Former Foreign Colonies and Major Concessions in
China
Note: Treaty ports were of
four primary types: Treaty Port,
Settlement, Concession
and Leased Territories. The general term,
Treaty Port,
applied to all cities, usually on the coast or along
navigable waterways, that were opened to foreign
commerce. By concessions and
settlements are meant the areas reserved for foreign
residence where foreign communities, either through
their consuls or their municipal councils,
constitute self-governing bodies politic.
Settlements were usually designated
districts under the control of the resident foreign
consuls and, normally, an organized municipal council
that provided the local government and were separate
municipalities from the surrounding Chinese cities.
Settlements were generally considered Chinese soil
governed by foreigners. Concessions
were de jure colonies of the nation leasing the
property. Most were organized with a local municipal
council but, in all instances, the local consul had the
ultimate administrative and political authority over the
concession. Legally, as leased foreign soil, Chinese and
nationals of other countries could be individually
excluded from entry, residence, and property ownership.
By 1917 there were no less than 107 cities
and towns of China open to foreign residence and
trade. Leased Territories are the areas leased
to foreign powers for a fixed term of years, during
which the Chinese government withholds the exercise of
her jurisdiction over the areas and instead the
exclusive jurisdiction of the lessee is substituted
(Port Arthur, Kiaochow, Kowloon, and Weihaiwei all
leased in 1898 are examples).
By the beginning of the 20th
Century, several nations had treaties with China that
established extraterritorial consular
court jurisdiction over their
nationals: Austria-Hungary (2 Sep 1869-14 Aug 1917);
Belgium (2 Nov 1865-1 Jun 1945);
Brazil (3 Oct 1881-16 Apr 1945); Canada
(1942-3 Apr 1945); Chile (18 Feb 1915-1943); Congo Free
State (10 Jul 1898-15 Nov 1908); Denmark (13
Jul 1863-20 May 1946); France (24 Oct
1844-8 Jun 1946); Germany (2 Sep 1861-14 Mar 1917);
Italy (26 Oct 1866-[27 Jul 1944 RSI and Wang
Jingwei regime] 10 Feb 1947); Japan (31 Jul 1896-[9 Jan
1943 Wang Jingwei regime] 2 Sep 1945);
Luxembourg (2 Nov 1865-1 Jun 1945); Mexico (14
Dec 1899-26 Feb 1946); Netherlands (6
Oct 1863-5 Dec 1945); Norway (20 Mar 1847-13 Jun 1944);
Peru (26 Jun 1874-1927); Portugal (1862/1 Dec 1887-1 Apr
1947); Russia/Soviet Union (13 Jun 1858-23 Sep 1920/31
May 1924); Spain (10 Oct 1864-1943); Sweden (20 Mar
1847-18 Nov 1946); Switzerland (8 Oct 1919-13 Mar 1946);
United Kingdom (8 Oct 1843-20 May 1943); and
United States (17 Jan 1845-20 May 1943).
The Concessions located at Amoy,
Hankow, Peking Legation Quarter, Shameen (Canton),
Shangahi, Tientsin; Leased
territories of Chinese Eastern Railway Zone (including
Harbin), Hong Kong, Kiaochow, Kwangchowan, Kwangtung,
Macau, South Manchurian Railway Zone, and Weihaiwei; and
the International Settlements at
Kulangsu and Shanghai are listed below.
List of Treaty Ports (year
opened): Amoy (Xiamen)(1842), Canton
(Guangzhou)(1842), Changsha (1904),
Chefoo (Zhifu [Tantai])(1858), Chinkiang (Zhenjiang)(1858),
Chungking (Chongqing)(1890), Foochow
(Fuzhou)(1842), Gartok (Garyarsa)(1904),
Gyangtse (Gyangze)(1904), Hami (Kumul)(1881), Hangchow
(Hangzhou)(1895), Hankow (Hankou)(1858), Hokow
(Hekou)(1896), Ichang
(Yichang)(1877), Ili (Yining)(1851), Kalgan
(Zhangjiakou)(1860), Kashgar
(Kashkar)(1860), Kiukiang
(Jiujiang)(1858), Kiungchow (Qiongzhou)(1858),
Kobdo (Khovd)(1881), Kongmoon [Chiangmen](Jiangmen)(1902),
Kucheng (Qitai)(1881), Kuldja
(Yining)(1851), Lappa (Hengqin Dao)(1886); Lungchow
(Longzhou)(1887), Maimaicheng
[Khiagt](Altanbulag)(1727), Manhao (1887),
Manwyne (Mangyun)(1894), Mengtse [Mengtsz](Mengzi)(1887),
Nanking (Nanjing)(1858 [1899]), Newchwang
(Yingkou)(1858), Ningpo (Ningbo)(1858),
Pakhoi (Beihai)(1877), Shamshui (Sanshui)(1897),
Shanghai (1842), Shan-hai-kwan
(Shanhaiguan)(1894), Shasi (Shashi)(1895),
Soochow (Suzhou)(1895), Suchow
(Jiuquan) (1881), Suifenho (Suifehe)(1895), Swatow
(Shantou)(1858), Szemao
(Simao)(1895), Tachienlu (Kangding)(1913), Taiwan-fu
(Tainan)(1858 to 1895), Tamsui (Danshui)(1858
to 1895), Tarbagatai (Tacheng)(1851),
Tengyueh (Tengchong)(1897), Tientsin
(Tianjin)(1860), Tufan (Turpan)(1860), Uliassutai
(Uliastai)(1881), Urga (Ulaanbaatar)(1860), Urumchi
(Urumqi)(1881), Wenchow
(Wenzhou)(1876), Wuchow (Wuzhou)(1897), Wuhow
(Wuhu)(1876), Yatung (Yadong)(1893), and Yunnan-fu
(Kunming)(1908); and in addition the
Peking/Peiping (Beijing) Legation Quarter (1860);
List of Open Cities (year
opened): Aigun (Aihun)(1905),
Antung (Andong)(1903), Chengchiatun
(Zhengjiatun)(1914), Chengteh
(Changde) (1908), Chihfeng (Chifeng)(1914),
Chinpeng (Jinpeng)(1915), Chinwangtao
(Qinhuangdao)(1898), Chowtsun
(Zhoucun)(1904), Chuitzuchien [Chützechieh](Yanji)(1909),
Dolon-nor (Duolun)(1914), Fakumen
(Faku)(1905), Fenghwangcheng (Fengcheng)(1905),
Haichow (Haizhou)(1905), Hailar
(Hulunber)(1905), Harbin (1905), Hsiao Kulun
(Kulun)(1915), Hsinmintun
(Xinmin)(1905), Hulutao (Huludao)(1914), Hunchun
(Hunchun)(1905), Ichow (Linyi)(1915),
Kailuhsien (Kailu)(1915), Kalgan
(Zhangjiakou)(1914), Kirin (Jilin)(1905), Kwangchengtze
(Changchun) (1905), Kweihwacheng
(Hohhot)(1914), Liaoyang (1905), Lichüan
(Fuli)(1915), Linsi (Linxi)(1915), Lungchingtsun
(Longjing)(1909), Lungkow (Longkou)(1914), Manchouli
(Manzhouli)(1905), Mukden
(Shenyang)(1903), Nanning (1899),
Ninguta (Ning'an)(1905), Paitsaokow
(Baicaogou)(1909), Pengpu
(Bengpu)(1923), Pingchüan (Pingquan)(1915),
Poshan (Boshan)(1915), Sanhsing
(Yiln)(1905), Santuao (Sandu)(1898), Tali (Dali
Nuori)(1915), Taonan-fu
(Taonan) (1914), Tatungkow
(Dadonggou) (1903), Tehchow (Dezhou)(1915), Tiehling
(Tieling)(1905), Totaokow (Toudaogou)(1909), Tsinan-fu
(Jinan) (1904), Tsinhing (Jining)(1915), Tsitsihar
(Qiqihar)(1905), Tungkiangtze
(Tongjiangkou)(1905), Wanhsien (Wanxian)(1917), Weihsien
(Weifang)(1904), Woosung (Wusong)(1899),
Wuchanghsien (Wuchang) (1915), Yangkiokow
(Yangkou)(1915), Yenchow (Yanzhou)(1915), and
Yochow (Yueyang)(1898).
Amoy (Xiamen) Concessions
Amoy British Concession
-
![[United Kingdom] [United Kingdom]](gb.gif)
9 Feb 1852
British concession at Amoy
leased by China for an area 189 meters
long stretching 69 meters back from the water.
1871
Amoy British Concession municipal council created.
17 Sep 1930
Amoy British Concession restored to
China.
British Consuls-general in Amoy
(resident on Kulangsu [Gulangyu])
1852 - 1853?
George Grey Sullivan
(b. 1808 - d. 1853?)
14 Oct 1853 - May 1854 Daniel
Brooke
Robertson
(b. 1810 - d. 1881)
(appointed Nov 1852)
1854 -
1855
Harry Smith
Parkes
(b. 1828 - d. 1885)
1855 - 1861
Robert Swinhoe (1st
time)
(b. 1836 - d. 1877)
Apr 1856 – May
1856 William
Henry Pedder
(b. 1826
- d. 1900)
(acting for Swinhoe)
1856 -
1857
Martin Crofton
Morrison
(b. 1827 - d. 1870)
(acting for Swinhoe)
Oct 1857 – Feb
1858 William
Henry Pedder
(s.a.)
(acting for Swinhoe)
27 Oct 1860 - 1866
William Henry Pedder (1st time) (s.a.)
(acting to 20 Dec 1861)
1865
John Gibson (acting for Pedder) (b. 1834
- d. 1869)
May 1866 - 1867
Robert Swinhoe (2nd time)
(s.a.)
1867 - 1878
William Henry Pedder (2nd
time) (s.a.)
24 Apr 1875 - 19 Apr 1876 George Phillips (acting
for Pedder)(b. 1836 - d. 1896)
1878 -
1879
....
26 Jun 1879 – 16 Mar 1881 Herbert Allen
Giles
(b. 1845 - d. 1935)
1881 -
1893
Robert James
Forrest
(b. 1836? - d. 1902)
(appointed Feb 1880)
1886
Henry Fletcher
Hance
(b. 1827 – d. 1886)
(acting for
Forrest)
Jul 1886 - 24 Dec
1886 Pierre Frederick Hausser
(1st time)(b. 1856 - d. 1926)
(acting for Forrest)
1892
Alexander Hosie
(b. 1853 - d. 1925)
(acting for Forrest)
13 Apr 1893 - 18 Apr 1893 Walter
James Clennell (acting) (b. 1867 -
d. 1928)
15 Jun 1893 - 1899
Christopher
Thomas Gardner (b.
1842 – d. 1914)
3
Jan 1894 – 2 Oct 1894 Charles Walter
Everard
(b. 1846 - d. 1926)
(acting for Gardner)
1899
Henry Alexander Little (1st time)
(b. 1869 – d. 19..)
(acting)
1899 - 1902
Robert William Mansfield (1st time)(b.
1850 - d. 1911)
1902
John Thomas
Pratt
(b. 1876 - d. 1970)
22 Mar 1902 – 15 Jun 1905
Pierre Frederick Hausser (2nd time)(s.a.)
(acting)
1905 - Apr
1906
Robert William Mansfield (2nd time)(s.a.)
8 May 1906 - 1908
Pierce Essex
O'Brien-Butler
(b. 1858 - d. 1954)
(acting)
Sep 1908 - Jun 1909
Ambrose John Sundius (1st time) (b.
1864 - d. 1924)
Jun 1909 - Aug 1909
Lancelot Giles (acting)
(b. 1878 - d. 1934)
Aug 1909 – Dec
1910
Berthold George Tours (1st time) (b. 1871 –
d. 1941)
Dec 1910 - 1913
Ambrose John Sundius (2nd time)
(s.a.)
1913 - c.1918
Henry Alexander Little (2nd time) (s.a.)
(consul)
1916 -
1917
W.P.W. Turner (acting for Little)
1919 –
1922
Berthold George Tours (2nd time) (s.a.)
5 Jan 1922 – 21 Nov
1923 Arthur Ernest
Eastes
(b. 1877 – d. 1948)
1923 - 1927
William Meyrick
Hewlett
(b. 1876 - d. 1944)
c.1929
Walter Russell
Brown
(b. 1879 - d. 1966)
1930? - 17 Sep
1930 Penrhyn
Grant
Jones
(b. 1878 - d. 1945)
Amoy Japanese Concession
-
16 Jul
1898
China agrees to lease a concession in Amoy to Japan.
25 Oct 1899
Japanese concession at Amoy delineated.
25 Aug 1900
Japanese take possession.
28 Aug 1937 – 12 May 1938
Japanese evacuate concession.
13 May 1938 - 9 Sep
1945 Japanese occupy Amoy
(Xiamen).
9 Jan 1943
Japan retrocedes its
concession to the Japanese sponsored
Chinese National Government
(not recognized by Republic of China).
9 Sep
1945
Republic of China takes possession of Amoy.
Japanese Consuls in Amoy (resident on Kulangsu
[Gulangyu])
7 Mar 1896 - 30 Aug 1900 Sen'ichi Ueno (1st
time) (b. 1856 -
d. 19..)
30 Aug 1900 - 19 Sep 1900 Kenkichi Yoshizawa
(b. 1874
- d. 1965)
19 Sep 1900 - 1 Oct 1901 Sen'ichi Ueno (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
1 Oct 1901 - 11 Nov 1901 Yoshizawa Fu (acting)
11 Nov 1901 - 18 Nov 1903 Sen'ichi Ueno (3rd
time)
(s.a.)
18 Nov 1903 - 9 Jan 1904 Yoshiyuki Sansei
(acting)
9 Jan 1904 - 14 Aug 1906 Sen'ichi Ueno (4th
time)
(s.a.)
14 Aug 1906 - 22 May 1907 Mi (Yoshi)toshi Yoshida
(acting)
27 May 1907 - 1908
Asanoshin
Segawa
(b. 1861 - d. 19..)
22 May 1908 - 30 Jun 1908 Masahiro Nasuke (acting)
30 Jun 1908 - 1910
Yasusaburō
Mori
(b. 1880 - d. 1952)
15 Mar 1910 - 4 Apr 1911 Giro Kikuchi (1st
time)
4 Apr 1911 - 16 Oct 1911 Masao Yano (acting)
16 Oct 1911 - 4 Feb 1913 Giro Kikuchi (2nd
time)
4 Feb 1913 - 14 Apr 1913 Ayao (Fumio) Funatsu
(acting)
14 Apr 1913 - 10 Jan 1917 Giro Kikuchi (3rd time)
10 Jan 1917 - 3 Apr 1917 Ikusaburō
Akitsu (acting)
3 Apr 1917 -
1918
Yasukichi Yatabe
(b. 1882 - d. 1952)
24 Dec 1918 - 14 Jul 1919 Nobunari Ichikawa (acting)
(b. 1887 - d. 19..)
14 Jul 1919 - 1920 Eisuke
Fujita
(b. 1881 - d. 19..)
11 Oct 1920 - 10 Apr 1921 Suzuki (acting)
20 Apr 1921 – 1922
Keinosuke
Fujii
(b. 1888 - d. 1959)
12 Dec 1922 - 26 May 1923 Kiyoshi Kawano (acting)
(b. 1883 - d.
19..)
26 May 1923 - 1924 Katsusaburō
Sasaki
(b. 1891 - d. 19..)
28 Aug 1924 - 1927 Kojiro
Inoue
(b. 1890 - d. 19..)
11 Jan 1927 - 26 Jul 1927 Suehiko Takai
(Acting)
(b. 1895 - d. 19..)
26 Jul 1927 - 1929
Tatsuki
Sakamoto
(b. 1894 - d. 19..)
25 Feb 1929 - 1930 Hirobumi
Tirajima (1st time) (b.
1892 - d. 19..)
1 Feb 1930 - 3 Mar 1930 Gishiro Masuo
(b. 1893 - d. 19..)
3 Mar 1930 -
1931
Hirobumi Tirajima (2nd time)
(s.a.)
7 Sep 1931 - 1933
Yoshiaki
Miura
(b. 1890 - d. 19..)
1 Apr 1933 – 10 Apr 1934 Takashi Tsukamoto
(1st time) (b. 1896 - d.
19..)
10 Apr 1934 - 1 Jun 1935 Muto Sadaki
(b. 1901 - d. 19..)
1 Jun 1934 - 1936
Takashi Tsukamoto (2nd time) (s.a.)
6 Aug 1936 - 1 Nov 1936
Yoshitaro Yamada
(b. 1899 - d.
19..)
Japanese Consul-generals in Amoy
1 Nov 1936 - 1937
Yoshitaro Yamada
(s.a.)
17 May 1937 - 28 Aug 1937 Shigeru Takahahi
(b. 1900 - d. 19..)
28 Aug 1937 - 1937
Kazuo
Okazaki (did not take office)(b. 1897 - d. 1965)
28 Aug 1937 – 27 May 1938 Vacant
27 May 1938 - 1940
Gorō
Uchida
(b. 1888 - d. 19..)
13 Jan 1941 - 1942 Minoru
Ishikawa
(b. 1896 - d. 19..)
7 Apr 1942 - 19 Dec 1943 Tetsukichi Akabori
(b. 1890 - d. 19..)
19 Dec 1943 - 1944 Yasushi
Shirai
(b. 1892 - d. 19..)
26 Nov 1944 - 5 Aug 1945 Eiichi
Kazuyama
(b. 1908 - d. 19..)
5 Aug 1945 - 8 Feb 1946 Yayoi
Nagaiwa
(b. 1899 - d. 19..)
Canton (Guangzhou) Concessions:
see under Shameen Island
Chinese
Eastern Railway Zone (CER)
10 Mar 1897 - 16 Aug 1915
CER Flag
|
16 Aug 1915 - c.1925 CER
Flag
|
c.1925 - 23 Mar 1932 CER Flag
|
23 Mar 1932 - 1 Sep 1935 CER
Flag
|
|
|
8 Sep
1896
Russia and China sign treaty for building Chinese
Eastern
Railroad under the Chinese Eastern Railway Company to be
funded
by the joint Russo-Chinese Bank. Treaty includes the
right to
establish an administrative zone either side of the
tracks and run
associated courts, police, customs, railway related
industries
and coal mines within 10 miles of both sides of the
tracks.
16 Dec
1896
Chinese Eastern Railway Company (CER)(in Russian:
Kitaysko-
Vostochnaya Zheleznaya Doroga [KVZhD])
Statute approved by Russia
Jul
1897
Construction begun on Chinese Eastern Railway in
Manchuria
Manzhouli to Hilar to Harbin to Suifenhe.
16 May
1898
Harbin (see under China
prov.) founded as the headquarters
of the
CER.
6 Jul
1898
CER allowed to build a Southern Manchurian branch, Port
Arthur to
Dalniy, and to maintain a CER flagged steamship service.
Jun 1900 - 21 Jul 1900
"Boxer" rebels lay siege to Harbin and occupy most of
the CER Zone.
9 Nov 1900 - 22 Mar 1907 Russia
occupies Manchuria (from 10 Mar 1905, only north of
Mukden).
3 Nov
1901
Official traffic begins.
1 Jul
1903
Chinese Eastern Railroad formally opened under Russian
controlled
CER administration, regular passenger traffic begun from
Saint
Petersburg to Vladivostok.
12 Aug 1903 - 1 Jul 1905 CER Zone
subordinated to the Viceroy of Far East (see Kwangtung).
5 Sep
1905
Southern branch (Changchun to Dalian) ceded to Japan by
Russia (as
the South
Manchuria Railway) by the Treaty of
Portsmouth.
1 Aug 1906 - 1 Jul 1920
Ussurian branch line is granted on lease to the CER by
Russia.
10 May
1909
Harbin Municipal Council (under control of the CER)
established by
Russia-China treaty (see Harbin under China provinces).
12 Dec 1917 - 28 Feb 1918 Russian Bolsheviks of
the Harbin Soviet of Deputies twice attempt to
take control of the CER.
28 Dec
1917
Chinese forces under Meng Enyuan, military governor of
Jilin, occupy
Harbin. Then from 2 Jan 1918, go on to garrison
the entire CER
Zone by
Mar 1918 and the same time regular Russian
troops
withdrew.
31 Jan
1918
Soviet Russian government informs Horvath that the
railroad was
being transferred from the direction of the CER joint
stock
company to the People's Commissariat of Communications
for Soviet
Russia, and that he was being recalled to Petrograd.
However,
Horvath
refuses to recognize this ruling and remains
in charge.
27 Apr
1918
CER Board director Dmitriy Horvath,
backed by the Russo-Asiatic Bank
(which owned a majority of CER stock), reorganizes the
CER Board
of Directors, independent of any declared Russian
government, to
include Admiral Kolchak as "Supervisor of Military
Organization"
in the CER Zone.
18 Nov 1918 - 15 Jan 1920 CER Zone
Russian local administrators under Dmitriy Horvath
loyal
to "White" Russian Government under
Supreme Ruler Aleksandr
Kolchak and subject to chief "White"
representatives in the Far
East (see Primorye
under Russian Civil
War polities).
10 Mar 1919 - 31 Oct
1922 CER administered by Inter-Allied Railway
Technical Commission under
Britain, China, France, Italy, Japan, U.S. and "White"
Russia, and
garrisoned by China under the Inter-Allied Railway
Agreement of
9 Jan 1919.
Jan
1920
Following the collapse of Kolchak's regime, Dmitriy
Horvath
announces that he himself assumes "full state
authority" for
Russians in the CER Zone. This move is not recognized
by China or
Soviet Russia.
13 Mar
1920
Russian workers proclaim a general strike to oust
Horvath.
16 Mar 1920 - Apr 1920
Chinese army under Bao Guiqing occupies the CER Zone in
order to
end the strike and China announces that it
would assume government
power
within CER Zone dismissing Horvath
(who resigns 18 Mar 1920)
31 Mar
1920
CER board ratifies a reorganization that defines the
railway as
strictly a commercial concern with no political
authority. The
railway guards, local police and court system are
removed from
CER control and placed under Chinese administration.
9/12 Apr 1920-14 Sep 1922 Japanese military
forces occupy the CER Zone.
23 Sep
1920
China revokes Russian extraterritorial rights and
authority of
Russian consular officials in China; Harbin Russian
consulate
general and Russian courts are occupied and closed.
Oct
1920
China effects a reorganization of the CER by Supplement
to the CER
Charter, affirming Chinese sovereignty over Harbin and
throughout
the entire CER Zone.
6 Nov
1920
China formally dismisses CER Board director Dmitriy
Horvath, taking
full control of CER administration.
28 Dec
1920
Eastern Provinces Special District created by China to
administer
CER Zone, de jure abolition of CER Zone (see China
provinces).
31 May
1924
Chinese-Soviet Peking treaty restores co-management and
co-ownership
over the CER. China recognizes the Soviet Union, and
Soviets
formally renounce all concessions and extraterritorial
rights.
24 Sep
1924
Mukden Agreement Concerning Mutual Rights and
Privileges, a
supplement to the agreement on general principles of 31
May 1924,
signed with Manchurian 'Autonomous Three Eastern
Provinces'
(ratified by the Peking government on 12 Mar 1925). By
secret
protocol the Soviet government transferred full control
of Chinese
shares of the CER to Zhang Zuolin, but reserved the
rights to
appoint all senior staff.
10 Jul 1929 - 22 Dec 1929 Chinese warlord
in Manchuria Zhang Xueliang unilaterally
seizes control of CER (not recognized by Soviet Union or
the
Republic of China government).
18 Jul 1929 - 22 Dec 1929 Soviet Union
severs diplomatic relations with China.
3 Nov 1929 - 22 Dec 1929 Soviets
occupy Manchurian border cities including Chalainor,
Hailar,
Fukdin and Manzhouli in support of Soviet claims to the
CER.
22 Dec
1929
Khabarovsk Protocol guarantees continued Soviet
co-administration
and rights.
18 Sep
1931
Japanese invasion and occupation begins (Harbin occupied
9 Feb 1932)
3 Mar
1932
Manchukuo replaces China on CER board, action is only de
facto
recognized by Soviet Union (not recognized by China).
23 Mar
1935
Soviet Union sells its CER rights to Japan for 140
million yen
(China refuses to recognize this unilateral action).
1 Sep
1935
CER formally transferred to Manchukuo and renamed North
Manchuria
Railway. CER merged into National Railway of Manchuria
which is
administered by the South Manchurian Railway (see below).
14 Aug
1945
Republic of China and Soviet Union sign Agreement about
the Chinese
Changchun Railway.
18 Aug
1945
Harbin is occupied by Soviet Union.
20 Aug
1945
Soviet Union takes control of the CER.
22 Sep
1945
Chinese Changchun Railway Company established under
joint Republic
of China - Soviet Union administration. The new railroad
unifies
the former CER with the former South Manchuria Railway.
18 Apr 1946 - 23 May 1946 Changchun under
Chinese communist administration, Changchun Railway
headquarters moved to Shenyang.
28 Apr
1946
Harbin under Chinese communist administration.
25 Jul
1946
Chinese communist forces establish the Northeast Railway
Administration for all railway lines in Manchuria,
including CER.
28 Nov
1946
Soviet Union withdraws its staff from Shenyang.
19 Oct
1948
Changchun under Chinese communist administration.
1 Nov
1948
Shenyang under Chinese communist administration.
Mar
1949
All lines of CER resume functioning.
1 May
1950
Chinese Changchun Railway is formally re-established
under joint
Soviet Union - People's Republic of China
administration.
31 Dec
1952
Soviet Union transfers all rights in the joint
administration of the
railway (with all properties appertaining to it) to
China.
Transfer formalized by protocol.
1 Jan
1953
Renamed Harbin Railway.
Presidents of the Board of the Chinese Eastern
Railway Company
(and from 31 May 1924, Directors-general)(in St.
Petersburg to 27 Apr 1918, then Harbin)
17 Dec 1896 - Jan 1897 Stanislav
Ippolitovich
Kerbedz (b.
1844 - d. 1906)
(1st time) (acting)
1897 - 28 Jul
1900 Xu
Jingcheng (Hsü
Ching-ch'eng) (b.
1845 - d. 1900)
28 Jul 1900 -
1903
Stanislav Ippolitovich
Kerbedz (s.a.)
(2nd time) (acting)
1903 -
1918
Aleksandr Nikolayevich
'Ventsel (b. 1854 -
d. 1927)
(Wenzel) (acting)
2 Jan 1918 -
1919 Guo
Zongxi (Kuo
Hsing-hsi)
(b. 1878 - d. 1934)
(appointed by Jilin military governor Meng
Enyuan)
6 Jul 1919 - 1920
Bao Guiqing
(Pao Kuei-ch'ing)
(b. 1867 - d. 1934)
(1st time)
1920
Zhu Qinglan (Chu
Ch'ing-lan)
(b. 1874 - d. 1941)
1 Jun 1920 - 3 Jan 1922 Song Xiaolian
(Sung Hsiao-lien)
(b. 1863 - d. 1926)
1922 - Sep
1924
Wang Jingchun (Wang
Ching-ch'un) (b. 1882 - d.
1956)
Sep 1924 - 30 Sep 1925 Bao
Guiqing (Pao
Kuei-ch'ing)
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
1925? -
1926
Liu Shanjin (Liu Shan-chin) (acting)
1926 -
1928?
Yue Jianhan (Yüeh Chien-han)
1928 - 7 Dec
1929 Lu
Ronghuan (Lü Jung-huan)
(b. 1890 - d. 1946)
Dec
1929
Li Xiaogeng (Li Hsiao-keng)(1st time) (b. 1897 - d.
1971)
(acting)
Dec
1929
Guo Fumian (Kuo Fu-mien)
(acting) (b. 1887 - d. 19..)
Dec 1929 - 3 Mar 1932 Mo
Dehui (Mo
Te-hui)
(b. 1883 - d. 1968)
(absent from Dec 1930)
Dec 1930 -
1935
Li Xiaogeng (2nd time)
(s.a.)
(acting [for Mo] to 3 Mar 1932,
then not recognized by China)
Presidents of the Board of the Chinese Changchun Railway
22 Sep 1945 - Mar 1947
Zhang Jia'ao (Chang
Kia-ngau)
(b. 1889 - d. 1979)
1947 -
1948
Chen Yanjun (Ch'en Yen-chun)
(b. 1895 - d. 19..)
1948 -
1950
Vacant?
1 May 1950 - 31 Dec 1952 Yu
Guangsheng (Yü Kuang-sheng)
(b. 1907 - d. 1978)
Directors of the Board of the Chinese Eastern
Railway and Chief
Administrators of the
Chinese Eastern Railway Zone (and 1909-1920 Chairman
of Harbin Municipal Council)(in Harbin)
Nov 1902 - 18 Mar 1920
Dmitriy Leonidovich Horvath (Khorvat) (b. 1859 - d.
1937)
(from 27 Apr 1918, Managing Director; also
Mar - Nov 1917 commissar of the Provisional Government
in CER
Zone; Oct 1918 - Aug 1919 mostly in Vladivostok)
21 Nov 1917 - Dec 1917 Martyemyan
Nikitich
Ryutin
(b. 1890 - d. 1937)
(chairman of Harbin Workers' and Soldiers'
Soviet of Deputies, in rebellion)
31 Jan 1918 - Feb 1918 Boris
Aronovich
Slavin
(b. 1888 - d. 1919)
(chairman of Harbin Soviet of Workers'
and Soldiers' Deputies, in rebellion)
28 Apr 1918 - 5 Nov 1920 Vasiliy
Dmitriyevich
Lachinov
(b. 1872 - d. 1933)
(director of board, acting [for Horvath to 18 Mar 1920])
Oct 1918 - Aug 1919
Mikhail Mikhaylovich Pleshkov
(b. 1856 - d. 1927)
(acting chief administrator of CER Zone,
acting for the mostly absent Horvath)
Mar 1919 - 31 Oct 1922 John
Frank Stevens
(U.S.)
(b. 1853 - d. 1943)
(president of Inter-Allied Railway Technical Board)
1921 -
1922
Benjamin O. Johnson
(b. 1878 - d. 19..)
(pro tempore Inter-Allied Railway
Technical Board,
acting for frequently absent Stevens)
Directors of the Board (from 31 May 1924, Managers) of
the Chinese Eastern Railway (in Harbin)
7 Nov 1920 - 1 Feb 1921
Dmitriy Petrovich Kazakevich (acting) (b. 1869 - d.
1924)
(Kozakiewicz)
2 Feb 1921 - 3 Oct 1924 Boris Vasilyevich
Ostroumov (b.
1879 - d. 1944)
(Ostroumoff)
3 Oct 1924 - 19 Apr 1926 Aleksey
Nikolayevich Ivanov
(b. 1892 - d. 1937)
(prisoner of Zhang Zuolin 21-24 Jan 1926)
19 Apr 1926 - 30 Aug 1928 Mikhail
Mikhaylovich Lashevich
(b. 1884 - d. 1928)
(acting)
1928 - 10 Jul 1929
Aleksandr Ivanovich Yemshanov
(b. 1891 - d. 1941)
(Emshanov)
11 Jul 1929 - Dec 1929 Fan Qiguang
(Fan Ch'i-kuang) (acting) (d. 1949)
5 Dec 1929 - 23 Mar 1935 Yuliy
Vikentyevich Rudnyy (Rudnyj) (b. 1887 - d.
1938)
1935 - 1 Apr
1937 Lev
Vladimirovich
Lemberg
(b. 1884 - d. 1937)
Managers of the
Chinese Changchun Railway
26 Jan 1946 - c.1949
Aleksandr Fyodorovich
Zhuravlyov (b. 1918 - d.
af.1957)
1 May 1950 - 31 Dec 1952 Nikolay
Aleksandrovich Grunichev
(b. 1908 - d. af.1959)
South Manchuria Railway Zone (SMR)
SMR Flag c.1906 - 1945
|
5 Sep
1905
Southern branch of Chinese Eastern Railway
(Changchun to Dalian and
Mukden to Antung) ceded to
Japan by Russia along with a zone
62 meters wide on either side
of tracks and facilities including
the Fushun coal mine.
7 Jun 1906
South Manchuria Railway Company (SMR)(Minami-Manshū
Tetsudō
Kabushiki kaisha
or in short "Mantetsu") founded
by Japan.
1 Apr
1907
SMR begins commercial operation.
25 May 1915
By China-Japan treaty SMR lease
extended to 99 years.
12 Apr 1919
Kwantung army
commander given the right to issue instructions
relating to the operation of the SMR for
military purposes.
1 Apr 1933
National Railway of
Manchuria consigned to SMR administration
(formally from 1935).
23 Mar
1935
SMR is transferred to Manchukuo by Japan.
5 Nov 1937
Japanese
extraterritoriality ended in and
administrative rights
over the SMR Zone transferred to Manchukuo.
20 Aug 1945
Soviet forces take control of the
SMR.
22 Aug
1945
Dairen occupied by Soviet forces.
30 Sep 1945
SMR is dissolved by Soviet Union, assets
merged into the Chinese
Changchun Railway (see above).
Presidents of the South Manchuria Railway
Company (all from Japan)
13 Nov 1906 - 14 Jul 1908 Count
Shinpei Gotō
(b. 1857 - d. 1929)
19 Dec 1908 - 18 Dec 1913 Yoshikoto
(Korekimi) Nakamura
(b. 1867 - d. 1927)
19 Dec 1913 - 15 Jul 1914 Ryūtarō Nomura
(1st time)
(b. 1859 - d. 1943)
15 Jul 1914 - 31 Jul 1917 Yūjirō Nakamura
(b. 1852 - d. 1928)
31 Jul 1917 - 12 Apr 1919 Shimbei
Kunisawa
(b. 1864 - d.
1953)
12 Apr 1919 - 31 May 1921 Ryūtarō Nomura
(2nd time)
(s.a.)
31 May 1921 - 14 Oct 1922 Senkichirō
Hayakawa
(b. 1863 - d. 1922)
24 Oct 1922 - 22 Jun 1924 Takeji Kawamura
(b. 1871 - d. 1955)
22 Jun 1924 - 19 Jul 1927 Ban'ichiro
Yasuhiro
(b. 1859 - d. 1951)
19 Jul 1927 - 14 Aug 1929 Jōtarō
Yamamoto
(b. 1867 - d. 1936)
14 Aug 1928 - 13 Jun 1931 Mitsugu Sengoku
(b. 1857 - d. 1931)
13 Jun 1931 - 6 Jul 1932 Count
Yasuya Uchida
(b. 1865 - d. 1936)
26 Jul 1932 - 2 Aug 1935 Count
Hakutaro
Hayashi
(b. 1874 - d. 1968)
2
Aug 1935 - 24 Mar 1939 Yōsuke
Matsuoka
(b. 1880 - d.
1946)
34 Mar 1939 - 14 Jul 1943 Takuichi Ohmura
(b. 1872 - d. 1946)
14 Jul 1943 - 11 Apr 1945 Naoto Kohiyama
(b. 1886 - d. 1949)
5
May 1945 - 30 Sep 1945 Motoki Yamazaki
(b. 1889 - d. 1971)
Civil Administrators of the South
Manchurian Railway Zone
7 Jun 1906 - 5 Nov
1937 the governors of Kwantung Territory
Hankow (Hankou) Concessions
Hankow British Concession
-
![[United Kingdom] [United Kingdom]](gb.gif)
21 Mar
1861
China leases a concession in Hankow to
United Kingdom.
1862
British Concession Hankow Municipal Council
created.
1898
British concession extended
(for total 115 acres).
4 Jan 1927
Chinese Nationalist
forces occupy the concession.
19 Feb
1927
U.K. agrees to joint Anglo-Chinese administration
of
its Hankow concession by the Chen-O'Malley
Agreement.
15 Mar
1927
British-Chinese joint administration begins (as
the Third
Special
Administrative District).
1 Jan
1929
Concession restored to China
British Consuls
27 Dec 1860 - 10 Aug 1863 William Raymond
Gingell
(b. 1816 - d. 1863)
10 Aug 1863 - 25 Jan 1864 ....
25 Jan 1864 - Jul 1868 Henry Walter
Medhurst
(b. 1822 - d. 1885)
1868 - 1871
George Whittington Caine
(b. 1832 - d. 1874)
17 Aug 1871 –
1880
Patrick Joseph Hughes
11 Jul 1873 - 24 Aug 1873 Walter Edward King (acting
for Hughes)
1 Mar 1875 - 7 Apr 1876 Chaloner
Grenville
Alabaster
(b. 1838 - d. 1898)
(1st time) (acting for Hughes)
8 Apr 1876 - 23 Apr 1876 Harry Parkes
McClatchie
(acting for Hughes)
25 Feb 1880 - 1885
Chaloner
Grenville
Alabaster
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
22 Apr 1885 – 1893
Christopher Thomas
Gardner
(b. 1842 - d. 1914)
19 Feb 1888 - 2 Oct 1889 Clement Francis
Romilly
Allen (b.
1840 - d. 1920)
(acting for Gardner)
1 Dec 1893 - 12 Oct 1899 Sir Pelham Laird
Warren
(b. 1845 - d. 1923)
Consuls-general
12 Oct 1899 -
1901 Sir
Pelham Laird
Warren
(s.a.)
1896
Lionel Charles
Hopkins
(b. 1854 - d. 1952)
(acting for Warren)
1899 -
1900
Richard Willett
Hurst
(b. 1849 - d. 1900)
(acting for Warren)
Jan 1900 -
1911
Everard Duncan Home
Fraser
(b. 1859 - d. 1922)
(acting to 1 Jul 1901)
1901
Herbert Francis Brady
(b. 1854 - d. 1924)
(acting for Fraser)
1903 -
1904
George Macdonald Home
Playfair (b.
1850 - d. 1917)
(acting for Fraser)
22 Jan 1911 –
1912 Henry
English
Fulford
(b. 1859 - d. 1929)
1912
Herbert Goffe (1st time)
(acting) (b. 1870 - d. 1937)
1 Oct 1912 –
1919? William
Henry
Wilkinson
(b. 1858 – d. 1930)
c.1918
W.R. Brett (acting)
1919 –
1920
Ernest Colville Collins Wilton
(b. 1870 - d. 1952)
1920
Claud Cecil Augustus Kirke (acting) (b. 1875 - d.
1959)
1920 –
1930
Herbert Goffe (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
(absent from 1927)
Aug 1927 - Jan
1929 Harold
Porter (acting for Goffe) (b. 1879 -
d. 1938)
18 Apr 1928 –
1930
Lancelot Giles (acting for Goffe) (b.
1878 - d. 1934)
Hankow French Concession
-
![[France] [France]](fr.gif)
2 Jun
1896
China leases a concession in Hankow to France (60 acres)
(Concession
Française Han-k'eou
[Hankéou]).
1902
Concession expanded.
25 Oct 1938 - 18 Sep 1985 Japanese
occupy the Chinese city of Hankow.
14 Apr
1939
Japanese prohibited foreigners from leaving Hankow.
30 Jul 1939
French Consul suspends for 3 months, then
dissolves, the
French concession municipal council. On 16 Oct 1939, it is
replaced with a Provisional Municipal Administration
Commission.
1940 -
1945
Consuls loyal to Vichy France.
19 May
1943
"Vichy" France retrocedes concession to Japanese sponsored
Chinese
National Government (not recognized by "Free"
French or
Republic of China).
5 Jun 1943
Concession handed over to the
Japanese sponsored Chinese
National Government
10 Mar 1945 - 18 Sep 1945 Japanese occupy the
former French Hankow concession.
28 Feb 1946
Formally restored to China by France.
France Consuls-general and Presidents of the Municipal
Council
1889 – Dec
1895
Frédéric
Haas
(b. 1843 – d. 1915)
Dec 1895 –
1900
Joseph Adolphe
Dautremer
(b. 1860 – d. 1946)
18 Mar 1896 – 8 Apr 1896 Camille Auguste
Jean Sainson (b. 1868
- d. 1954)
25 Jul 1896 – 13 Mar 1897 Georges Marie Jean
Morisse (1st time) (b. 1869 – d. 19..)
13 Mar 1897 – 9 Sep 1897 Paul Louis Charles
Claudel (acting) (b. 1868 - d. 1955)
1897 - 1899
Joseph
Dautremer
(b. 1860 - d. 1946)
1899 -
1900
....
Apr 1900 –
1904
Henri Chassain de
Marcilly
(b. 1867 – d. 1942)
1904 – 1905
Henri
Feer
1905 – 7 Jan
1906
Frédéric Albert Kammerer
(b. 1875 - d. 1951)
1906 –
1909
Marie-Joseph Maurice Dejean de la
(b. 1863 - d. 1933)
Bâtie
Nov 1907 -
1908
Léon Alphonse Doire
(b. 1868 - d. 19..)
(acting for La
Bâtie)
1909 – 1910
Georges
Marie Jean Morisse (2nd time) (s.a.)
1910 –
1916
Ulysse-Raphaël Réau
(b. 1872 – d. 1928)
27 Sep 1912 – 23 Dec 1913 Georges Eugène
Lecomte
(b. 1871 – d. 1949)
(acting for Réau)
1916 –
1928
Georges Eugène
Lecomte
(s.a.)
1928 -
1930
Jules Leurquin
(b. 1885 - d.
1945)
1930 - 1933
Marcel Baudez
(b. 1878 - d. 1941)
1933 – 1938
Raoul Gustave
Blondeau
(b. 1880 - d. 1964)
1938 – Mar
1939
Lucien Colin
(b. 1896
- d. af.1956)
Mar 1939 - Jan
1940 Louis
Osmond Ferdinand Reynaud
(b. 1876? - d. 1943)
1940 – 1941
Edmond Marie Fernand
Roy
(b. 1885 - d. 1967)
1941
Joseph
"Jef" Alphonse Siguret (b.
1901 - d. af.1967)
1941 - 1943
Robert
Germain
(b. 1896 - d. af.1961)
1943 – c.May 1945
Pierre
Jean Crépin
(b. 1881 - d. 1961)
1945 - 28 Feb 1946
Pierre Aimé Joseph Mollard
(b. 1912 - d. 1962)
Hankow German Concession
-
3 Oct
1895
China leases a concession in Hankow to Germany (100 acres
(Deutsche Konzession in Hankau [Hankou]).
16 Mar 1917
Lease is terminated by China (renaming it
the First Special
Administrative
District).
28 Jun
1919
Germany formally renounces its former concession (formally
by treaty on 20 May 1921).
German Consuls
Mar 1888 -
1898
Johannes Thyen (consular agent)
1898 -
1901
Franz Grunenwald
(acting)
(b. 1861 - d. 1931)
1902 –
1904
Wilhelm von Löhneysen (1st time)
1904 -
1905
Curt
Scholz
(b. 1868 - d. 1906)
Aug 1905 – 16 Apr 1907 Walther
Rössler (acting to Oct 1905) (b. 1871 - d. 1929)
1907 –
1909
Wilhelm von Löhneysen (2nd time)
1909? -
1911?
Freiherr von Müffling (acting)
1911? -
1916?
Max (Maximilian)
Müller
(b. 1872 - d. 1950)
1916 - 16 Mar
1917 Ernst
Arthur Voretzsch (Voretsch) (b.
1868 - d. 1965)
Hankow Russian Concession
-
2 Jun 1896
China leases a concession in Hankow to
Russia (60 acres).
1903
Russian municipal council created.
Sep 1914
Russian
garrison withdrawn.
23 Sep
1920
China takes over temporary administration and terminates
the
Russian concession (as Second Special Administrative
District).
31 May
1924
Soviet Union formally renounces all concessions in China.
Russian Consuls (from 1909, Consuls-general)
1892/94 - af.1900
Aleksandr Stepanovich
Vakhovich
1902 - 1903
Andrey
Terentyevich Belchenko (b.
1875 - d. 1958)
(1st
time) (acting)
1903 - 1912
Andrey Nikolayevich
Timchenko- (d. 1920)
Ostroverkhov
1912 - 1913
....
1913 - 1914
Vladimir
Aleksandrovich Brattsov (d. 1942)
(acting)
1914 -
1920
Andrey Terentyevich Belchenko
(s.a.)
(2nd
time)
Hankow Japanese Concession
-
16 Jul
1898
China leases a concession in Hankow to Japan.
1907
Concession expanded by 300
feet (for a total of 41.5 acres).
11 Aug 1937 - 25 Oct 1938 Japan temporarily
evacuate its concession.
13 Aug 1938
Nationalist China repossesses the Japanese
concession (as the Fourth
Special Administrative District).
25 Oct
1938
Japanese occupy Hankow re-establishing the Japanese
Concession.
9 Jan
1943
Japan retrocedes its concession to the Japanese
sponsored
Chinese National Government (not recognized by Republic
of China).
18 Sep
1945
Japanese in Hankow surrender, China
resumes administration.
Japanese Consuls-general
1885 - 1890
Jitsu'ichi
Machida
(b. 1842 – d. 1916)
c.1888
Yūtoku Itō (acting
for Machida)
1898 -
1912
....
c.1896 -
1905
Hisakichi Eitaki
(b.
1866 - d. 19..)
Aug 1905 - c.1907
Kōkichi
Mizuno
(b. 1873 - d. 1914)
c.1907 - c.1908
K. Takahashi
1908 -
19..
Uyebara
1912 - 1913
Kenkichi
Yoshizawa
(b. 1874 - d. 1965)
1913 –
1915
Sadao Matsumura
(b. 1868 – d. 1923)
1915 -
1917
Yoshijiro
Shimizu
(b. 1887 - d.
19..)
1917 –
1923
Asanoshin
(Asanojo) Segawa
(b. 1862 – d. 19..)
1923
Yasubei Tomita (acting)
1923 – c.1926
Kyūjirō Hayashi
(b. 1882 - d. 1964)
c.1927 – Apr
1929
Toru Takao
(b. 1876 - d. 1931)
1933 –
1937
Yoshiyuki
Miura
bf.1938
Masaichi Tanaka
1938 - c.1940
Yoshinori (Yoshiuki) Hanawa
Dec 1939 - 194.
Takaharu Itō
(b. 1891 – d. 19..)
Harbin (1909-1926): see under China provinces
Hong Kong
-
- 26 Jan 1841 - 1871
|
-
- 1871 - 1876
|
-
- 1876 - 27 Jul 1959
|
-
- 27 Jul 1959 - 30 Jun
1997
|
-
-
|
|
Map
of Hong Kong
|
Hear
National Anthem
"God Save the
King/Queen"
|
Hear
Local Anthem
(None)
|
Constitution
(4 Apr 1990)
|
Capital: Victoria
|
Currency: Hong Kong
Dollar (HKD); 1 Jun 1943-Aug
1945
Military Yen (JMY)
|
National Holiday: 29 Aug
(1945)
Liberation Day
|
Population: 6,547,189
(1997)
|
GDP:
$175.2 billion (1997)
|
Exports:
$180.7 billion (1996)
Imports: $198.6
billion (1996)
|
Ethnic groups: Chinese
96.8%, European 2%, 1% other (1991)
|
Total British Military Forces:
10,000 (1994)
Hong Kong Defense Force: 900
(1995)
Defense was the
Responsibility of the U.K.
Merchant marine: 182
ships (1997)
|
Religions: Buddhist and
Taoist 73.8%, Protestant 4.3%,
Roman Catholic 4.1%, New
Religionist 3.2%, Muslim 0.8%,
Hindu 0.2%,
non-religious/atheist 13.6% (1994)
|
International
Organizations/Treaties (to
1997): ADB, APEC, BIS (pending member),
ESCR, FATF, ICFTU, IMF, IMO (associate),
Interpol (subbureau), IOC, ISO
(correspondent), OECD
(observer), WCO,
WCL, WMO, WTO |
Hong
Kong
|
Chronology
20 Jan
1841
Ceded to Britain by China in
Convention of Chuenpi
(which is not ratified by china).
26
Jan
1841
British take possession of Hong Kong
Island.
29
Aug
1842
China formally cedes Hong Kong Island
to Britain by
the Treaty of Nanking (ratified 26 Jun
1843).
5 Apr
1843
British crown colony (effective 26 Jun
1843).
18
Mar 1860
British
forces occupy the Kowloon
Peninsula (leased
to the British on 21 Mar 1860 by the
governor of
Guangdong [Kwangtung]).
24 Oct
1860
Kowloon (then spelled Cowloon)
Peninsula and
Stonecutters Island ceded by China
to U.K. as a
dependency of Hong Kong by Convention
of Peking.
9 Jun
1898
New Territories (comprising the
territories north
of Kowloon and 230 small islands
[Lamma, Lantau,
etc.], but excluding Kowloon Walled
City) leased
to
U.K. by China for 99 years.
19
Mar 1899
Delimitation of northern frontier of
New Territories
20 Feb
1900
British terminate Chinese jurisdiction
over Kowloon.
3 Sep
1926
Official spelling changed from
Hongkong to Hong Kong
25
Dec 1941 - 16 Aug 1945 Japanese
occupation (siege begun on 8 Dec
1941)(Hong
Kong
Occupied Territory).
28
Aug 1945 - 1 Sep 1946
British military rule.
19
Dec
1984
British agree on restoration of Hong
Kong to China
on 1 Jul 1997.
1
Jul
1997
Return of the whole colony to China as
a special
administrative region (see autonomous
regions).
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Administrators (resident in Macau)
26 Jan 1841 - 12 Aug
1841 Charles
Elliot
(b. 1801 - d. 1875)
22 Jun 1841 - 26 Jun
1843 Alexander Robert
Johnston
(b. 1812 - d. 1888)
(acting for Elliot then for Pottinger)
12 Aug 1841 - 26 Jan
1843 Sir Henry Eldred Curwen Pottinger (b.
1789 - d. 1856)
Commanders-in-chief
(resident in Hong Kong)
26 Jan 1841 - 1 Mar
1841 Sir James John Gordon
Bremer (b. 1786 - d.
1850)
2 Mar 1841 - 22 Jun
1841 Sir Hugh
Gough
(b. 1779 - d. 1869)
Governors
26 Jun 1843 - 8 May
1844 Sir Henry Eldred Curwen Pottinger
(s.a.)
8 May 1844 - 18 Mar
1848 Sir John Francis
Davis
(b. 1795 - d. 1890)
18 Mar 1848 - 21 Mar
1848 William Staveley
(acting)
(b. 1784 - d. 1854)
21 Mar 1848 - 12 Apr
1854 Sir Samuel George
Bonham
(b. 1803 - d. 1863)
Mar 1852 - Feb
1853 William
Jervois (acting for Bonham)(b. 1784 - d. 1862)
13 Apr 1854 - 5 May
1859 Sir John
Bowring
(b. 1792 - d. 1972)
5 May 1859 - 9
Sep 1859 William Caine
(acting)
(b. 1800 - d. 1871)
9 Sep 1859 - 15 Mar
1865 Sir Hercules George
Robert
(b. 1824 - d. 1897)
Robinson
19 Jan 1861 - 24 Jan? 1861
Daniel Brooke Robertson
(b. 1810 - d. 1881)
(commissioner on the territory of Kowloon)
24 Jan 1861 - 30 Mar 1861 Charles May
(b. 1817 - d. 1879)
(civil commissioner at Kowloon)
15 Mar 1865 - 11 Mar 1866 William Thomas Mercer
(acting) (b. 1821 - d. 1879)
11 Mar 1866 - 11 Apr
1872 Sir Richard Graves
MacDonnell (b. 1814 - d.
1881)
11 Apr 1877 - 16 Apr
1872 Henry Wase Whitflield
(acting) (b. 1809 - d.
1877)
16 Apr 1872 - 1 Mar
1877 Sir Arthur Edward
Kennedy
(b. 1810 - d. 1883)
15 Oct 1874 - 5 Nov
1874 John Gardiner Austin (1st
time) (b. 1812 - d. 1900)
(acting for Kennedy)
11 Mar 1875 - 2 Dec
1875 John Gardiner Austin (2nd
time) (s.a.)
(acting for Kennedy)
1 Mar 1877 - 22 Apr
1877 John Gardiner Austin (3rd
time) (s.a.)
(acting)
22 Apr 1877 - 7 Mar
1882 John Pope
Hennessy
(b. 1834 - d. 1891)
(from 21 Apr 1880, Sir John Pope Hennessy)
7 Mar 1882 - 28 Mar
1882 Malcolm Struan Tonnochy (acting)
28 Mar 1882 - 30 Mar
1883 Sir William Henry Marsh (1st time) (b. 1827 -
d. 1906)
(acting)
30 Mar 1883 - 21 Dec
1885 Sir George Ferguson
Bowen
(b. 1821 - d. 1899)
21 Dec 1885 - 25 Apr
1887 Sir William Henry Marsh (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
25 Apr 1887 - 6 Oct
1887 William Gordon Cameron
(acting) (b. 1827 - d. 1913)
6 Oct 1887 - 7
May 1891 Sir George William Des
Voeux (b. 1834 - d.
1909)
7 May 1891 - 10 Dec
1891 George Digby Barker
(acting) (b. 1833 -
d. 1914)
10 Dec 1891 - 1 Feb
1898 Sir William
Robinson
(b. 1836 - d. 1912)
1 Feb 1898 - 25 Nov
1898 Wilsone Black
(acting)
(b. 1837 - d. 1909)
25 Nov 1898 - 21 Nov
1903 Sir Henry Arthur
Blake
(b. 1840 - d. 1918)
21 Nov 1903 - 29 Jul
1904 Francis Henry May (1st
time) (b. 1860 - d.
1922)
(acting)
29 Jul 1904 - 20 Apr
1907 Sir Matthew
Nathan
(b. 1862 - d. 1939)
20 Apr 1907 - 29 Jul
1907 Sir Francis Henry May (2nd time)
(s.a.)
(acting)
29 Jul 1907 - 16 Mar
1912 Sir Frederick John Dealtry Lugard (b.
1858 - d. 1945)
16 Mar 1912 - 24 Jul
1912 Claud Severn (1st time) (acting)
(b. 1869 - d. 1933)
24 Jul 1912 - 12 Sep
1918 Sir Francis Henry May (3rd time)
(s.a.)
12 Sep 1918 - 30 Sep
1919 Claud Severn (2nd time) (acting)
(s.a.)
30 Sep 1919 - 19 Mar
1925 Sir Reginald Edward
Stubbs
(b. 1876 - d. 1947)
19 Mar 1925 - 1 Nov
1925 Claud Severn (3rd time) (acting)
(s.a.)
1 Nov 1925 - 1
Feb 1930 Sir Cecil
Clementi
(b. 1875 - d. 1947)
1 Feb 1930 - 9
Mar 1930 Wilfrid Thomas Southorn (1st time) (b.
1879 - d. 1957)
(acting)
9 May 1930 - 17 May
1935 Sir William
Peel
(b. 1875 - d. 1945)
17 May 1935 - 13 Sep
1935 Sir Wilfrid Thomas
Southorn
(s.a.)
(2nd time) (acting)
13 Sep 1935 - 1 Nov
1935 Norman Lockhart Smith (1st time)
(b. 1887 - d. 1968)
(acting)
1 Nov 1935 - 12 Dec
1935 Sir Wilfrid Thomas
Southorn
(s.a.)
(3rd time) (acting)
12 Dec 1935 - 16 Apr
1937 Sir Andrew
Caldecott
(b. 1884 - d. 1951)
16 Apr 1937 - 28 Oct
1937 Norman Lockhart Smith (2nd time)
(s.a.)
(acting)
28 Oct 1937 - 6 Sep
1941 Sir Geoffrey Alexander
Stafford (b. 1881 - d. 1948)
Northcote
Apr 1940 - 6 Aug
1940 Norman Lockhart Smith (3rd
time) (s.a.)
(acting for Northcote)
6 Aug 1940 - 13 Mar
1941 Edward Felix
Norton
(b. 1884 - d. 1954)
(acting for Northcote)
6 Sep 1941 - 10 Sep
1941 Norman Lockhart Smith (4th time)
(b. 1887 - d. 1968)
(acting)
10 Sep 1941 - 25 Dec
1941 Sir Mark Aitchinson
Young
(b. 1886 - d. 1974)
(Japanese prisoner 25 Dec 1941 - 16 Aug 1945)
(1st time)
Governors-general
25 Dec 1941 - 20 Feb 1942 Takashi Sakai
(b. 1887 - d. 1946)
+ Masaichi Niimi
(b. 1887 - d. 1993)
(commissioners of the military government)
20 Feb 1942 - 24 Dec
1944 Rensuke Isogai
(b. 1886 - d. 1967)
1 Feb 1945 - 16 Aug 1945 Hisaichi Tanaka
(b. 1889 - d. 1947)
Governors
28 Aug 1945 - 30 Aug 1945 Franklin Charles
Gimson
(b. 1890 - d. 1975)
(chief of provisional government)
1 Sep 1945 - 1
May 1946 Sir Cecil
Harcourt
(b. 1892 - d. 1959)
(administrator of military administration)
1 May 1946 - 17 May 1947 Sir Mark
Aitchinson
Young
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
17 May 1947 - 25 Jul 1947 David Mercer MacDougall
(acting) (b. 1904 - d. 1991)
25 Jul 1947 - 31 Dec
1957 Sir Alexander William
Grantham (b. 1899 - d. 1978)
31 Dec 1957 - 23 Jan
1958 Edgeworth Beresford David (acting) (b. 1908 -
d. 1965)
23 Jan 1958 - 31 Mar
1964 Sir Robert Brown
Black
(b. 1906 - d. 1999)
31 Mar 1964 - 14 Apr
1964 Edmund Brinsley Teesdale (acting) (b.
1915 - d. 1997)
14 Apr 1964 - 19 Oct
1971 Sir David Clive Crosbie
Trench (b. 1915 - d. 1988)
19 Oct 1971 - 19 Nov
1971 Sir Hugh Selby
Norman-Walker (b.
1916 - d. 1985)
(acting)
19 Nov 1971 - 8 May
1982 Sir Murray
MacLehose
(b. 1917 - d. 2000)
8 May 1982 - 20 May 1982 Sir Philip
Haddon-Cave (acting) (b. 1925 - d.
1999)
20 May 1982 - 4 Dec
1986 Sir Edward
Youde
(b. 1924 - d. 1986)
4 Dec 1986 - 9
Apr 1987 Sir David Akers-Jones
(acting) (b. 1927 - d. 2019)
9 Apr 1987 - 9
Jul 1992 Sir David
Wilson
(b. 1935)
(from 14 Feb 1992, David Wilson,
Baron Wilson of Tillyorn)
9 Jul 1992 - 30 Jun
1997 Christopher "Chris"
Patten
(b. 1944)
Chairman of the Chinese Representative Council
30 Mar 1942 - 1944
Lo Kuk-wo (= Robert H. Kotewall) (b. 1880 -
d. 1949)
(appointed by the Japanese)
Kiaochow
-
- 14 Nov 1897 - 7 Nov 1914
|
-
- 7 Nov 1914 - 10 Dec 1922
|
Map
of Kiaochow
|
Capital:
Tsingtao (Qingdao)(Kiautschou
1897-1914)
|
Currency:
1897-1914
Kiau Chau Dollar (KCHD) |
Population:
200,000 (1912)
(includes: 4,500 whites)
|
14 Nov
1897
Kiaochow (Kiautschou) Bay
occupied by Germany.
6
Mar
1898
Leased for 99 years to Germany (Deutsches
Pachtgebiet Kiautschou).
23 Aug
1914
German lease canceled by China (formally
renounced by Germany
by treaty on 10 Jan 1920).
7
Nov
1914
Occupied by Japan (Tsingtao).
28 Jun
1919
German renounces in favor of Japan all rights (effective
10 Jan
1920).
10 Dec
1922
Returned to China by Japan.
10 Jan 1938 - 10 Oct 1945 Re-occupied by
Japan.
10 Oct 1945 - 31 Mar 1946 Occupied by U.S. Marine
forces.
Military Governor
14
Nov 1897 - 7 Mar 1898 Otto von Diederichs
(b.
1843 - d. 1918)
Governors
7
Mar 1898 - 19 Feb 1899 Carl Rosendahl
(b. 1852 - d. 1917)
19
Feb 1899 - 27 Jan 1901 Otto Ferdinand Paul
Jäschke (b. 1851 -
d. 1901)
27
Jan 1901 - 8 Jun 1901 Max Rollmann (acting)
(b. 1857 - d.
1942)
8
Jun 1901 - 19 Aug 1911 Oskar
Truppel
(b. 1854 - d. 1931)
19
Aug 1911 - 7 Nov 1914 Alfred
Meyer-Waldeck
(b. 1864 - d. 1928)
Japanese
Military Governors
7
Nov 1914 - Jun 1915
Mitsuomi Kamio
(b. 1856 - d. 1925)
Jun
1915 - Aug 1917 Kikuzu Ōtani
(b. 1855 - d. 1923)
Aug 1917 - Oct
1918 Hongō Fusatarō
(b. 1860 - d. 1931)
Oct 1918 - Aug
1919 Ken'ichi Ōshima
(b. 1858 - d. 1947)
Aug 1919 - 10
Dec 1922 Mitsue Yuhi
(Yui)
(b. 1860 - d. 1940)
U.S. Commander 6th Marine Division
10 Oct 1945 - 31 Mar 1946 Lemuel C. Shepherd
(b. 1896 - d. 1990)
Kulangsu International
Settlement
Kulangsu Police Flag to 1943
|
Map of Kulangsu
International Settlement
|
GDP: $N/A
|
Exports:
$N/A
Imports: $N/A
|
Land Regulations
(10 Jan 1902)
|
Kulangsu
Municipal Police: 32 (1906)
Defense the Responsibility
of Consular Powers
|
Currencies (official):
Spanish
Silver Dollar; (in use) Hong
Kong Dollar (HKD), Japanese
Yen (JPY), Straits Settlements
Dollar (STSD), French
Indochina Piastre
(ICFP)
|
Population: 21,032 (1930)
(includes:
567 foreigners)
|
1626 - 26 May 1680
Amoy occupied by "Koxinga" (see under Taiwan).
26 Aug 1842 - 22 Mar 1845 British occupy
Kulangsu Island (Ku-lang Hsü [Kolangsoo
(Gulangyu)]).
2 Nov 1843
Amoy (Hsia-men [Xiamen])
Treaty Port opens.
9 Feb 1852
British concession at Amoy leased by
China for an area 189 meters
long stretching 69 meters back from the water (British
concession
municipal council created in 1871).
24 Aug 1900 - 5 Sep 1900 Japanese marines
briefly occupy Kulangsu Island.
10 Jan 1902
Land regulations for the settlement of
Kulangsu (Kulangsoo) at Amoy
(Xiamen) signed by Denmark, France,
Germany, Japan, Netherlands,
Spain,
Sweden-Norway, United Kingdom, and
United States (later
joined by Austria-Hungary,
Belgium, Italy and Switzerland).
1 May
1902
Kulangsu Land regulations are
approved by China.
1 May 1903
Kulangsu
International Settlement
established at Amoy (Xiamen),
administered by the Kulangsu Municipal Council
(nominally under
sovereignty of China)(approximately 970 acres, 1.5
square miles).
26 Oct 1937 - 9 Sep 1945 Japanese occupy
Jinmen (Kinmen) Island, offshore of Xiamen.
13 May 1938 - 9 Sep 1945 Japanese occupy Amoy
(Xiamen).
12 May 1939 - 18 Oct 1939 Japanese land forces
and attempt to blockade Kulangsu.
8 Dec 1941 - 9 Sep 1945
Japanese occupy the Kulangsu (Gulangyu
[Ku-Lang-Yü).
11 Jan
1943
Settlement is officially retroceded to the Republic of
China by the
U.S. and U.K., formal end of extraterritoriality.
8 Apr
1943
"Vichy" France retrocedes its properties on Kulangsu to
the Japanese
sponsored Chinese National Government (not recognized by
the
"Free" French or the Republic of China).
28 May
1943
Japanese sponsored Chinese National Government formally
withdrew
the Kulangsu Settlement.
9 Sep
1945
Republic of China takes possession of Gulangyu Island.
28 Feb
1946
French properties on Kulangsu formally
restored to China by France.
Chairmen of the Municipal Council of
the Kulangsu
International Settlement
1903 – 1904
August Piehl (Netherlands)
1904 – Mar 1905
Bernhard Hempel (Netherlands)
Mar 1905 - c.1906
Fred B.
Marshall (U.K.)
c.1906
R.H. Bruce (U.K.)
1907 - 1911
W.H. Wallace
(U.K.)
(b. 1861 - d. 19..)
c.1911
Wilhelm Kruse (Netherlands/Norway)
Jan 1912 - Mar 1915 Hugh
Fraser Rankin (U.K.)
(b. 1868 - d. 19..)
Mar 1915 - 1917
Harry Bathurst
(U.K.)
(b. 1859 - d. 19..)
1917
Robert W. Black (U.K.?)
24 Apr 1917 - 31 Oct 1919 Edward Gordon
Lowder
(U.K.) (b.
1862 - d. 19..)
1920 - 1923
H.J. Morse (U.S.?)
1923 - 1924
Thomas Maxwell Elliott
(U.S.) (b. c.1879 - d. 19..)
1924 - 1925
Lionel John Crosby Anderson
(U.K.) (b. 1875 - d. 1946)
1925 - 1927?
Edward James Strick (U.S.)
(b. 1881 - d. 1977)
1927? - 1928?
H.R. Northey (U.K.?)
1928 - 1938
Henry James Perry Anderson
(b. 1878 - d. 1941)
(1st time) (U.K.)
1938 - 1940
Johan Maarten Morhaus (Netherlands)
(J. B. Morhaus)
May 1939 - 1941?
L.H. Hitchcock
(U.K.)
(b. c.1881 - d. 19..)
(acting
for Morhaus to 1940)
1941 - 1941
Henry James Perry
Anderson (s.a.)
(2nd time) (U.K.)
1941 - Dec 1941
Edwin W. Koeppe (U.S.)
(b. 1888 - d. 1956)
(Japanese prisoner to May 1942)
194. - 1943
Nakagawa Rikuzo (Japan)
Secretaries of the Municipal Council of the
Kulangsu International Settlement
1903 - c.1906
Donald Mackenzie
c.1906 - 1912
C. Berkeley Mitchell (U.K.)
(b. 1864 - d. 1912)
1912 - 1913
A. Brownlie
1913 - 191.
T.W. Dobinson
1915 - 191.
C.A. Mutton?
1918 - 19..
J.P. Anderson
1919 -
1922?
H.R. Remington
1922 - af.1925
H.C. Reed
c.1933
G.R. Bass
c.1922 -
1943
....
Kwangchowan (Kwangchowwan)
-
![[France] [France]](fr.gif)
- 22 Apr 1898 - 14 Dec
1945
|
22 Apr 1898
French occupation.
29 May
1898
Convention to lease Kwangchowan (Guangzhouwan) to
France signed.
15 Nov 1899
By Sino–French Convention France leased
the territory on the Luichow
Peninsula in southern Guangdong from China.
5 Jan 1900
French leased territory (Territoire
de Kouang-Tchéou-Wan
[Kuang-chou-wan])(treaty
ratified by China).
5 Jan 1900
Subordinated to French Indochina
(see Vietnam).
Jun 1940 - 21 Feb 1943
Administration loyal to Free France.
Jul
1940
Japanese marines set up a control and observation post.
21 Feb 1943 - Sep 1945 Occupied by Japan
(French civil administration continues until
10 Mar 1945).
Feb 1943 - 10 Mar 1945
Administration loyal to "Vichy"
France.
30 Jul
1943
Retroceded to the Japanese sponsored Chinese
National
Government by Vichy France (not recognized by "Free"
French
or the Republic of China). Organized as
Guangzhou Bay Autonomous
Region under Guangdong province.
18 Aug
1945
Chongqing Convention signed by Provisional French
Government and
Chinese Nationalist government to retrocede
Kwangchowan
leased territory to China.
20 Nov 1945
France formally turns over
administration to China.
28 Feb 1946
Formally restored to China by
France; Fort-Bayard is renamed
Zhanjiang.
Commander of the Naval Division of the Far East
1898 - 1900
Charles Louis
Théobald
(b. 1842 - d. 1902)
Courrejolles
Commandants-Supérieur
22 Apr 1898 - 29 Jun 1898
Jean-Aimé Aristide
Fort
(b. 1845 – d. 1913)
29 Jun 1898 - 7 Sep 1898 Joseph Alphonse
Philibert (acting) (b. 1848 - d. 1926)
7 Sep 1898 - 25 Dec 1898 René Julien
Marquis (acting) (b. 1846 -
d. 1929)
25 Dec 1898 - 20 Dec 1899 Antoine Auguste Louis
Bonifay (b. 1854 - d. 1902)
20 Dec 1899 - 27 Jan 1900 Maurice Pierre Charles
Marot (b. 1847 - d. 1928)
Administrators
(subordinated to Governors-general of
French Indochina,
[delegated to the French Residents-superior at Tonkin:
see under Vietnam])
17 Feb 1900 - Mar 1902 Gustave
Alby (1st
time)
(b. 1855 - d. 1920)
Mar 1902 - Dec
1902 Théophile
Henri Bergès (acting) (b. 1851? - d.
1906)
Dec 1902 - Jul
1905 Gustave Alby
(2nd
time)
(s.a.)
14 Jul 1905 -
Mar 1906 Jean-Fernand Gautret (1st
time) (b. 1862 - d. 1912)
Mar 1906 - Sep
1906 Charles
Dumont (acting)
Sep 1906 - Sep
1908
Jean-Fernand Gautret (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Sep 1908 - Nov 1908
Henri Victor
Sestier
(b. 1857 - d. 1918)
Dec 1908 - May
1910 Paul Edgar
Dufrénil
(b. 1856 - d. 1935)
May 1910 - Jan
1912 Pierre
Stéphane Salabelle
(b. 1857 - d. 19..)
Jan 1912 - Mar
1915 Henri Jean
Auguste
Caillard (b.
1872 - d. 1926)
Mar 1915 - May
1915 Pierre
Ambroise Langellier-Bellevue(b. 1869 - d. 1934)
(acting)
May 1915 - May 1917
Marius Albert
Garnier
(b. 1870 - d. 1929)
May 1917 – Jan
1919 Frédéric Alexandre
Vialla (b. 1867 - d.
19..)
Jan 1919 - Mar
1922
Jean-Félix Krautheimer (1st time) (b. 1874 - d.
1943)
Mar 1922 - Oct
1922 Paul
Marie Alexis Joseph Blanchard (b. 1872 - d.
1945)
de la Brosse (1st time)
Oct 1922 - Dec
1922 Eugène
Guillemain
(acting)
(b. 1885 - d. 1974)
Dec 1922 - Apr
1923
Jean-Félix Krautheimer (2nd time) (s.a.)
Apr 1923 - Dec
1925 Paul
Achille Michel Quesnel (b.
1871 - d. 1945)
Dec 1925 - Dec
1926 Paul Marie Alexis
Joseph Blanchard (s.a.)
de la Brosse (2nd time)
Dec 1926 – May 1927
Adrien Louis Gustave Moisy,
dit (b. 1891 - d. 19..)
Lavalezerie (acting)
May 1927 – Jul 1927
René Simon Lacombe (acting)
(b. 1876 – d.
19..)
Jul 1927 - Apr
1929 Louis
Félix Marie Édouard Rivet (b. 1869 -
d. 1933)
Apr 1929 - 12
Feb 1931 Achille Louis
Auguste Sylvestre (b. 1879 - d. 1937)
(1st time)(acting to 22 Nov 1929)
12 Feb 1931 - 10 Dec 1931 Joseph Jules
Bride (acting) (b. 1871 -
d. 1963)
10 Dec 1931 - 12 Mar 1932 Achille Louis Auguste
Sylvestre (s.a.)
(2nd time)
12 Mar 1932 -
21 Apr 1932 Vayssière (acting)
21 Apr 1932 - 25 Oct 1933 Pierre Charles Edmond
Jabouille (b. 1875 - d. 1947)
25 Oct 1933 -
30 Jun 1934 Paul Henri Desiré Delamarre
(b. 1878 - d. 1956)
(chef du
territoire 1927-1933)
1 Jul 1934 - 16 Jun 1936 Henry
Maurice Émile de Tastes (b. 1883 -
d. 1940)
16 Jun 1936 -
26 May 1937 Camille Fernand
Chapoulart
(b. 1885 - d. 19..)
27 May 1937
- 1 Jun 1941 Jacques Henri Paul Le Prevôst
(b. 1883 - d. 1945)
1 Jun 1941 - 9 Apr 1942 Louis
Frédéric Claire Guillaume (b. 1883 -
d. 1959)
Marty
9 Apr 1942 -
1943
Pierre Marie Jean Domec
(b. 1891 - d. 1984)
1943 - 10 Mar
1945 Adrien Anthony
Maurice Roques (b. 1891 - d.
1977)
(1st time)(Japanese prisoner 10 Mar - Aug 1945)
21 Feb 1943 - 10 Mar 1945 ....
-Japanese commanders
10 Mar 1945 - Sep 1945 Watanabe -Japanese
commander
Mar 1945 - Sep
1945 Chen
Xuetan (Tsang Hoc-tam)
(b. 1882 - d. 1966)
(Nanjing China National Government director)
Sep 1945 - 20 Nov 1945 Adrien Anthony
Maurice Roques (s.a.)
(2nd time)
Kwantung
-
- 27 Dec 1897 - 2 Jan 1905
-
|
-
- 1894 - 1895, 2 Jan 1905 - 23
Aug 1945
-
|
-
- 23 Aug 1945 - 26 May 1955
-
|
Map
of Kwantung
|
Capital: Ryojun
(Port-Artur [Port Arthur] 1898-1905,
Aug 1945-May 1955)
|
Population:
1,656,726 (1935)
250,000 (1898)
|
21 Nov
1894
Japanese occupy Lüshun.
17 Apr
1895
Lushun ceded to Japan by China under Treaty of
Shimonoseki.
5
May
1895
Russia, France, and Germany force Japan to
retrocede
the territory to China.
27 Dec
1897
Occupied by Russia.
27 Mar
1898
Russian leased territory of Kwantung (Kvantunskaya
oblast created,
29 Aug 1899), Lüshun renamed Port-Artur (Port Arthur).
8 Nov
1899
Russians found the town of Dal'niy (see
under China
provinces).
12 Aug 1903 - 1 Jan
1905 Seat of the Russian Viceroyalty of the Far
East.
29
May
1904
Japanese occupy Dal'niy.
2 Jan
1905
Japanese occupation of Port-Artur (under siege from 18
May 1904).
5
Sep
1905
Japanese Kwantung (Kantō-shū)
leased territory; Dalniy
is renamed
Dairen and Port Arthur
renamed Ryojun.
22 Dec
1905
Japan obtains China's consent to the lease transfer by
agreement.
25 May 1915
By China-Japan treaty Kwantung
lease extended to 99 years.
12 Apr
1919
Civil administration begins, Japanese Kwantung army
formed.
23 Aug
1945
Occupied by Soviet Union.
22 Sep 1945 - 26 May
1955 Joint Sino-Soviet administration.
Dairen renamed Dalian,
and Ryojun renamed Luda; the
Soviet base named Port-Artur.
26 May
1955
Fully re-incorporated into China (as agreed 12 Oct
1954).
Japanese Military Governor
21 Nov 1894
- 5 May 1895 Nogi Maresuke
(b. 1849 - d. 1912)
Russian Commanders
27 Dec 1897 - 13
May 1898 Fyodor Vasilyevich
Dubasov
(b. 1845 - d. 1912)
13 May 1898 - 18
Sep 1898 Oskar Viktorovich
Stark
(b. 1846 - d. 1928)
Administrator
18 Sep 1898 -
Jul 1899 Dean Ivanovich
Subbotich
(b. 1852 - d. 1920)
Chief Administrators
29 Aug 1899
- 1 Jan 1905 Yevgeniy Ivanovich
Alekseyev (b. 1843 -
d. 1917)
(from 12 Aug 1903, also Viceroy [Namestnik]
of the Far East)
12 Mar 1904
- 1 Jan 1905 Anatoliy Mikhaylovich Stessel'
(b. 1848 - d. 1915)
(acting for absent Alekseyev)
Japanese Military
governor
2 Jan 1905
- 18 Oct 1905 Baron Yasukata
Oku
(b. 1847 - d. 1939)
Director of the Department of Civil
Affairs
(from 9 Jun 1905, Kanto Civil Affairs Department)
9 May 1905 - 1 Sep 1906 Ishizuka
Eizō
(b. 1866 - d. 1942)
Governors-general
18 Oct 1905 - 26 Apr
1912 Baron Yoshimasa
Ōshima
(b. 1850 - d. 1926)
(from 21 Sep 1907, Count Yoshimasa Ōshima)
26 Apr 1912 - 15 Sep
1914 Baron Yasumasa
Fukushima
(b. 1852 - d. 1919)
15 Sep 1914 - 31 Jul
1917 Baron Satoru
Nakamura
(b. 1854 - d. 1925)
31 Jul 1917 - 11 Apr
1919 Baron Yūjirō
Nakamura
(b. 1852 - d. 1928)
Governors
12 Apr 1919 - 24 May
1920 Baron Gonsuke
Hayashi
(b. 1860 - d. 1939)
24 May 1920 - 8 Sep
1922 Viscount Isaburō
Yamagata
(b. 1858 - d. 1927)
(from 1 Feb 1922, Prince Isaburō
Yamagata)
8 Sep 1922 - 19 Sep 1923 Baron Hikokichi
Ijūin
(b. 1864 - d. 1924)
26 Sep 1923 - 17 Dec
1927 Count Hideo
Kodama
(b. 1876 - d. 1947)
17 Dec 1927 - 7 Aug
1929 Kenjirō
Kinoshita
(b. 1869 - d. 1947)
7 Aug 1929 - 16 Jan
1931 Masahiro
Ota
(b. 1870 - d. 1951)
16 Jan 1931 - 11 Jan
1932 Seiji
Tsukamoto
(b. 1872 - d. 1945)
11 Jan 1932 - 8 Aug
1932 Mannosuke
Yamaoka
(b. 1876 - d. 1968)
8 Aug 1932 - 27 Jul
1933 Baron Nobuyoshi Mutō
(b. 1868 - d. 1933)
28 Jul 1933 - 10 Dec
1934 Takashi
Hishikari
(b. 1871 - d. 1952)
10 Dec 1934 - 6 Mar
1936 Jirō
Minami
(b. 1874 - d. 1955)
6 Mar 1936 - 7
Sep 1939 Kenkichi
Ueda
(b. 1875 - d. 1962)
7 Sep 1939 - 18 Jul
1944 Yoshijirō
Umezu
(b. 1882 - d. 1949)
18 Jul 1944 - 23 Aug
1945 Otozō
Yamada
(b. 1881 - d. 1965)
Soviet Commandants
23 Aug 1945 - Sep 1947
Vladimir Dmitriyevich Ivanov (b.
1900 - d. 1968)
Sep 1945 - Jun 1947
Ivan Ilyich Lyudnikov
(b. 1902 - d. 1976)
Jun 1947 - May 1953
Afanasiy Pavlantyevich Beloborodov (b. 1903 - d. 1990)
May 1953 - 26 May 1955 Vasiliy
Ivanovich Shvetsov (b. 1898
- d. 1958)
Macau (Macao)
-
- to 19 Dec 1999
|
-
- 1967 Proposed
Colonial Flag
|
-
- Government Flag
1975 - 20 Dec 1999
|
Map
of Macau
|
Hear
National Anthem
"A Portugesa"
(The Portuguese)
|
Hear
Local Anthem
(None)
|
Organic Statute of Macau
(17 Feb 1976; in Portuguese)
|
Capital: Macau
|
Currency: Pataca (MOP)
|
National Holiday: 10 Jun
(1580)
Portugal Day
--------------------------------------
Local Holiday: 24 Jun
(1622)
Macau Day
|
Population: 502,325
(1997)
|
GDP:
$7.65 billion (1998)
|
Exports:
$1.7 billion (1999)
Imports: $1.5 billion
(1999)
|
Ethnic groups: Chinese
95%, Macanese (mixed
Portuguese and Asian
ancestry), Portuguese, other
|
Total Police Forces:
5,800 (1999)
Defense was the
Responsibility of Portugal
Merchant Marine: None
(1999)
|
Religions: Buddhist 50%,
Roman Catholic 15%,
none and other 35%
(1997)
|
International
Organizations/Treaties (to
1999): ESCR, IMF, IMO (associate),
Interpol (subbureau), UNESCO (associate),
UNFCC, WCO, WMO, WTO, WToO (associate) |
Macau
|
Chronology
1513
Portuguese led by Jorge Álvares anchor
in the
Pearl River estuary.
1553
First Portuguese settlement at Amacau
(Macao/Macau).
1557
Portuguese established a trading post
at Macao
(subordinated to Goa).
15 Jul
1580 - 1 Dec 1640 Macau
semi-autonomous during the union of
Portugal
with
Spain, refusing to recognize Spanish
rule.
1583
Cidade
do Santo Nome de Deus de Macao
("City of
the Holy Name of God of Macao") as
proclaimed by
charter (confirmed 3 Mar 1595 and 5
Mar 1643).
22-24 Jun
1622
Dutch failed attempt to seize Macao.
1654
City of Macao
granted the title of Cidade
do Santo
Nome de Deus
de Macao, Não Há Outra Mais Leal
("City of the Holy Name
of God of Macao, There is
None More Loyal")
by Portuguese King João IV.
11 Sep
1808 - 18 Dec 1808 British
occupation under William O'Brien Drury
(b. 1754 - d. 1811), Portuguese rule
continues.
7 Dec 1836
Part of Province
of the State of India and Macao and
Timor (Província do Estado da
Índia e Macao e
Timor) (subordinated to Goa).
20 Sep 1844 - 30 Oct 1850
Province of Macau and Timor and Solor
and its
dependencies (Macao e Timor e Solor
como suas
dependências),
separated from Goa as a separate
province.
13 Mar
1849
Chinese customs officials expelled,
Portuguese
cease paying rent to China.
1849 -
1887
Portuguese occupy Lapa (Wanzai)
Island.
1851
Portuguese occupy Taipa (Dangzai)
Island.
1864
Portuguese occupy Coloane (Luhuan)
Island.
1883
Province of Macao and Timor (Provincia
de Macao e
Timor), made a combined
overseas province of
Portugal (subordinated to Goa).
1
Dec
1887
Protocol of Lisbon under which China
acknowledged
Portuguese right of perpetual
occupation of Macao.
1890
Ilha Verde (Qingzhou) incorporated
into Macau.
20 Nov
1926
Colony of Macau (Colónia de Macau).
Apr
1928
China
abrogates 1887 recognition of
Portuguese
occupation
of Macau.
21 Oct 1938 - 24 Apr
1940 Portuguese occupy the
islands of Lapa (Wanzai), Dom
João (Xiao Hengqin) and Montanha (Da
Hengqin).
The
Islands are then occupied by Japan
and pro-
Japanese Wang Jing-Wei forces to 1945.
Dec 1941
- Aug
1945
Japanese troops enter Macau several
times. The
Japanese control the access of people
and goods to
the territory, Making it a virtual
protectorate
by 1943, but avoids formal occupation.
11 Jun
1951
Status changed from colony to overseas
province
(Província de Macau).
1955
Portuguese spelling changed from Macao
to Macau.
29 Jan
1967
Portugal recognizes Macau as Chinese
territory,
China however declines return of the
territory.
25 Feb
1974
China again refuses to take back
Macau.
17 Feb
1976
Status changed from overseas province
to territory
(Territory of Macau [Território de
Macau]). Macau
reclassified
as a "Chinese territory under
Portuguese administration" ('território
Chinês
sob administração Portuguesa').
8
Feb
1979
Macau recognized by China as Chinese
territory
administered by Portugal.
13 Apr
1987
Portugal agrees to restore Macau to
China on
20 Dec 1999.
20 Dec
1999
Return to China as a special
administrative region
(see autonomous
regions).
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Captains-major
1557
Francisco Martins
1557 -
1558
Leonel de Sousa
1558 –
1559
Diogo Pereira
1559 -
1560
Rui Barreto
1560 -
1561
Manuel de Mendonça
1561 -
1562
Fernão de Sousa
1562 -
1563
Pero Barreto Rolim
1563 -
1565
Diogo Pereira
1565 -
1566
João Pedro Pereira
1566 -
1567
Simão de Mendonça (1st time)
1567 -
1568
Tristão Vaz da Veiga (1st time)
1568 -
1569
António de Sousa
1569 -
1571
Manuel Travassos
1571 -
1572
Tristão Vaz da Veiga (2nd time)
1572 -
1573
João de Almeida (1st time)
1573 -
1574
António de Vilhena Manuel
1574 -
1575
Simão de Mendonça (1st time)
1575 -
1576
Vasco Pereira
1576 -
1579
Domingos Monteiro (1st time)
1579 -
1570
Lionel Brito
1580 -
1581
Miguel da Gama
1581 -
1582
Inácio de Lima
(d. 1583)
1582 -
1583
João de Almeida (2nd time)
1583 -
1585
Aires Gonçalves de Miranda
1585 -
1586
Francisco Pais
1586 -
1587
Domingos Monteiro (2nd time)
1587 -
1589
Jerónimo Pereira
1590 -
1591
Anrique da Costa
1591 -
1592
Roque de Melo Pereira
1592 -
1593
Domingos Monteiro (3rd time)
1593 -
1594
Gaspar Pinto da Rocha
1594 -
1595
Francisco de Sa
(did not take office)
1595 -
1596
Manuel de Miranda
1596 -
1597
Rui Mendes de Figuieredo
1598 -
1599
Nunho de Mendonça
(b. 1560 - d. 1632?)
1599 -
1603
Paulo de Portugal
1603 -
1604
Gonçalo Rodrigues de Sousa
1604 -
1605
João Caiado de Gambôa
1605 -
1607
Diogo de Vasconcelos de Meneses
(1st time)
1607 -
1610
André Pessôa
1610 -
1611
Diogo de Vasconcelos de Meneses
(2nd time)
1611 -
1612
Pedro Martins Gaio
1612 -
1614
Miguel de Sousa Pimentel
1614 -
1615
João Serrão da Cunha
1615 -
1616
Martim da Cunha
1616 -
1617
Francisco Lopes Carrasco
1617 -
1618
Lopo Sarmento de
Carvalho
(d. 1645)
(1st
time)
1618 -
1619
António de Oliveira de Morais
1619 -
1620
Jerónimo de Macedo de Carvalho
1621 -
1622
Lopo Sarmento de
Carvalho
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
1622 - 1623
Frei Antonio do
Rosario
(president of governing Junta)
Governors and
Captains-general
7 Jul 1623 -
1626
Francisco Mascarenhas
19 Jul 1626 -
1629
Filipe Lôbo
1630 -
1631
Jerónimo da Silveira
1 Dec 1631 -
1636
Manuel da Câmara de Noronha
Aug 1636 -
1638
Domingos da Câmara de Noronha
Aug 1638 -
1644
Sebastião Lôbo da
Silveira
(d. 1647?)
Aug 1645 -
1646
Luís de Carvalho de Sousa
1646
Diogo Coutinho Doçem
Aug 1647 -
1650
João Pereira
Aug 1650 -
1654
João de Sousa Pereira
Aug 1654 -
1664
Manuel Tavares Bocarro
22 Jul 1664 -
1666
Manuel Coelho da Silva
31 Aug 1667 -
1670
Álvaro da Silva
20 Jul 1670 -
1672
Manuel Borges da Silva
20 Jul 1672 -
1677
António Barbosa Lôbo
10 Dec 1678 -
1679
António de Castro Sande
10 Dec 1679 -
1682
Luís de Melo Sampaio
(d. 1697)
10 Dec 1682 -
1685
Belchior do Amaral de Meneses
5 Jul 1685 -
1688
António de Mesquita Pimentel
31 Jul 1688 -
1691
André Coelho Vieira
21 Jul 1691 -
1693
Francisco da Costa
23 Nov 1693 -
1694
António da Silva e Melo
21 Jul 1694 -
1697 Gil
Vaz Lôbo Freire
17 Aug 1697 -
1697
Cosme Rodrigues de Carvalho e Sousa
28 Sep 1697 -
1698 Chamber
Senate
9 Aug 1698 -
1700
Pedro Vaz de Sequeira (1st time) (b. 1623 - d.
1703)
5 Aug 1700 -
1702
Diogo de Melo Sampaio
22 Jul 1702 -
1703
Pedro Vaz de Sequeira (2nd time) (s.a.)
15 Aug 1703 -
1706
José da Gama Machado
5 Aug 1706 - 28 Jul 1710 Diogo do
Pinho Teixeira
28 Jul 1710 -
1711
Francisco de Melo e Castro
11 Jun 1711 -
1714
António de Noronha de Sequeira
(b. 1674 - d. 1720)
18 Jul 1714 -
1718
Francisco de Alarcão de Souto-Maior
30 May 1718 - 9 Sep 1719 António de
Albuquerque Coelho (b. 1682 - d.
1745)
9 Sep 1719 -
1722
António da Silva Telo de Meneses (b. c.1660
- d. 17..)
19 Aug 1722 -
1724
Cristóvão Severim Manuel de
Vilhena
6 Sep 1724 - 12 Aug 1727 António
Carneiro de Alcáçova
11 Aug 1727 -
1732
António Moniz Barreto
18 Aug 1732 -
1735
António do Amaral e Meneses
15 Jan 1735 -
1735
João do Casal
(b. 1641 -
d. 1735)
24 Aug 1735 - 27 Aug 1738 Cosme Damião
Pinto Pereira (1st time)
27 Aug 1738 -
1743
Manuel Pereira Coutinho
25 Aug 1743 - 29 Aug 1747 Cosme Damião
Pinto Pereira (2nd time)
30 Aug 1747 -
1749
António José Teles de Meneses
2 Aug 1749 -
1752
João Manuel de Melo
29 Jul 1752 - 14 Jul 1755 Rodrigo de
Castro (1st time) (b. 1713 - d.
1774)
14 Jul 1755 - 1 Jul 1758 Francisco
António Pereira Coutinho
1 Jul 1758 - 4 Jul 1761 Diogo
Pereira de
Castro
(b. 1717 - d. 1772)
4 Jul 1761 - 14 Jul 1764 António de
Mendonça Corte-Real (b. 1717 -
d. 1774)
14 Jul 1764 -
1767
José Plácido de Matos Saraiva
19 Aug 1767 -
1770
Diogo Fernandes Salema e Saldanha
(1st time)
29 Jul 1770 - 26 Jul 1771 Rodrigo de
Castro (2nd time) (s.a.)
26 Jul 1771 -
1777
Diogo Fernandes Salema e Saldanha
(2nd time)
25 Jun 1777 - 1 Aug 1778 Alexandre
da Silva Pedrosa (b. 1727 -
d. 1799)
Guimarães, bispo de Macau
1 Aug 1778 -
1780
João Vicente Ferreira da Silveira (b. 1728 - d.
....)
e Meneses
5 Jan 1780 - 28 Aug 1781 António
José da Costa
28 Aug 1781 - 18 Aug 1783 Francisco de
Castro
18 Aug 1783 -
1788
Bernardo Aleixo de Lemos e Faria (b. 1754 -
d. 1826)
(1st time)
21 Jul 1788 - 16 Jul 1789 Francisco Xavier
de Mendonça (b.
c.1740 - d. 1789)
Corte-Real
16 Jul 1789 - 29 Jul 1790 Commission
- Lázaro da Silva Pereira
- Manuel Antonio da Costa Ferreira
29 Jul 1790 - 26 Jul 1793 Vasco Luís
Carneiro de Sousa e Faro
27 Jul 1793 - 8 Aug 1797 José Manuel
Pinto (1st time)
8 Aug 1797 -
1800
Cristóvão Pereira de
Castro (b.
1733 - d. 1805)
8 Aug 1800 - 8 Aug 1803 José
Manuel Pinto (2nd time)
8 Aug 1803 -
1806
Caetano de Sousa Pereira
8 Aug 1806 - 26 Dec 1808 Bernardo
Aleixo de Lemos e Faria (s.a.)
(2nd time)
26 Dec 1808 - 19 Jul 1810 Lucas José de
Alvarenga (1st time) (b. 1768 - d. 1831)
19 Jul 1810 - 19 Jul 1814 Bernardo Aleixo
de Lemos e Faria (s.a.)
(3rd time)
19 Jul 1814 -
1817
Lucas José de Alvarenga (2nd time) (s.a.)
19 Jul 1817 – 9 Aug 1822 José Osório
de Castro Cabral de (b. 1779 - d.
1857)
Albuquerque
9 Aug 1822 – 23 Sep 1822 Paulino da
Silva Barbosa
23 Sep 1822 – 28 Jul 1825 Government
Council
- Frei Francisco de Nossa Senhora
da Luz Chacim (1st time)
(b. 1767 - d. 1828)
- João Cabral de Estefique
- Joaquim Antonio da
Silva
28 Jul 1825 - 15 Nov 1827 Joaquim Mourão
Garcês
Palha (b. 1775
- d. 1850)
15 Nov 1827 – 7 Jul 1830 Government
Council
- Frei Francisco de Nossa Senhora
da Luz Chacim (2nd time)
(s.a.)
(to 18..)
-
Ignacio da Silva (from 18..)
- José Filippe Pires da Costa
- Alexandre Joaquim Grand-Pré
(to 18..)
- Dyonisio de Mello Sampaio
(from
18..)
7 Jul 1830 - Jul
1833 João Cabral de
Estefique
(b. 1780 - d. 1854)
3 Jul 1833 - 23 Feb 1837 Bernardo
José de Sousa Soares (b.
1795 - d. 1844)
de Andrea
23 Feb 1837 - 2 Oct 1843 Adrião
Acácio da Silveira Pinto (b. 1795 - d.
1868)
3 Oct 1843 - 21 Apr 1846 José
Gregório Pegado
(d. 1846)
21 Apr 1846 - 22 Aug 1849 João Maria
Ferreira do Amaral (b.
1803 - d. 1849)
22 Aug 1849 -
1850 Government
Council
- Jerônimo José da Mata (1st time) (b 1804 - d.
1865)
- Joaquim Antonio de Moraes
Carneiro (1st time)
- Ludgero Joaquim de Faria Neves
(1st time)
- Miguel Pereira Simões (1st time)
- José Bernardino Goularte
(1st time)
- Manuel Pereira (1st time)
30 May 1850 - 6 Jul 1850 Pedro
Alexandrino da
Cunha
(b. 1801 - d. 1850)
7 Jul 1850 -
1851 Government
Council
- Jerônimo José da Mata (2nd time) (s.a.)
- Joaquim Antonio de Moraes
Carneiro (2nd time)
- Ludgero Joaquim de Faria Neves
(2nd time)
- Miguel Pereira Simões (2nd time)
- José Bernardino Goularte
(2nd time)
- Manuel Pereira (2nd time)
3 Feb 1851 - 18 Nov 1851 Francisco
António
Gonçalves (b.
1800 - d. 1875)
Cardoso
19 Nov 1851 - 22 Jun 1863 Isidoro
Francisco Guimarães,
(b. 1808 - d. 1883)
(from 1862) visconde da Praia
Grande de Macau
22 Jun 1863 - 25 Oct 1866 José Rodrigues
Coelho do Amaral (b. 1808 - d. 1873)
26 Oct 1866 - 3 Aug 1868 José Maria
da Ponte e
Horta (b. 1824
- d. 1892)
3 Aug 1868 -
1872
António Sérgio de
Sousa
(b. 1809 - d. 1878)
23 Mar 1872 - 7 Dec 1874 Januário
Correia de Almeida,
(b. 1829 - d. 1901)
visconde de São Januário
7 Dec 1874 - 30 Dec 1876 José Maria
Lôbo de
Ávila
(b. 1817 - d. 1889)
31 Dec 1876 - 17 Oct 1879 Carlos Eugénio
Correia da Silva, (b. 1834 - d.
1905)
visconde de Paço de Arcos
17 Oct 1879 – 28 Nov 1879 Manuel Bernardo
de Sousa Enes (b. 1814 - d. 1887)
(president of Government Council)
28 Nov 1879 – 24 Mar 1883 Joaquim José da
Graça
(b. 1825 - d. 1889)
24 Mar 1883 – 23 Apr 1883 Government
Council (incomplete)
- Francisco Alves Morgado Jr.
- João
José da Silva
(b. 1845 - d. 1927)
23 Apr 1883 - 7 Aug 1886 Tomás de
Sousa
Rósa
(b. 1844 - d. 1918)
7 Aug 1886 - 13 Oct 1888 Firmino
José da
Costa
(b. 1843 - d. 1893)
13 Oct 1888 – 5 Feb 1889 João José
da Silva
(s.a.)
(president of Government Council)
5 Feb 1889 -
1890
Francisco Teixeira da
Silva (b. 1826
- d. 1894)
16 Oct 1890 - 24 Mar 1894 Custódio Miguel
de
Borja
(b. 1849 - d. 1911)
24 Mar 1894 - 15 Feb 1897 José Maria de
Sousa Horta e Costa
(1st
time)
(b. 1858 - d. 1927)
15 Feb 1897 – 12 Mar 1897 Alvaro Maria de
Fornelos
(president of Government Council)
12 Mar 1897 - 21 Apr 1900 Eduardo Augusto
Rodrigues Galhardo (b. 1845 - d. 1908)
21 Apr 1900 – 12 Aug 1900 José Manuel de
Carvalho (b.
1844 - d. 1904)
(president of Government Council)
12 Aug 1900 - 17 Dec 1902 José Maria de
Sousa Horta e Costa (s.a.)
(2nd
time)
(s.a.)
17 Dec 1902 - 10 Dec 1903 Arnaldo Nogueira
de Novais Guedes (b. 1847 - d. 1917)
Rebelo
10 Dec 1903 - 5 Apr 1904 João
Paulino de Azevedo e Castro (b. 1852 - d. 1918)
(president of council of government)
5 Apr 1904 - 1 Apr 1907
Martinho Pinto de
Queirós
(b. 1864 - d. 1919)
Montenegro
1 Apr 1907 – 6 Apr 1907 José
Emilio de Santana da Cunha (b.
1849 - d. 1920)
Castel-Branco (acting)
6 Apr 1907 – 14 May 1908 Pedro de
Azevedo
Coutinho
(b. 1865 - d. 1942)
14 May 1908 – 18 Aug 1908 Francisco Diogo
de Sá (acting)
18 Aug 1908 – 22 Sep 1909 José Augusto
Alves Roçadas
(b. 1865 - d. 1926)
22 Sep 1909 - 30 Nov 1910 Eduardo Augusto
Marquês
(b. 1867 - d. 1944)
30 Nov 1910 – 17 Dec 1910 João Marques
Vidal (acting)
17 Dec 1910 – 14 Jul 1912 Álvaro Cardoso
de Melo Machado (b. 1883 - d.
1970)
14 Jul 1912 - 16 Jun 1914 Aníbal Augusto
Sanches de Miranda (b. 1865 - d. 1939)
16 Jun 1914 – 10 Jun 1914 José Maria
Martins Pereira (acting)
10 Jun 1914 – 5 Sep 1916 José Carlos
da
Maia
(b. 1878 - d. 1921)
5 Sep 1916 – 22 Jun 1917 Manuel
Ferreira da
Rocha
(b. 1885 - d. 1951)
22 Jun 1917 - 21 Dec 1917 Fernando Augusto
Vieira de Matos
21 Dec 1917 - 12 Oct 1918 Council
of Government
- Américo Guilherme Botelho de (b. 1877 -
d. 19..)
Sousa
- José David Freire Garcia
- Manuel Ferreira da Rocha
12 Oct 1918 – 17 Jul 1919 Artur Tamagnini
de Sousa Barbosa (b. 1880 - d. 1940)
(1st time)
17 Jul 1919 – 23 Aug 1919 Joaquim Augusto
Tomé dos Santos (b. 1867 -
d. 1954)
(acting)
23 Aug 1919 - 20 May 1922 Henrique
Monteiro Correia da Silva (b. 1878 - d. 1935)
20 May 1922 - 5 Jan 1923 Luís António
de Magalhães Correia (b. 1873 - d. 1960)
(acting)
5 Jan 1923 - 16 Jul 1924 Rodrigo
José
Rodrigues
(b. 1879 - d. 1963)
16 Jul 1924 - 18 Oct 1925 Joaquim Augusto
Tomé dos Santos (b. 1867 - d. 1954)
(acting)
18 Oct 1925 - 1 Aug 1926 Manuel
Firmino de Almeida Maia (b. 1881
- d. 1932)
Magalhães
1 Aug 1926 - 8 Dec 1926 Hugo
Carvalho Lacerda Castelo
(b. 1860 - d. 1944)
Branco (acting)
8 Dec 1926 – 5 Apr 1929 Artur
Tamagnini de Sousa Barbosa (s.a.)
(2nd time)
5 Apr 1929 – 30 Mar 1931 João
Pereira de Magalhães
(b. 1873 - d. 1933)
(1st time) (acting)
30 Mar 1931 – 15 Oct 1931 Joaquim Anselmo
da Mata e Oliveira (b. 1874 - d. 1948)
15 Oct 1931 – 21 Jun 1932 João Pereira de
Magalhães (s.a.)
(2nd time) (acting)
21 Jun 1932 - 19 Sep 1935 António José
Bernardes de Miranda (b. 1885 - d. 1957)
19 Sep 1935 - 24 Dec 1936 João Pereira
Barbosa
24 Dec 1936 - 7 Feb 1937 António
Joaquim Godinho Ferreira (b. 1887 - d. 1947)
da Silva Júnior
7 Feb 1937 – 11 Apr 1937 João Pinto
Crisóstomo (acting)
11 Apr 1937 - 10 Jul 1940 Artur Tamagnini
de Sousa Barbosa (s.a.)
(3rd time)
10 Jul 1940 - 29 Oct 1940 José Rodrigues
Moutinho (acting) (b. 1904 - d. 1984)
29 Oct 1940 -
1946
Gabriel Maurício
Teixeira
(b. 1897 - d. 1973)
1946 – 1 Sep
1947
Samuel Conceição Vieira (acting)
1 Sep 1947 - 19 Apr 1951 Albano
Rodrigues de Oliveira (b. 1904 - d.
1973)
19 Apr 1951 – 23 Nov 1951 Aires Pinto
Ribeiro
(government Comissioner)
23 Nov 1951 – 22 Jun 1956 Joaquim Marquês
Esparteiro (b. 1895 - d.
1976)
22 Jun 1956 – 8 Mar 1957 João Carlos
Guedes Quinhones de
Portugal da Silveira
(government
commissioner)
8 Mar 1957 -
1958
Pedro Correia de Barros
(b. 1911 - d. 1968)
1958 -
1959
Manuel Peixoto Nunes (acting)
17 Sep 1959 - 17 Apr 1962 Jaime Silvério
Marques (b.
1915 - d. 1986)
17 Apr 1962 – Jul 1966
António Adriano Faria Lopes dos (b.
1919 - d. 2009)
Santos
Jul 1966 – 25 Nov 1966
Carlos Armando da Mota Cerveira (b. 1920 -
d. 1981)
(acting)
25 Nov 1966 – 29 Sep 1974 José Manuel de
Sousa e Faro Nobre (b. 1910 - d. 1988)
de
Carvalho
29 Sep 1974 – 19 Nov 1974 Manuel
Joaquim Álvaro de Maia
Gonçalves (acting)
19 Nov 1974 - 1 Feb 1979 José
Eduardo Martinho García
(b. 1940)
Leandro
1 Feb 1979 – 28 Nov 1979 Victor
Manuel de Oliveira Santos
(acting)
28 Nov 1979 - 26 Feb 1981 Nuno Viriato
Tavares de Melo (b. 1922 -
d. 2011)
Egídio
26 Feb 1981 - 16 Jun 1981 José Carlos
Moreira Campos
(acting)
16 Jun 1981 – Jan 1986
Vasco Fernando Leotte de Almeida (b.
1932 - d. 2010)
e
Costa
Jan 1986 – 28 May 1986
Manuel Maria Amaral de Freitas (b.
19.. - d. 2014)
(acting)
28 May 1986 – Mar 1987
Joaquim Germano Pinto
Machado (b. 1930 - d.
2011)
Correia da Silva
Mar 1987 – 9 Aug
1987 Carlos Augusto Valente
Pulido (b. 1942)
Monjardino (acting)
9 Aug 1987 - 28 Sep 1990 Carlos
Montez
Melancia
(b. 1927 - d. 2022)
28 Sep 1990 - 23 Apr 1991 Francisco Luis
Murteira Nabo (b.
1939)
(acting)
23 Apr 1991 - 19 Dec 1999 Vasco Joaquim
Rocha
Vieira
(b. 1939)
Japanese Advisors (Japanese Consuls in Macao)
(formally in charge of contacts with
the Portuguese governor)
1941 - 3 Feb
1945
Yasumitsu Fukui
(d. 1945)
19 Mar 1945 - Jul 1945 Iwai Eiichi
(acting)
(b. 1899 - d. 19..)
Jul 1945 - 1945
Masaki Yodogawa
Peking
Legation Quarter
20 Jun 1900 - 14 Aug 1900 Siege of the foreign
legations in Peking by the "Boxer" rebels.
14 Aug 1900
Beijing occupied by Allied troops
(Germany, France, Italy, Japan,
Russia, U.K. and U.S.)
Sep
1901
Withdrawal of foreign forces from Peking
(except from the Legation
Quarter) takes place with the
restoration of local administration.
7 Sep
1901
By Article VII of the Final Protocol, the
Diplomatic Quarter was
thus assigned to the use, or special use, of
the legations.
1901 - 1904
Italy occupies Hwan-tsun district;
Germany, Lang-fang and Yang-tsun;
France,
Chun-liang-cheng and Tongku; Great Britain, Lutai and
Tangshan; Japan, Lanchou and Changli.
13 Jun
1904
Protocol Regarding Administration of
Legation Quarter in Peking -
supplementary to the
7 Sep 1901 Final Protocol, in order to
guarantee an unimpeded and adequate use of the
quarter, the
privilege of having its own exclusive administration
was granted
to be run by representatives of the
Powers, signatory to the
Final Protocol of 7 Sep 1901
(signed by Austria-Hungary,
Belgium, China, France, Germany,
Italy, Japan, Netherlands,
Russia, Spain, U.K., and U.S.)
1904 -
1914
In the Diplomatic Quarter, three different sections were
established: the "eastern", "western", and
"British". During the
long period, from 1901 to 1911, there was no
unity in the
administration of the Legation Quarter.
1 Jan
1914
Joint administration of the Legation Quarter
under a special statute
(Règlements pour le Quartier Diplomatique a
Pekin). "Administrative
Commission of the
Diplomatic Quarter shall consist of three
representatives of the Legations of the Protocol Powers
and two
representatives of the residents of the Quarter. The
former are
designated by the Heads of Missions of the Protocol
Powers and the
latter are elected by secret ballot under a system which
provides
for the apportionment of voting power according to the
amount of
taxes contributed."
28 Mar 1917
German minister leaves
Peking followed by Austrian-Hungarian
minister.
17 Aug 1917
China declares war on Germany and Austria-Hungary
and abrogates
all treaties with them.
1917 - 1919
German properties occupied by
Netherlands, Austro-Hungarian
by
Spain.
6 Aug 1914 - 23 Aug 1917 Legation
diplomatic commission does not meet due to
World War I.
28 Jun 1919
By Treaty of Versailles
Germany renounces its extraterritorial
rights in China, including in Legation Quarter, however
China
does sign to sign the treaty.
10 Sep
1919
By Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye Austria renounces its
extraterritorial rights in China, including in Legation
Quarter
(effective 16 Jun 1920) and Hungary by the Treaty of
Trianon
(ratified on 21 Jun 1921).
30 May
1921
Sino-German treaty, Germany re-establishes diplomatic
relations with
China renouncing
extraterritorial rights in the Legation Quarter.
23 Mar 1920
Peking Government withdraws its
recognition of the Russian minister
and all
other Russian officials in China appointed by the
Russian
Provisional government and confiscates Russian
properties. The
foreign diplomatic corps entrusted the Russian legation
and its
holdings
in Peking to M.J. Oudendijk Minister of the Netherlands.
12 Jul
1924
Soviet representative Lev Karakhan agrees with the
Netherlands
Minister that the Soviet Union is a cosignatory to the
1901 and
1904 Boxer Protocols, his action directly
violates the 31 May
1924 Sino-Soviet agreement.
12 Sep 1924
Immovable property of the former Russian
Legation is transferred to
the representative of the Soviet Union by the
diplomatic corps
(by Sino-Soviet agreement of 31 May
1924).
21 Jun
1928
Peking is renamed Beiping
(Peip'ing) as the Nationalist government
of China establishes a new central government
at Nanking.
Apr 1927
Zhang Zuolin
orders a speedy requisition of the Soviet Embassy which
resulted in the arrest of the Soviet Communist agents as
well as
in the seizure of arms, munitions, and some important
secret
documents (Soviet
representative had failed to sit in
the meetings
of the
diplomatic corps at Peking as a
signatory Power of the
Final
Protocol).
Dec 1934
Italy elevates
its legation at Peking to the rank of an embassy.
17 May
1935
The American, Japanese, and
British governments simultaneously
announce that their respective legations in China would
be
elevated to embassies.
18 May
1935
Germany elevates its legation at
Peking to the rank of an embassy.
Feb
1936
France elevates its legation at Peking to the rank of an
embassy.
Jun
1936
Belgium elevates its legation at Peking to the rank of
an embassy.
8 Aug 1937 - 10 Oct 1945 Japanese
occupy Peiping.
14 Dec 1937 - 10 Oct 1945
Beiping renamed Beijing (Peking) as the
capital of the Japanese-
sponsored China government.
13 Aug 1940
British consulate-general guard departs.
1941
French embassy suspended.
8 Dec
1941
British and U.S. citizens become Japanese prisoners.
11 Jan
1943
U.S. and U.K. legations officially
retroceded to the Republic of
China by
the U.S. and U.K., formal end of extraterritoriality.
Feb
1943
Civilian foreigners remaining in Peiping are
interned by Japan in
the
Weihsien Civilian Assembly Center, 320 km (200
mi) south.
1943
"Vichy" France retrocedes its legation to Japanese
sponsored Chinese
National Government (not recognized by "Free" French or
the
Republic of China).
Feb/Mar 1943
Legation Quarter is handed over to the
Japanese-sponsored Chinese
National Government by Japan.
15 Oct
1945
U.S. Marines accept the surrender of Japanese troops in
Peiping.
26 Dec 1947
Joint Agreement of the Commissioners and
Foreign Advisers of the
Commission for the Liquidation of the Official Assets,
Obligations, and Liabilities of the Peiping Legation
Quarter.
3 Feb
1949
Nationalist forces in Peiping (Beijing) surrender
to the Communists
Presidents of the Administrative Commission
of the Diplomatic Quarter
c.1917 - 1918
Daniele Varé (Italy)
(b. 1880 - d. 1956)
1918 - 1921
Alexis Léger Saint-Léger
(France) (b. 1887 - d. 1975)
(= Saint-John Perse)
1921? - c.1922
Willys Ruggles Peck
(U.S.)
(b. 1882 - d. 1952)
c.1926
Miles Wedderburn
Lampson (U.K.) (b. 1880 - d. 1964)
19.. - 1938
Y. Mutō (Japan)
1938 - 1939
George Atcheson
(U.S.)
(b. 1896 - d. 1947)
c.1943
Naokichi Kitazawa (Japan)
(b. 1901 - d. 1981)
Secretaries to the Administrative Commission
of the Diplomatic Quarter
1 Jan 1914 - c.1932
William Porter Thomas (U.K.)
(b. 1878 - d. 19..)
Jul 1938 - 8 Dec 1941 Peter J.
Lawless (U.K.)
(Japanese prisoner 8 Dec 1941-1945)
Dec 1941 -
1943
....
Shameen (Shamian) Island, Canton
Note: Shameen (also romanized
then as Shamien, Shamian) a small
artificial Island at Canton (Guangzhou) contained two
concessions established in 1856 and occupied between 1859
and 1861. The British concession contained 62 acres and
the French concession contained 12 acres.
British Concession
-
![[United Kingdom] [United Kingdom]](gb.gif)
29 Oct 1856 - 15 Feb 1857 Canton occupied by
British forces.
5 Jan 1858 - 21 Oct 1861
Canton occupied by British, French and Allied forces.
26 Jun
1859
China leases a concession on Shameen (Shamian) Island in
Canton
to the British.
22 Jun
1871
Municipal council is formed for British Shameen (Canton)
Concession.
21 Oct 1938 - 16 Sep 1945 Japanese
occupy Canton.
8 Dec 1941 - 9 Sep
1945 Japanese occupy the British concession.
11 Jan
1943
Settlement is officially retroceded to the Republic of
China by
the U.K., formal end of extraterritoriality.
1 Aug
1943
Concession retroceded to the Japanese sponsored Chinese
National
Government by Japan.
9 Sep
1945
Formally restored to China.
British Consuls in Canton
3 Sep 1859 -
1877? Daniel
Brooke
Robertson
(b. 1810 - d. 1881)
(from 8 Jun 1872, Sir Daniel Brooke
Robertson)
12 May 1859 - 19 Oct 1860 Charles Alexander
Winchester (d. 1883)
(acting)
21 Apr 1871 - 11 Feb 1872 Patrick Joseph Hughes
(acting)
9 Nov 1877 -
1880 James
Mongan
25 Feb 1880 - 1885
Archer Rotch
Hewlett
(b. 1838 - d. 1904)
20 Apr 1886 -
1893
Chaloner Grenville Alabaster
(b. 1838 - d. 1898)
(from 1 Apr 1891, consul-general)
15 Jun 1893 -
1899 Byron
Brenan
(b. 1847 - d. 1927)
13 May 1899 - 9 Jun 1900
Benjamin Charles George Scott (b.
1846 - d. 1929)
Consuls-general in Canton
9 Jun 1900 -
1902
Benjamin Charles George Scott
(s.a.)
5 Apr 1902 -
1906 James
Scott
(b. 1850 - d. 1920)
21 Apr 1906 -
1909
Robert William
Mansfield
(b. 1850 - d. 1911)
21 Jan 1909 -
1926 James
William
Jamieson
(b. 1867 - d. 1946)
1920
Herbert Goffe
(b. 1868 - d. 1937)
(acting for Jamieson)
14 Apr 1926 - 8 Apr 1929
John F. Brenan (acting)
(b.
1883 - d. 1953)
15 May 1929 - 6 Feb 1930
George Sinclair Moss (acting) (b.
1882 - d. 1959)
7 Feb 1930 - 1937
Herbert
Phillips
(b. 1878 - d. 1957)
Feb 1937 - 8 Dec 1941
Arthur Powlett
Blunt
(b. 1883 - d. 1947)
French Concession
-
![[France] [France]](fr.gif)
17 Sep
1861
China leases a concession on Shameen (Shamian) Island at
Canton
(Guangzhou) to France (Concession Française
de Shameen [Canton]),
however
France does not begin development of their
holdings on
Shamian
until 1889.
20 Aug
1889
Municipal Organization of the French Concession of
Shameem (Canton).
1940 -
1945
Consul loyal to Vichy France.
19 May
1943
"Vichy" France retrocedes its Shameen concession to the
Japanese
sponsored Chinese National Government (not recognized by
the
"Free" French or the Republic of China).
19 May 1943 - 9 Sep 1945 Japanese
occupy the former French Canton concession.
28 Feb
1946
Formally restored to China by France.
French Consuls in Canton
1858 -
1869
Gilbert Gabriel de Trenqualye
(b. 1811 - d. 1871)
1869 -
1870
Henry Du
Chesne
(d. 1884)
1870 -
1871
Claude-Philibert Dabry
de (b.
1826 - d. 1898)
Thiersant (1st time)
Apr 1871 - 4 Apr
1872 Ernest Jules Blancheton
(acting) (b. 1842 - d. 1881)
Apr 1872 - Jun
1872 Julien
René Emmanuel Stephen de (b. 1844 - d. 1917)
Chappedelaine, comte
de
Chappedelaine (1st time)(interim)
Jun 1872 - Sep
1872 Vincente
Salès (1st time)(interim)(b. 1828 - d. ....)
1872 -
1873
Julien René Emmanuel Stephen de (s.a.)
Chappedelaine, comte
de
Chappedelaine (2nd time)(interim)
1873 -
1876
Claude-Philibert Dabry
de
(s.a.)
Thiersant (2nd time)
16 Dec 1876 - 14 Apr 1879 Edmond Théodore
Melchior de (b. 1842
- d. 1909)
Lagrené (interim)
1878
Victor Gabriel Lemaire (1st time) (b. 1839 - d. 1907)
(acting for Lemaire)
1879 -
1880
Georges Francisque
Fernand (b.
1849 - d. 1886)
Sherzer (1st time)(interim)
1880
Victor Gabriel Lemaire (2nd time) (s.a.)
1881
Vincente Salès (2nd time)(interim)(s.a.)
1 Apr 1881 -
1882
Léon
Bellaguet
(b. 1839 - d. ....)
23 Nov 1882 -
1883
Alexandre Laurence de Lalande
(b. 1856 - d. ....)
(interim)
1883 -
1884
Paul Octave
Ristelhueber
(b. 1849 - d. 1925)
1884
Georges Francisque
Fernand (s.a.)
Sherzer (2nd time)
1885 -
1886
Joseph Hippolyte Frandin (interim)(b. 1852 - d. 1924)
1886 -
1889
Georges-Gaston Servan
de
(b. 1852 - d. 1917)
Bézaure
1889 -
1892
Camille Clément Imbault-Huart
(b. 1857 - d. 1897)
(1st time)
1892 -
1893
Camille Gaston Kahn (1st time) (b.
1864 - d. 1928)
(interim)
1893 -
1896
Camille Clément Imbault-Huart
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
26 May 1896 - 10 Jun 1897 Léonce Hector
Gabriel Flayelle (b. 1863 - d. 1927)
(1st time) (interim)
1897 - 29 Nov
1897
Camille Clément Imbault-Huart
(s.a.)
(3rd time)
8 Dec 1897 - 6 Jan 1900 Léonce
Hector Gabriel Flayelle (s.a.)
(2nd time) (interim)
1900 -
1902
Charles Edmond
Hardouin
(b. 1856 - d. 1956)
1902 -
1903
Fernand Emmanuel Jean Guillien (b.
1860 - d. 19..)
1903 -
1904
Léon Alphonse Doire (interim)
(b. 1868 - d. 19..)
1 Jul 1904 -
1906
Camille Gaston Kahn (2nd time) (s.a.)
1906 -
1908
Paul Constant Véroudart (interim) (b. 1875 - d. 19..)
1908 -
1909
Jean Joseph Beauvais (1st time) (b. 1867 -
d. 1924)
1909 -
1910
Ulysse-Raphaël Reau (interim)
(b. 1872 - d. 1928)
1910 -
1923
Jean Joseph Beauvais (2nd time) (s.a.)
1924 -
1925
Georges Dufaure de La Prade
1925 -
1929
François André Gustave
Abel (b. 1874 - d.
1966)
Danjou
1929 - 1938
Laurent Antoine Eynard
(b. 1879 - d. 1939)
1938 -
1945
Philippe August Simon
(b. 1884 - d. af.1959)
1945 -
1950
Paul Marie Antoine
Viaud
(b. 1914 - d. 1953)
Shanghai
International Settlement
-
- c.1869 - bf.1917
|
-
- af.1917 - 1942
|
Map
of Shanghai 1935
|
GDP: $N/A
|
Exports:
$N/A
Imports: $N/A
|
Land Regulations
(24 Sep 1869/25 Oct 1881
- 17 Apr 1941)
|
Shanghai
Volunteer Corps: 2,000 (1933)
Foreign Troops (1933): British
Forces: 2,160;
French Forces:
1,982;
Japanese Forces: 1,934;
U.S. Forces: 1,758;
Italian Forces: 108
Defense the
Responsibility of Treaty Powers
|
Currencies: Spanish
Silver Dollar; Chinese Yuan
(CND); Hong
Kong Dollar
(HKD), Japanese
Yen (JPY) |
Population: 1,159,800
(1935)
(includes: 38,940 foreigners)
|
Ethnic groups:
Chinese, American, British, French,
Japanese, Italian, Russian, German and others
|
Religions:
Protestant, Roman Catholic, Jewish,
Buddhist and Taoist
|
16 Jun 1842 - 29 Aug 1842 British occupation
of Shanghai.
17 Nov
1843
Shanghai becomes a Treaty Port.
29 Nov
1845
First charter (Land Regulations) enacted.
20 Nov
1846
China
leases a concession the the British in Shanghai
(at the time
spelled in English as "Shanghae").
27 Nov
1848
British concession expanded.
1849
Committee on Roads and Jetties formed under the British
Land
Regulations.
11 Jul
1854
Shanghai Municipal Council (SMC), formally the Council
for the
Foreign Settlement North of the Yang-king-pang,
established
(nominally under the sovereignty of China).
1862
Proposal to make Shanghai an independent "free city" is
rejected.
21 Sep
1863
Foreign Settlement created by amalgamation of American
and
British concessions (consummated Dec 1863);
approximately 8.73
square miles (5,583 acres).
1898
Woosung (Wusong) added.
29 Jun
1899
Renamed the International Settlement.
7 Jul
1927
Chinese Greater Shanghai Municipality is established.
Jan/Feb
1931
Japanese become majority population in Hongkew [Hongkou]
district.
9 Nov
1937
Japanese occupy Chinese Shanghai and the Northern
Districts
of the International Settlement (the area north of
Suzhou
[Soochow] River was the Japanese-controlled sphere of
influence
informally called the "Shanghai Japanese concession").
10 Aug
1940
British withdraw troops from Shanghai.
17 Apr
1941
Land Regulations are suspended by provisional agreement.
8 Dec 1941 - 3 Sep 1945 Japanese
occupy the International Settlement (but not
the French concession); it is dissolved by Japan in
1943.
11 Jan
1943
Settlement is officially retroceded to the Republic of
China by
the U.S. and U.K., formal end of extraterritoriality.
15 Feb
1943
Internment of citizens from Allied nations begun.
1 Aug
1943
Settlement retroceded to Japanese sponsored Chinese
National
Government by Japan.
3 Sep
1945
Formally restored to China.
British Consuls in Shanghai
1 Dec 1842 - 7 Oct 1846 George
Balfour
(b. 1809 - d. 1894)
7 Oct 1846 - May 1854 Rutherford
Alcock
(b. 1809 - d. 1897)
May 1854 - Dec 1858
Daniel Brooke
Robertson
(b. 1810 - d. 1881)
Dec 1858 - Mar
1865 Sir Harry
Smith Parkes (b.
1828 - d. 1885)
23 Jul 1859 - Apr 1863 Thomas
Taylor Meadows
(b. 1815 - d. 1868)
(acting for Parkes)
Apr 1863 - 6 Jun 1863
Frederick E.B. Harvey
(acting
for Parkes)
6 Jun 1863 - Mar 1865 John
Markham
(b. 1835 - d. 1871)
(acting for Parkes)
Chairmen of the Committee on Roads and Jetties
1849 - 25 May
1852 the
British consuls
25 May 1852 - 21 Jul 1853 Edward Cunningham
(U.S.)
(b. 1823 - d. 1889)
21 Jul 1853 - 11 Jul 1854 William Shepard Wetmore
(U.S.) (b. 1801 - d. 1862)
Chairmen of the Municipal Council of the Shanghai International
Settlement
11 Jul 1854 -
1855
William Seton Brown (U.K.)
1855
Christopher Augustus Fearon (U.K.)(b. 1788 - d. 1866)
Mar 1855 -
1855
William Shepard Wetmore (U.S.) (s.a.)
1855 -
1856
William Thorburn
(U.K.)
(b. 1819 - d. 1898)
Jan 1856 - 31 Jan 1857 James
Lawrence Man
(U.K.) (b.
1818 - d. 1888)
31 Jan 1857 - Jan 1858 George
Watson Coutts (U.K.)
(b. c.1833 - d. 1890)
Jan 1858 - Jan
1859 John Thorne
(U.S.)
31 Jan 1859 - 15 Feb 1860 Robert Reid (U.K.)
(b. 1837 -
d. ....)
15 Feb 1860 - 2 Feb 1861 Rowland Hamilton
(U.K.)
2 Feb 1861 - 31 Mar 1862 William Howard (U.K.)
31 Mar 1862 - 4 Apr 1863 Henry Turner (U.K.)
4 Apr 1863 - 25 Apr 1865 Henry "Harry" William
Dent (U.K.) (b. 1834 - d. 1893)
25 Apr 1865 - 18 Apr 1866 William Keswick
(U.K.)
(b. 1834 - d. 1912)
18 Apr 1866 - Mar 1868 F.B.
Johnson (U.K.)
Mar 1868 - 2 Apr 1870 Edward
Cunningham
(U.S.)
(s.a.)
2 Apr 1870 - 4 Apr 1871 George Basil
Dixwell (U.S.) (b.
1815 - d. 1885)
4 Apr 1871 - Jan 1873 John
Dent
(U.K.)
(b. 1821 - d. 1892)
Jan 1873 - 16 Apr 1874 Robert
Inglis Fearon (U.S.)
(b. 1837 - d. 1897)
16 Apr 1874 -
1876 John
Graeme Purdon
(U.S.) (b.
1834 - d. 1910)
(1st time)
1876 - Jan
1877
Alfred Adolphus Krauss (U.K.) (b.
1839? - d. 1908)
Jan 1877 - 16 Jan 1879 James Hart
(U.S.)
16 Jan 1879 - 30 Jan 1882 Robert "Bob" William
Little (U.K.)(b. 1839 - d. 1906)
30 Jan 1882 -
1882 Henry
Riches Hearn
(U.K.) (b.
18.. - d. 1905)
1882 -
1883
Walter Cyril Ward (U.K.)
1883 - 22 Jan
1884
Alexander Myburgh
(U.K.)
(b. 1848 - d. 1889)
22 Jan 1884 - 22 Jan 1886 James Johnstone Keswick
(U.K.) (b. 1845 - d. 1914)
22 Jan 1886 -
1889
Alexander George Wood (U.K.) (b. 1841
- d. ....)
1889 - May
1891
John Macgregor (1st time)(U.K.) (b. 1871 - d.
1893)
May 1891 - Jan
1893 John Graeme
Purdon
(U.S.)
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
Jan 1893 - 7 Nov 1893 John
Macgregor (2nd time)(U.K.) (s.a.)
Nov 1893 - 26 Jan 1897 James
Lidderdale Scott (U.K.) (b. 1848 -
d. 1908)
26 Jan 1897 - 21 Apr 1897 Edward Albert Probst
(U.K.) (b. 1858 - d.
1931)
Apr 1897 - Jan
1898 Albert
Robson Burkill (U.K.) (b. 1839 - d.
1913)
Jan 1898 - Aug
1899 James S.
Fearon
(U.S.)
(b. 1849 - d. 1920)
(absent 3 Aug - 30 Nov 1898)
3 Aug 1898 - 30 Nov 1898 Joseph Welch (U.K.)
(acting)
Aug 1899 - Jan
1900 Frederick
Anderson
(U.K.) (b.
1855 - d. 1940)
(1st time)
Jan 1900 - 25 Jan 1901 Edbert
Ansgar Hewett (U.K.)
(b. 1860 - d. 1915)
26 Jan 1901 - 25 Jan 1902 John Prentice (U.K.)
(b. 1847 -
d. 1925)
25 Jan 1902 -
1904
William "Willie" George Bayne (b. 1842?
- d. 1910)
(U.K.)
1904 - 25 Jan
1905
Frederick Anderson
(U.K.)
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
25 Jan 1905 - 24 Jan 1906 Cecil W. Holliday (U.K.)
(b. 1857 - d. 1924)
24 Jan 1906 - May 1907 Henry
Keswick
(U.K.)
(b. 1870 - d. 1928)
May 1907 - 17 Jan 1911 David
Landale
(U.K.)
(b. 1868 - d. 1935)
17 Jan 1911 - 24 Jan 1913 Harry De Gray
(U.S.)
(b. 1866 - d. 1952)
24 Jan 1913 - 17 Feb 1920 Edward Charles Pearce
(U.K.) (b. 1862 - d. 1928)
17 Feb 1920 - 17 Mar 1922 Alfred Brooke-Smith
(U.K.) (b. 1874
- d. 1938)
17 Mar 1922 - 12 Oct 1923 Henry George Simms
(U.K.) (b. 1875 - d.
19..)
12 Oct 1923 - 5 Mar 1929 Stirling Fessenden
(U.S.) (b.
1875 - d. 1943)
5 Mar 1929 -
1930 Harry
Edward Arnhold (U.K.)
(b. 1879 - d. 1950)
(1st time)
1930 - 22 Mar
1932
Ernest Brander Macnaghten (U.K.) (b. 1872 - d. 1948)
22 Mar 1932 - 27 Mar 1934 Alexander Dunlop Bell
(U.K.) (b. 1873 – d. 1937)
27 Mar 1934 - Apr 1937 Harry
Edward Arnhold (U.K.) (s.a.)
(2nd time)
Apr 1937 - Apr
1938 Cornell
Sidney Franklin (U.S.) (b. 1892 - d.
1959)
Apr 1938 - 1 May 1941
William Johnstone "Tony" Keswick (b. 1903 - d. 1990)
(U.K.)
Chairmen of the Provisional Council
1 May 1941 - 5 Jan 1942 John Hellyer
Liddell (U.K.) (b.
1899 - d. 1984)
(Japanese prisoner 1942-1945)
7 Jan 1942 - 1 Aug 1943 Katsuo Okazaki
(Japan)
(b. 1897 - d. 1965)
Secretary-generals of the Municipal Council
17 Apr 1929 - 30 Jun 1939 Stirling
Fessenden
(U.S.)
(s.a.)
30 Jun 1938 - 1940
George Godfrey
Phillips (U.K.) (b. 1900 - d. 1965)
1940 - 1 Mar 1942
Cornell Sidney
Franklin (U.S.) (s.a.)
1 Mar 1942 - Dec 1942
Kōhei Teraoka (Japan) (acting) (b.
1910 - d. 1960)
Dec 1942 - 1 Aug 1943 Katsuo
Okazaki (Japan) (acting) (s.a.)
French Concession
Map
of Shanghai 1933
|
Population:
498,193 (1934)
(includes: 18,899 foreigners,
of which 1,430 are
French)
|
6 Apr
1849
China leases to France a concession in Shanghai
(Concession Française de Chang-haï [Shanghaï])(3.95
square miles,
2,525 acres).
1 May
1862
French concession municipal council created under
the authority
of the French Consul-general (règlement 14 Apr
1868).
23 Oct 1940 -
1945
Consuls loyal to Vichy France.
22 Jul
1943
"Vichy" France retrocedes Shanghai concession to Japanese
sponsored
Chinese National Government (not recognized by the "Free"
French
or the Republic of China), effected 30 Jul 1943.
30 Jul 1943 - 3 Sep 1945 Japanese
occupy the former French Shanghai concession.
28 Feb
1946
Formally restored to China by France.
French Consuls-general of Shanghai
23 Jan 1848 - 10 Jun 1853 Louis Charles
Nicolas Maxmilien (b. 1805 - d. 1868)
de Montigny (vice consul)(1st time)
15 Jun 1853 - 14 Jun 1857 Benoît Edan (1st
time)(interim) (b. 1803 - d. 1871)
14 Jun 1857 - 28 Jun 1859 Louis Charles
Nicolas Maxmilien (s.a.)
de Montigny (2nd time)
28 Jun 1859 - 12 Feb 1863 Benoît Edan (2nd
time)(interim) (s.a.)
12 Feb 1863 - 28 Oct 1863 Pierre Victor
Mauboussin
(b. 1815 - d. 1863)
2 Nov 1863 - 18 Apr 1864 Paul
Dominique Chevrey-Rameau (b.
1836 - d. 1914)
(acting)
18 Apr 1864 - 22 Dec 1864 Ernest Napoléon
Marie Godeaux (b. 1833 - d.
1906)
(1st time) (acting)
22 Dec 1864 - 20 Mar 1869 Antoine Brenier de
Montmorand (b. 1813 - d.
1894)
20 Mar 1869 - 23 Nov 1869 Claude-Philibert
Dabry
de
(b. 1826 - d. 1898)
Thiersant
23 Nov 1869 - 10 Jun 1872 Eugène de Méjean,
comte de Méjean
10 Jun 1872 - 9 Sep 1872 Julien René Emmanuel
Stephen de (b. 1844 - d. 1917)
Chappedelaine, comte
de
Chappedelaine (1st time)(interim)
9 Sep 1872 - 24 Apr 1875 Ernest Napoléon Marie
Godeaux (s.a.)
(2nd time)
24 Apr 1875 - 25 May 1875 Victor Gabriel Lemaire
(1st time) (b. 1839 - d. 1907)
(acting)
25 May 1875 - 13 Feb 1876 Julien René Emmanuel
Stephen de (s.a.)
Chappedelaine, comte de
Chappedelaine (2nd time)(interim)
13 Feb 1876 - 28 Mar 1878 Ernest Napoléon Marie
Godeaux (s.a.)
(3rd time)
28 Mar 1878 - 22 Apr 1880 Victor Gabriel Lemaire
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1880 -
1881
Frédéric Benoit
Garnier
(b. 1822 - d. 1883)
1882 -
1883
Maurice Ernest
Flesch
(b. 1842 - d. 1910)
1883 -
1884
Alexandre Laurence de
Lalande (b. 1856 - d. ....)
(acting)
20 Sep 1884 -
1885
Victor Gabriel Lemaire (3rd time) (s.a.)
1885
Victor Émile Collin de
Plancy (b. 1853 - d. 1924)
1885 -
1887
Emile Désiré
Kraetzer
(b. 1839 - d. 1889)
1887 -
1888
Leon Adolphe
Déjardin
(b. 1842 - d. 1912)
Mar 1888 -
1888
Fernand Emmanuel Jean Joseph
(b. 1860 - d. af.1896)
Guillien (1st time)
1888 -
1892
Raoul
Wagner
(b. 1836 - d. 1919)
1892 -
1894
Arnold Jacques Antoine Vissiere (b. 1858
- d. 1930)
1894 -
1896
Fernand Emmanuel Jean Joseph
(s.a.)
Guillien (2nd time)
1896 -
1898
Pierre René Georges
Dubail (b.
1845 - d. 1932)
Oct 1898 - 25 Oct 1899 Paul Louis
Charles
Claudel
(b. 1868 - d. 1955)
(1st time)
1898 -
1899
Georges-Gaston Servan
de
(b. 1852 - d. 1917)
Bézaure (1st time)
1899 -
1900
Paul Louis Charles
Claudel
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
1900 -
1901
Georges-Gaston Servan
de
(s.a.)
Bézaure (2nd time)
1901 -
1909
Louis Onezime
Ratard
(b. 1852 - d. 1914)
1909 -
1913
Marie Joseph Maurice
Déjean (b. 1863
- d. 1933)
de la Bâtie
1911 -
1912
Paul Léon Dubois (deputy consul) (b. 1883 - d.
af.1945)
1912 -
1914
Gérard Jean Louis Japy
(b. 1884 - d. 19..)
(deputy consul)
1913 -
1915
Camille Gaston
Kahn
(b. 1864 - d. 1928)
1915 - 3 Apr
1917 Paul
Émile Naggiar (1st time) (b.
1883 - d. 1961)
3 Apr 1917 - 21 Jan 1920 Auguste Henry Wilden
(1st time) (b. 1879 - d. 1953)
22 Jan 1920 - 14 Jan 1921 Ulysse-Raphaël Réau
(interim) (b. 1872 - d.
1928)
14 Jan 1921 - 23 Jan 1921 Georges Dufaure de la
Prade (b. 1879 - d. 19..)
(interim)
23 Jan 1921 - 20 Nov 1924 Auguste Henry Wilden (2nd
time) (s.a.)
20 Nov 1924 - 16 Apr 1926 Jacques Meyrier (1st
time) (b.
1892 - d. 1962)
(interim)
16 Apr 1926 - 9 Jan 1928 Paul Émile Naggiar
(2nd time) (s.a.)
9 Jan 1928 - 10 Dec 1928 Jacques Meyrier (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
(interim)
10 Dec 1928 - 7 Mar 1932 Edgard Napoleon
Auguste Koechlin (b. 1887 - d. 1932)
(interim)
7 Mar 1932 - 30 Jan 1935 Jacques Meyrier (3rd
time)
(s.a.)
(interim)
30 Jan 1935 - Feb 1938 Marcel
Baudez (1st
time)
(b. 1878 - d. 1941)
Feb 1938 - 26 Nov 1938 Pierre
Jean-Paul Léonce Augé (b. 1895 -
d. 1967)
(1st time)(interim)
26 Nov 1938 - 7 May 1940 Marcel Baudez (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
7 May 1940 - 6 Sep 1940 Pierre
Jean-Paul Léonce Augé (s.a.)
(2nd time)(interim)
6 Sep 1940 - 23 Oct 1940 Marc Henri Marcellin
Duval (b.
1893 - d. 1969)
(interim)
23 Oct 1940 - 22 Sep 1944 Roland Jacquin de
Margerie
(b. 1899 - d. 1990)
22 Sep 1944 - 14 Nov 1945 Baron Guy Fain
(acting)
(b. 1898 - d. 1955)
14 Nov 1945 - 28 Feb 1946 Jean
Filliol
(b. 1906 - d. 1981)
Presidents of the Municipal Council of Administration
of the French Concession of Shanghai
(président du Conseil d'administration municipale de la
Concession française de Chang-Haï)
1 May 1862 -
1863? Louis
Charles Nicolas Maxmilien (s.a.)
de Montigny (2nd time)
c.1879
Ernest Millot
United States Shanghai Concession
![[U.S. 37 Star Flag - (1867-1877)] [U.S. 37 Star Flag -
(1867-1877)]](us-1867.gif)
May
1845
Despite British protest Russell and Co. acquires a tract
of land
from Chinese authorities.
Dec
1848
Renewed raising of the U.S. flag. American Concession now
gradually
expands, eventually consisting of the American Protestant
Episcopal Church Mission, the Shanghai Dock, some wharves,
and 'some establishments for the entertainment of
sailors.'
Aug
1854
American Concession is formally delineated.
21 Sep
1863
Union of the American and British Shanghai concessions
creates the
Shanghai International
Settlement (consummated Dec 1863).
Agents of Russell and Co.
1845 - 1848
Henry Griswold Wolcott
(b. 1820 - d. 1852)
Dec 1848 - Jan 1854
John Noble Alsop Griswold
(b. 1822 - d. 1909)
United States Consuls in Shanghai
15
Feb 1854 - Jun 1857 Robert Creighton
Murphy (b. 1827
- d. 1888)
1858 - 1861
William L.G. Smith
(b.
1814 - d. 1878)
23 Dec 1861 - 1863
George Frederick Seward
(b. 1840 – d. 1910)
(from 1863, consul-general)
Tientsin (Tianjin) Concessions
15 Jun 1900 - 23 Jun 1900
Siege of the foreign legations in
Tientsin by the "Boxer" rebels.
30 Jul 1900 - 15 Aug
1902 Provisional Government
of the Tientsin District; city occupied
and
administered
by the Allied nations (France,
Germany, Italy, Japan,
Russia, U.K., and U.S.)
following the "Boxer" rebellion.
Secretary-general
of the Provisional Government District of Tientsin
30 Jul 1900 - 15
Aug 1902 Charles Denby, Jr. (U.S.)
(b. 1861 - d.
1938)
Tientsin Austro-Hungarian Concession
-
20 Jun 1902
China leases a concession in Tientsin to
Austria-Hungary
(170 acres)(Österreich-Ungarische
Konzession in Tientsin).
14 Aug 1917
Lease is terminated by China
(renaming it the Second Special
District).
10 Sep
1919
Austria formally renounces its former concession (and
by Hungary on 4 Jun 1920).
Jun 1927 - Sep 1943
Annexed by the Italian concession.
Austro-Hungarian Consuls
14 Nov 1901 - 1908
Karl Bernauer (vice
consul) (b. 1867
- d. 1929)
1908
Erwin Ritter von Zach
(b. 1872 - d. 1949)
Nov 1908 - Dec 1912
Miloslav "Miloš" Kobr
(b. 1878 - d. af.1953)
1913 - 14 Aug 1917
Hugo Schumpeter
(b. 1881 -
d. 1930)
Tientsin Belgian Concession
-
1 Feb 1902
China leases a concession in
Tientsin to Belgium (120 acres)
(Concession Belge à Tien-tsin).
31 Aug 1929
Belgium agrees to retrocede the concession
to China by Treaty
between China and Belgium.
15 Jan 1931
Formal restoration of the concession to China.
Belgian
Consuls-general
1902 -
1906
Henri Ketels
(b.
1871 - d. 1941?)
1906 -
1914
Albert Disière
(b. 1876 - d. 19..)
1914 -
1919
Auguste
Dauge
(b. 1865 - d. 1947)
1919 -
1923
Ernest Franck
1923 -
1929
Alphonse van Cutsem
(b. 1883 - d. 19..)
1929 - 15 Jan
1931 Tony
Snyers
Tientsin British Concession
-
24 Oct 1860
China leases a concession in Tientsin
to United Kingdom (75 acres).
1862
British
Concession Tientsin Municipal Council created.
1903
Concession expanded (to 948 acres).
9 Aug 1940
British garrison withdrawn.
9 Apr 1940 - 22 Jul 1940 Japanese
blockade the British and French concessions.
8 Dec 1941 - 30 Sep 1945 Concession occupied
by Japan.
29 Mar 1942
Japan surrenders British
concession to Nanjing government.
11 Jan
1943 Concession
officially abolished by Britain.
15 Oct
1945
U.S. Marines accept the surrender of Japanese
troops in Tientsin.
24 Nov 1945
China formally assumes administration.
British Consuls
4 Dec 1860 - 1877
James Mongan
(acting to 20 Dec 1860)
1870
William Hyde
Lay
(b. 1836 - d. 1876)
(acting for Mongan)
9 Nov 1877 - 1880
Chaloner Alabaster
(b. 1838 - d.
1898)
25 Feb 1880 - 1885
Arthur
Davenport
(b. c.1837 - d. 1916)
23 Dec 1885 - 1893 Byron
Brenan
(b. 1847 - d. 1927)
15 Jun 1893 - 1897
Henry Barnes Bristow
(b. 1848 - d. 1926)
27 Sep 1897 - May 1899
Benjamin Charles George
Scott (b. 1846 -
d. 1929)
13 May 1899 - 9 Jun 1900
William Richard Carles
(b. 1848 - d. 1929)
Consuls-general
9 Jun 1900 - 1901
William Richard Carles
(s.a.)
22 Mar 1901 - 1908
Lionel Charles Hopkins
(b. 1854 - d. 1952)
1 Sep 1908 - 1912
Alexander Hosie
(b. 1853 - d.
1925)
1 Oct 1912 - 1917
Sir Henry English Fulford
(b. 1859 - d. 1929)
1 Apr 1917 - 1926
William Pollock Ker
(b. 1864 - d. 1945)
1926 - 1930
James William Jamieson
(b. 1867 - d. 1946)
Feb 1930 - 21 Nov
1934 Lancelot Giles
(b. 1878 - d. 1934)
19 Feb 1935 - 1938
John Barr Affleck
(b. 1878 - d. 1941)
6 Aug 1938 - 1939
Edgar George Jamieson
(b. 1882 - d. 1959)
1 Nov 1939 - 1941
Oswald White
(b.
1884 - d. 1970)
Apr 1941 - 8 Dec 1941
Sir Alwyne Ogden (acting)
(b. 1889 - d. 1981)
Tientsin French Concession
29 May 1861
China leases a concession
in Tientsin to France
(Concession Française
Tien-Tsin).
9 Apr 1940 - 22 Jul 1940
Japanese blockade the British and French concessions.
1940 - 1945
Consuls loyal to Vichy France.
19 May
1943
"Vichy"
France retrocedes concession to Japanese sponsored
Chinese
National Government (not recognized by "Free" French
or
Republic of China).
19 May 1943 - 30 Sep 1945
Japanese occupy the former French Tientsin concession.
24 Nov 1945
China formally assumes administration.
28 Feb
1946
Formally restored to China by France.
French Consuls in Tientsin and Presidents of the
Municipal Council
Jan 1848 - Jun 1868 Louis
Charles Nicolas Maximilien (b. 1805 - d. 1868)
de Montigny
2 Apr 1862 - 11 Jun 1862 James Mongan
(U.K.)
(acting for de Montigny)
11 Jan 1869 - 21 Jun 1870 Henri Victor
Fontanier
(b. 1830 - d. 1870)
(acting to 3 Feb 1869)
1870 - 1883
Charles Dillon
(b. 1842 - d.
1889)
May 1883 - Jul
1884 Joseph
Hippolyte
Frandin
(b. 1852 - d. 1924)
17 Jul 1884 - Jun 1885 Paul
Octave Ristelhueber (1st time)(b. 1849 - d. 1925)
Jun 1885 - Sep
1885
Georges-Gaston Servan de Bézaure (b.
1852 - d. 1917)
(1st time)
1885 - Mar 1890
Paul Octave Ristelhueber (2nd time)(s.a.)
1890
Georges
Sébastien Lefèvre (acting)
(b. 1861 - d. 19..)
27 Nov 1890 - 10 May 1892
Georges-Gaston Servan de Bézaure (s.a.)
(2nd time)
1892 - 1894
Marie
Jacques Achille Raffray (b. 1844 - d.
1923)
27 Jan 1894 - 1897
Jean-Marie Guy Georges du
(b. 1844 - d. 1923)
Chaylard (1st time)
5 Apr 1897 - 22 May 1898
Arnold Jacques Antoine Vissiere (b.
1858 - d. 1930)
1898 - 1902
Jean Marie Guy Georges du
(s.a.)
Chaylard (2nd time)
1902 - 1903
Marie Henri Leduc
(b. 1863 -
d. 1919)
1903 - 1906
Émile Rocher
(b. 1846 - d. 1924)
1906
Henri Séraphin
Bourgeois (1st time)(b. 1864 - d. 1919)
1906 - 1909
Paul Louis Charles
Claudel (b. 1868 - d.
1955)
1909 - 1913
Camille Gaston Kahn
(b.
1864 - d. 1928)
1913 - 1918
Henri Séraphin
Bourgeois (2nd time)(s.a.)
1918 - 1928
Jean Émile Saussine
(b. 1876 -
d. 1948)
1928 - May 1932
Jacques Meyrier
(b. 1892 - d. 1962)
May 1932 - 1935
Charles Jean Lépissier (1st
time) (b. 1882 - d. 1975)
1935 - 1937
Pierre Jean Crépin (acting)
(b. 1881 - d. 1961)
1937 - Mar 1939
Charles Jean Lépissier (2nd
time) (s.a.)
Mar 1939 - 1943
Lucien
Colin
(b. 1896 - d. af.1956)
(acting to 21 Sep 1940)
1943 - 1946
Georges Philippe Jules Cattand
(b. 1902 - d. 1989)
Tientsin German Concession
-
30 Oct 1895
China leases a concession in
Tientsin to Germany (380 acres)
(Deutsche Konzession
Tientsin).
16 Mar 1917
Lease is terminated by China (renaming it the
First Special
District).
28 Jun
1919
Germany formally renounces its former concession (formally
by treaty on 20 May 1921).
German Consuls
1889 - 1896
Edwin A. Freiherr von
Seckendorff (b. 1854 - d. 1933)
1896 - Mar 1900
Rudolf
Eiswaldt
(b. 1859 - d. 1930)
1900 - 1902
Arthur Zimmermann
(b. 1864 - d. 1940)
1902 - 1905
Paul Max
Eckardt
(b. 1867 - d. 1938?)
1906 - 1913
Hubert von Knipping
(b. 1868 - d. 1935)
1913 - 1917
Fritz Wendschuch
(b. 1873 - d. 1945)
Tientsin Italian
Concession
22 Jan 1901 - 20 Mar 1901 Italian forces occupy
and delimit the area that will become
the future
Italian concession in Tientsin.
27 Apr
1901
Italy formally requests a concession in Tientsin from
China.
7 Jun 1902
China leases a concession in Tientsin
to Italy (127 acres)
(Concessione Italiana di
Tien-Tsin).
5 Jul
1924
Municipal statute (statuto municipale)(approved 3
Jan 1923).
Jun 1927
Former Austria-Hungary concession
incorporated into the Italian
concession.
21 May
1929
Italy agrees to renounce extraterritoriality in China with
the
signing
(on 27 Nov 1928, of preliminary Treaty of Friendship
and
Commerce), but China does not ratify it by the 1 Jan 1930
deadline.
10 Sep 1943 - 30 Sep 1945 Occupied by
Japan.
14 Jul 1944
Italian Social Republic retrocedes the
concession to the
Japanese sponsored Chinese National Government,
effective
27 Jul 1944 (not recognized by Kingdom of Italy
or Republic
of China).
It becomes a special administration area of the city.
Dec 1944
Kingdom
of Italy renounces its concession to
the Republic of China.
24 Nov 1945
China formally assumes administration.
10 Feb 1947
Italy formally
renounces concessions in China by Treaty of
Paris.
Italian
Commander
22 Jan 1901 - 20 Mar 1901 Mario Valli
(b. 1872 - d. 1918)
Italian Consuls (and from
5 Jul 1924, Podestà)
18 Apr 1901 - 31 Jul 1903
Cesare
Poma
(b. 1862 - d. 1932)
11 Feb 1904 - 6 Jun
1906 Giuseppe
Chiostri
(b. 1866 - d. 1944)
14 Oct 1906 - 7 Jun
1911 Oreste Da Vella
(b.
1867 - d. 1944)
1912 - 1920
Vincenzo Fileti
(b. 1875 - d.
1939)
(reggente
1905-13 Apr 1907; managing director
and administrator 13 Apr 1907-25 Nov 1919)
Nov 1920 - 1921
Marcello Roddolo
(b. 1884 - d. 19..)
3 Jul 1921 - Jul
1924 Luigi Gabbrielli
(b.
1885 - d. 19..)
1924 - 1 Nov 1927
Guido Segre
(b. 1890 -
d. 1947)
(acting to 1925)
1 Nov 1927 - Mar 1932 Luigi
Neyrone
(b. 1877 - d. 19..)
Mar 1932 - Feb 1938
Filippo Zappi
(b. 1896 - d. 1961)
3 Feb 1938 - 27 Jul
1944 Ferruccio Stefenelli
(b. 1898 - d. 1980)
(from 23 Sep 1943, under Italian Social Republic)
10 Sep 1943 - 30 Sep 1945 Japanese
occupation
Sep 1945 - 24 Nov 1945 Community
council
- Amedeo Baldi
- Domenico Cornalba
- Fausto Grandi
- Maraschin
Tientsin Japanese Concession
-
17 Apr 1895
China leases a concession in Tientsin
to Japan (of 355 acres).
29 Aug
1898
Japanese concession is delimited.
1903
Concession extended southwest (for a total of 650 acres).
9 Jan 1943
Japan retrocedes its concession to the
Japanese sponsored
Chinese National Government (not
recognized by Republic of China).
15 Oct
1945
U.S. Marines accept the surrender of Japanese
troops in Tientsin.
24 Nov 1945
China formally assumes administration.
Japanese
Consuls-general
1895 -
1896
Minoji
Arakawa
(b. 1857 - d. 1949)
1896 -
1902
Nagamasa Tei
(b. 1826 - d. 1916)
1902 -
1907
Ijūin Hikokichi
(b. 1864 - d. 1924)
1907
Motoshiro Katō (acting)
Sep 1907 -
1913
Yūkichi Obata
(b. 1873 - d. 1947)
1913 -
1914
Bunzō
Kubota
(b. 1873 - d. 1929)
1914 -
1919
Tsuneo Matsudaira
(b. 1877 - d. 1949)
1918
Itarō Ishii (acting for Matsudaira)(b.
1889 - d. 1954)
1919 - Nov
1921
Tatsuichirō Funatsu
(b. 1872 - d. 1947)
1921 -
1922
Motohachi
Yagi
(b. 1883 - d. 1946)
1922 -
1925
Shigeru Yoshida
(b. 1878 - d. 1967)
1925 -
1927
Hachirō Arita
(b. 1884 - d. 1965)
1927 -
1929
Sotomatsu Katō
(b. 1890 - d. 1942)
1929 -
1930
Takezō
Okamoto
Apr 1930 -
1931
Akiyoshi Tajiri
(b. 1896 - d. 1975)
1931 -
1933
Kazue Kuwashima
(b. 1884 - d. 1958)
1 Sep 1933 -
1934
Tadashi Kurihara
(b. 1890 - d. 19..)
1934 - Apr
1936
Shigeru Kawagoe
(b. 1881 - d. 1969)
Aug 1936 -
1938
Tateki Horiuchi
(b. 1889 - d. 1951)
Apr 1938 - Oct
1939 Tashiro
Shigenori
(b. 1884 - d. 19..)
1939 -
1940?
Hikozo
Tanaka
(b. 1897 - d. 19..)
1940? - Nov
1940
Yoshio Muto
Nov 1940 - 1942?
Saburo Katō
1942 -
1943
Shigeshi Katō
(b. 1880 - d. 1946)
1943 -
1945
Shinichi Takase
(b. 1894 -
d. 19..)
Tientsin Russian Concession
-
31 Dec 1900
China leases a concession in Tientsin
to Russia (983 acres).
c.1903
Development of the concession started.
1918
Bolshevik government
withdraws the Russian garrison.
25 Sep 1920
China takes over administration and terminates the
Russian concession
(renaming it the Third Special District).
31 May 1924
Soviet Union formally renounces all concessions in China.
Russian
Consuls (from 1907, Consuls-general)
(from 190., also chairmen of the Municipal Council)
1898 - 1901
Nikolay Alekseyevich Shuyskiy
1901 - 1907
Nikolay Vasilyevich Laptev
(b. 18.. - d. 1907)
1907 - 1909
Nikolay Gotfridovich Poppe
(b. 1870 - d. 1913)
1909 -
1910
Nikolay Sergeyevich Mulyukin (b.
1888 - d. af.1915)
(acting)
1910 -
1913
Khristofor Petrovich
Kristi (b. 18..
- d. 1937)
1913 - 1914
Konstantin
Viktorovich Uspenskiy (b. 1881 - d. 1940)
(acting)
1914 -
1920
Pyotr Genrikhovich Tideman
(b. 1872 - d. 1941)
(Tiedemann)(consul to 1915)
Tientsin U.S. Concession
![[U.S. 37 Star Flag - (1867-1877)] [U.S. 37 Star Flag -
(1867-1877)]](us-1867.gif)
24 Oct 1860
United States granted the right to have
a concession in Tientsin
by
Treaty of Tientsin, a formal concession
not established.
1871
U.S. consulate established in Tientsin (a
formal concession
never materializes, although the U.S.
consulate exercises some
jurisdiction over the area).
12 Oct 1880
Relegated to an uncertain status while the U.S. retained a
right
in principle to take over the concession
in the future.
Jun
1896
U.S. government renounces all jurisdiction over the
'concession.'
16 Aug 1900 - 1902 U.S.
occupies the area following the Boxer Rebellion,
but plans
for
the establishment of a concession are soon
canceled.
1901
Sanitary and police control handed over to the British
Concession.
Nov
1902
Formally annexed to British Concession
as its "Southern Extension."
United States Consuls
6 Apr 1871 - 1876
Eli Taylor Sheppard
(b. 1842 - d. 1927)
19 Nov 1877 -
1880 Owen
Nickerson Denny
(b. 1838 - d. 1900)
29 Mar 1880 -
1881
Willie Person Mangum,
Jr.
(b. 1827 - d. 1881)
20 May 1881 - Nov
1883 James Clay
Zuck
(b. 1844 - d. 1913)
4 Jul 1884 -
1887 George T.
Bromley
(b. 1817 - d. 1909)
6 Apr 1887 - 1 Jul
1889 Enoch Joyce Smithers
(b. 1828 - d. 1895)
19 Dec 1889 - 1893
William Bowman
(b. 1843 - d.
1914)
29 Sep 1893 - 1897
Sheridan Pitt
Read
(b. 1861 - d. 1912)
1897 -
1903
James Wilson Ragsdale
(b. 1848 - d.
1932)
Weihaiwei
-
- 1898 - 1903
|
-
- 1899 - 1903 Commissioner's
Flag
|
-
- 1903 - 30 Sep 1930
|
17 Feb 1895 - 24 May 1898 Occupied
by Japan.
24 May
1898
British occupy Weihaiwei (Weihai Wei-hai).
1 Jul
1898
Weihaiwei (Weihai Wei-hai) is leased to the U.K. by
China,
the city is renamed Port Edward.
1 Oct
1930
Weihaiwei returned to China (Liu-kung Tao [Liugong] and
its
facilities are leased back to U.K. until 11 Nov 1940)
(see China
provinces).
Japanese Military governor
17 Feb 1895 -
1898
Sakuma Samata
(b. 1844 - d. 1915)
Naval Commissioner and Commander of the British Naval
Forces in China
24 May 1898 - 1 Jan 1901 Sir Edward Hobart
Seymour
(b. 1840 - d. 1929)
Civil Commissioners
1 Jul 1898 - 9 Aug 1899 Ernest
Frederick Augustus Gaunt (b. 1865 - d.
1940)
10 Aug 1899 - 10 Dec 1901 Arthur Robert Ford
Dorward
(b. 1848 - d. 1934)
(from 24 Jul 1901, Sir Arthur Robert Ford Dorward)
Officer-in-charge
10 Dec 1901 - May 1902 John
Dodson
Daintree
(b. 1864 - d. 1952)
Commissioners
11 Dec 1901 - 2 May 1902 James
Henry Cowan
(acting)
(b. 1856 - d. 1943)
3 May 1902 - 22 Apr 1921 James Haldane
Stewart Lockhart (b. 1858 - d.
1937)
(from 9 Nov 1908, Sir James Haldane Stewart
Lockhart)
23 Apr 1921 - 3 Nov 1923 Arthur Powlett
Blunt (acting) (b. 1883 -
d. 1946)
4 Nov 1923 - 29 Mar 1927 Walter Russell
Brown (acting) (b. 1879 -
d. 1966)
1 Apr 1927 - 30 Sep 1930 Reginald Fleming
Johnston
(b. 1874 - d. 1938)
(from 3 Jun 1930, Sir Reginald Fleming
Johnston)
Zheltuga
![[Zheltuga or Amur
California, Possible reconstructed flag
1884-1886 (China)] [Zheltuga or
Amur California, Possible reconstructed flag
1884-1886 (China)]](cn-zheltuga.jpg)
Possible Reconstructed Flag
1884-1886
|
Map of Zheltuga |
Capital:
Zheltuga
(Mohe)
|
Population:
14,000
(1885 est.)
Police: c.200 (1885)
|
Ethnic groups:
Russian and European
70%, Chinese 30%
(1885 est.)
|
Spring 1883
Russians begin gold mining at
Zheltuga in Manchuria
(present-day Mohe in
Heilongjiang province), eventually they
are joined
by other Europeans and Chinese.
Dec 1884
Zheltuga (Zheltuginsk)
organized as a self-governing
association by gold seeking adventurers. Called Zheltuga
(Zheltuginsk) Republic, self-styled "Amur
California"
(not recognized by China or Russia).
Jan 1886
Settlement destroyed by
Qing (Ch'ing) empire troops.
Elders (Starshinas), referred to as
"Presidents"
Dec 1884 - Dec 1885
Karl-Iogann Karlovich
Fosse (b. 1847 -
d. 1905)
(= Karl Johann Fosse)
Dec 1885 - Jan 1886
Yeremey (Iyeremiya) Sakharov
© Ben Cahoon
|