
1918 - 1921                Alexis Léger Saint-Léger (France)  (b. 1887 - d. 1975)
                             (= Saint-John Perse)
1921? - c.1922             Willys Ruggles Peck (U.S.)         (b. 1882 - d. 1952)
c.1926                     Miles Wedderburn Lampson (U.K.)    (b. 1880 - d. 1964)
19.. - 1938                Y. Mutō (Japan)
1938 - 1939                George Atcheson (U.S.)             (b. 1896 - d. 1947)
c.1943                     Naokichi Kitazawa (Japan)          (b. 1901 - d. 1981)

Secretaries to the Administrative Commission of the Diplomatic Quarter
 1 Jan 1914 - c.1932       William Porter Thomas (U.K.)       (b. 1878 - d. 19..)
Jul 1938 -  8 Dec 1941     Peter J. Lawless (U.K.)
                             (Japanese prisoner 8 Dec 1941-1945)
Dec 1941 - 1943            ....

17 Sep 1861                China leases a concession on Shameen (Shamian) Island at Canton
                             (Guangzhou) to France (Concession Française de Shameen [Canton]),
                             however France does not begin development of their holdings on
                             Shamian until 1889.
20 Aug 1889                Municipal Organization of the French Concession of Shameem (Canton).
1940 - 1945                Consul loyal to Vichy France.
19 May 1943                "Vichy" France retrocedes its Shameen concession to the Japanese
                             sponsored Chinese National Government (not recognized by the
                             "Free" French or the Republic of China).
19 May 1943 -  9 Sep 1945  Japanese occupy the former French Canton concession.
28 Feb 1946                Formally restored to China by France.

French Consuls in Canton
1858 - 1869                Gilbert Gabriel de Trenqualye     (b. 1811 - d. 1871)
1869 - 1870                Henry Du Chesne                   (d. 1884)
1870 - 1871                Claude-Philibert Dabry de         (b. 1826 - d. 1898)
                             Thiersant (1st time)
Apr 1871 -  4 Apr 1872     Ernest Jules Blancheton (acting)  (b. 1842 - d. 1881)
Apr 1872 - Jun 1872        Julien René Emmanuel Stephen de   (b. 1844 - d. 1917)
                             Chappedelaine, comte de                          
                             Chappedelaine (1st time)(interim)
Jun 1872 - Sep 1872        Vincente Salès (1st time)(interim)(b. 1828 - d. ....)
1872 - 1873                Julien René Emmanuel Stephen de   (s.a.)
                             Chappedelaine, comte de                          
                             Chappedelaine (2nd time)(interim)
1873 - 1876                Claude-Philibert Dabry de         (s.a.)
                             Thiersant (2nd time)
16 Dec 1876 - 14 Apr 1879  Edmond Théodore Melchior de       (b. 1842 - d. 1909)
                             Lagrené (interim)
1878                       Victor Gabriel Lemaire (1st time) (b. 1839 - d. 1907)
                             (acting for Lemaire)
1879 - 1880                Georges Francisque Fernand        (b. 1849 - d. 1886)
                             Sherzer (1st time)(interim)
1880                       Victor Gabriel Lemaire (2nd time) (s.a.)
1881                       Vincente Salès (2nd time)(interim)(s.a.)
 1 Apr 1881 - 1882         Léon Bellaguet                    (b. 1839 - d. ....)
23 Nov 1882 - 1883         Alexandre Laurence de Lalande     (b. 1856 - d. ....)
                             (interim)
1883 - 1884                Paul Octave Ristelhueber          (b. 1849 - d. 1925)
1884                       Georges Francisque Fernand        (s.a.)
                             Sherzer (2nd time)
1885 - 1886                Joseph Hippolyte Frandin (interim)(b. 1852 - d. 1924)
1886 - 1889                Georges-Gaston Servan de          (b. 1852 - d. 1917)
                             Bézaure
1889 - 1892                Camille Clément Imbault-Huart     (b. 1857 - d. 1897)
                             (1st time)
1892 - 1893                Camille Gaston Kahn (1st time)    (b. 1864 - d. 1928)
                             (interim)
1893 - 1896                Camille Clément Imbault-Huart     (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
26 May 1896 - 10 Jun 1897  Léonce Hector Gabriel Flayelle    (b. 1863 - d. 1927)
                             (1st time) (interim)
1897 - 29 Nov 1897         Camille Clément Imbault-Huart     (s.a.)
                             (3rd time)
 8 Dec 1897 -  6 Jan 1900  Léonce Hector Gabriel Flayelle    (s.a.)
                             (2nd time) (interim)
1900 - 1902                Charles Edmond Hardouin           (b. 1856 - d. 1956)
1902 - 1903                Fernand Emmanuel Jean Guillien    (b. 1860 - d. 19..)
1903 - 1904                Léon Alphonse Doire (interim)     (b. 1868 - d. 19..)
 1 Jul 1904 - 1906         Camille Gaston Kahn (2nd time)    (s.a.)
1906 - 1908                Paul Constant Véroudart (interim) (b. 1875 - d. 19..)
1908 - 1909                Jean Joseph Beauvais (1st time)   (b. 1867 - d. 1924)
1909 - 1910                Ulysse-Raphaël Reau (interim)     (b. 1872 - d. 1928)
1910 - 1923                Jean Joseph Beauvais (2nd time)   (s.a.)
1924 - 1925                Georges Dufaure de La Prade
1925 - 1929                François André Gustave Abel       (b. 1874 - d. 1966)
                             Danjou
1929 - 1938                Laurent Antoine Eynard            (b. 1879 - d. 1939)
1938 - 1945                Philippe August Simon             (b. 1884 - d. af.1959)
1945 - 1950                Paul Marie Antoine Viaud          (b. 1914 - d. 1953)

May 1845                   Despite British protest Russell and Co. acquires a tract of land
                             from Chinese authorities.
Dec 1848                   Renewed raising of the U.S. flag. American Concession now gradually
                             expands, eventually consisting of the American Protestant
                             Episcopal Church Mission, the Shanghai Dock, some wharves,
                             and 'some establishments for the entertainment of sailors.'
Aug 1854                   American Concession is formally delineated.
21 Sep 1863                Union of the American and British Shanghai concessions creates the
                             Shanghai International Settlement (consummated Dec 1863).

24 Oct 1860                United States granted the right to have a concession