Chad
 

5 Sep 1900 - 6 Nov 1959 Adopted 6 Nov 1959 Map of Chad Hear National Anthem "La Tchadienne" (The Chadian) Text of National Anthem Adopted Jan 1960 Constitution (4 May 2018; in French: suspended from 20 Apr 2021) --------------------- Former Constitution (31 Mar 1996 - 4 May 2018) Capital: N'Djamena (Fort Lamy 1900 - 6 Sep 1973) Currency: Communauté Financière Africaine Franc (XAF) National Holiday: 11 Aug (1960) Proclamation de l'indépendance (Independence Day) Population: 15,833,116 (2018) GDP: $28.6 billion (2017)  Exports: $2.46 billion (2017) Imports: $2.16 billion (2017) Ethnic groups: Sara (Ngambaye/Sara/Madjingaye/Mbaye) 30.5%, Kanembu/Bornu/Buduma 9.8%, Arab 9.7%, Wadai/Maba /Masalit/Mimi 7%, Gorane 5.8%, Masa/Musseye/Musgum 4.9%, Bulala/Medogo/Kuka 3.7%, Marba/Lele/Mesme 3.5%, Mundang 2.7%, Bidiyo/Migaama/Kenga/Dangleat 2.5%, Dadjo/Kibet/Muro 2.4%, Tupuri/Kera 2%, Gabri/Kabalaye/Nanchere/Somrai 2%, Fulani/Fulbe/Bodore 1.8%, Karo/Zime/Peve 1.3%, Baguirmi/Barma 1.2%, Zaghawa/Bideyat/Kobe 1.1%, Tama/Assongori/Mararit 1.1%,  Mesmedje/Massalat/Kadjakse 0.8%, other Chadian ethnicities 3.4%,  Chadians of foreign ethnicities 0.9%, foreign nationals 0.3%,  unspecified 1.7% (2014-15) Total Active Armed Forces: 25,350 (2010) French Troops: 1,200 (2009) Merchant marine: None (2017) Religions: Muslim 52.1%, Protestant 23.9%, Roman Catholic 20%, animist 0.3%, other Christian 0.2%, none 2.8%,  unspecified 0.7% (2014-15) International Organizations/Treaties: ACP, AfCFTA, AfDB, APM, AU, BDEAC, BEAC, CCM, CEEAC, CEMAC, CEN-SAD, CTBT, CWC, EITI, ECOWAS (observer), ESCR, FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, IRENA, ISA, ISESCO, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NAM, NPT, NTBT, OIC, OIF, OPCW, UN, UNCLOS (signatory), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNFCC-KP, UNFCC-PA, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Chad Index Chronology 29 May 1900                N'Djamena founded as Fort-Lamy by French commander                              Émile Gentil.         5 Sep 1900                French rule (Military Territory of the Lands and                              Protectorates of Chad).  5 Jul 1902                Circumscription of the Lands and Protectorates                               of Chad. 29 Dec 1903                Territory of Chad  1906 - 1911                Ottoman Empire intervention in the Tibesti region in                              Northern Chad. 11 Feb 1906                Military Territory of Chad, part of the                              Oubangui-Chari-Tchad colony (see under                              the Central African Republic). 15 Jan 1910                Chad, Middle Congo (now Congo [Brazzaville],                              Oubangui-Chari, and Gabon form French Equatorial                              Africa [AEF]; [see Congo (Brazzaville)]). Aug 1911 - Feb 1913        Ottoman military detachment based in Faya and Aïn                              Galaka. 14 May 1915                Territory of Chad (part of Oubangui-Chari-Tchad                               colony). 12 Apr 1916                Oubangui-Chari-Tchad dissolved, thereafter separate                              part of French Equatorial Africa (see AEF colony) 17 Mar 1920                Colony of Chad (part of AEF colony). 30 Jun 1934                Region of Chad (part of AEF colony).   7 Jan 1935                France to cede Aouzou Strip to Italian Libya by                              Treaty of Rome (not effected, ratifications not                              exchanged).  31 Dec 1937                Territory of Chad (part of AEF colony). 16 Jun 1940 - 26 Aug 1940  Administration loyal to "Vichy" France                              (from 26 Aug 1940, under "Free" French). 27 Oct 1946                Chad an overseas territory of France                              (part of AEF colony). 28 Nov 1958                Autonomy (Republic of Chad)(République du Tchad). 28 Nov 1958 - 11 Aug 1960  Member State of the Communauté (French Community). 17 May 1960 - Aug 1960     Part of Union of Central African Republics (L'Union                              des Républiques d'Afrique Centrale), a loose                              federation of Chad, Central African Republic and                              Republic of Congo (to Jul 1960). 11 Aug 1960                Independence from France.  11 Aug 1960 - 23 Jan 1965  France continues to administer Borkou-Ennedi-                              Tibesti prefecture, which is formally                               under sovereignty of Chad. 28 Nov 1972 - 30 May 1994  Libya occupies (and Sep 1975 annexes) the Aozou                              (Aouzou) Strip region of Chad. 15 Dec 1980 - Nov 1981     Libya occupies most of Chad. Jun 1983 - Mar 1987        Libya and pro-Libyan forces occupy the country                              north of Koro Toro. 22 Dec 1989                Arabic is recognized as an official language. 13 Feb 1994                Aozou Strip definitively allocated to Chad                               by International Court of Justice. Traditional States Borkou-Ennedi -Tibesti (1960-1965) Rival Governments (1982-1989) Historical Maps of Chad Map of Chad Civil War 1983-1987

Commissioners

29 May 1900 -  2 Jul 1902  Émile Gentil                       (b. 1866 – d. 1914)

25 Aug 1900 -  8 Mar 1901  Félix Robillot (acting for Gentil) (b. 1865 - d. 1943)

 8 Mar 1901 – 15 Jul 1902  Georges Matthieu Destenave         (b. 1854 - d. 1928) 

                             (acting [for Gentil to 2 Jul 1902])

Administrators 

 8 Aug 1902 – 19 Oct 1902  Victor Emmanuel Étienne Largeau    (b. 1867 - d. 1916)

                             (acting)

19 Oct 1902 - Nov 1903     Alfred Fourneau                    (b. 1860 – d. 1930)

Commandants (subordinated to the lieutenant governors of Oubangui-Chari)

Nov 1903 – 17 Jul 1904     Victor Emmanuel Étienne Largeau    (s.a.)

                             (1st time)

17 Jul 1904 - 11 Aug 1906  Henri Joseph Eugène Gouraud        (b. 1867 - d. 1946)

11 Aug 1906 - 25 Jul 1908  Victor Emmanuel Étienne Largeau    (s.a.)

                             (2nd time)

25 Jul 1908 -  1 Nov 1909  Constant Millot                    (b. 1863 - d. 1916)

 1 Nov 1909 -  9 Nov 1910  Alexandre Marie Henry Moll         (b. 1871 - d. 1910)

 9 Nov 1910 - 12 Mar 1911  Joseph Édmond Maillard (acting)    (b. 1864 - d. 19..)

12 Mar 1911 -  8 Sep 1912  Victor Emmanuel Étienne Largeau    (s.a.)

                             (3rd time)

 8 Sep 1912 -  3 Sep 1913  James Édouard Hirtzman (acting)    (b. 1862 - d. 1924)

 3 Sep 1913 - 29 Jul 1915  Victor Emmanuel Étienne Largeau    (s.a.) 

                             (4th time)

29 Jul 1915 - 28 Nov 1917  Victor Emmanuel Merlet             (b. 1862 - d. 19..)

                             (administrator)

28 Nov 1917 - 22 May 1918  Clément Léon Martelly (acting)     (b. 1867 - d. 19..)

22 May 1918 - 24 Mar 1920  Albert Ducarre (acting)            (b. 1869 - d. 1954)

Lieutenant governors

24 Mar 1920 - 10 Jan 1921  Bertrand (Bertrant)(acting)(de facto)

10 Jan 1921 - 20 Apr 1923  Fernand Marie Joseph Antoine Lavit (b. 1872 - d. 1955)

 7 May 1923 - 25 Jan 1926  Dieudonné François Joseph          (b. 1879 - d. 1976)

                             Marie Reste (acting to 9 Apr 1925)
Oct 1925 - Jan 1926        François Joseph Henri Terraz       (b. 1880 - d. 19..)

                             (acting for Reste)

 5 Jan 1925 - 27 Feb 1925  Antoine Touzet (did not take office)

 5 Apr 1925 -  9 Apr 1925  Albéric Auguste Fournier           (b. 1878 - d. 19..)

                             (did not take office)

26 Jan 1926 - 18 Mar 1929  Jules Marcel de Coppet (1st time)  (b. 1881 - d. 1968)

                             (acting)

 3 Dec 1927 -  9 Feb 1928  Jacques Auguste Maurice Cléret     (b. 1881 - d. 19..)

                             (acting for de Coppet)

13 Jan 1928 - 21 Apr 1929  Adolphe Deitte                     (b. 1879 - d. 1949)

                             (did not take office)

18 Mar 1929 - 18 Apr 1929  Maurice Assier de Pompignan        (b. 1889 - d. 1952)

                             (acting)

18 Apr 1929 - Feb 1930     Émile Buhot-Launay (acting)        (b. 1881 - d. 1970)
Sep 1929 - Dec 1929        Maurice Assier de Pompignan        (s.a.)
                             (acting for Buhot-Launay)

Feb 1930 - 20 Apr 1932     Jules Marcel de Coppet (2nd time)  (s.a.)

11 Oct 1930 - 24 Dec 1930  Louis de Poyen-Bellisle            (b. 1877 - d. 1937)

                             (acting for de Coppet)

20 Apr 1932 -  4 May 1932  Joseph Georges Alexandre Bouvet    (b. 1877 - d. 19..)
                             (acting)

 4 May 1932 - 14 Jun 1933  Georges David Pierre Marie         (b. 1874 - d. 1942)

                             Prouteaux (acting)

24 Sep 1932 - 20 Dec 1932  Louis de Poyen-Bellisle            (s.a.)

                             (acting for Prouteaux)

14 Jun 1933 – 27 Jun 1933  Louis de Poyen-Bellisle (acting)   (s.a.)

27 Jun 1933 - 15 Oct 1934  Richard Edmond Maurice Brunot      (b. 1883 - d. 1958)

11 Dec 1933 - Feb 1934     Louis de Poyen-Bellisle            (s.a.)

                             (acting for Brunot)

Commandants (subordinated to the governor-delegate of Oubangui-Chari to 31 Dec 1937)

15 Oct 1934 - 14 Dec 1938  Charles Dagain                     (b. 1885 - d. 1969)

Jun 1935 - Feb 1936        Maurice Falvy (acting for Dagain)  (b. 1888 - d. 1970)
 8 Mar 1938 - Apr 1938     Gabriel Fortuné (acting for Dagain)(b. 1897 - d. 1971)
Apr 1938 - Nov 1938        Émile Buhot-Launay                 (s.a.)
                             (acting for Dagain)

Chefs de territoire 

14 Dec 1938 -  4 Jan 1939  Charles Dagain (acting)            (s.a.)

 4 Jan 1939 - 10 Dec 1940  Adolphe Félix Sylvestre Éboué      (b. 1884 - d. 1944)

10 Dec 1940 - 21 Jan 1941  Philippe Leclerc (acting)          (b. 1902 - d. 1947)

21 Jan 1941 - 12 Dec 1942  Pierre-Olivier Lapie               (b. 1901 - d. 1994)

12 Dec 1942 -  5 Sep 1943  André Jean Gaston Latrille         (b. 1894 - d. 1987)

 5 Sep 1943 - 13 Oct 1946  Jacques Camille Marie Rogué        (b. 1898 - d. 1980)

                             (acting to 7 Jan 1944)

Jan 1944 - Feb 1944        François Casamatta (1st time)      (b. 1898 - d. 1961)

                             (acting for Rogué)

28 Aug 1945 - Oct 1945     Auguste Léon Valentin Éven         (b. 1897 - d. 1980)

                             (acting for Rogué)

17 May 1946 - 13 Oct 1946  Adrien Léger (acting for Rogué)    (b. 1889 - d. 1948)

Governors

13 Oct 1946 - Jan 1949     Jacques Camille Marie Rogué        (s.a.)

13 Oct 1946 - 21 Nov 1946  Adrien Léger (acting for Rogué)    (s.a.)

Jan 1949 - Feb 1949        François Casamatta (2nd time)      (s.a.)

                             (acting)

Feb 1949 - Jul 1949        Paul Hippolyte Julien Marie        (b. 1901 - d. 1965)

                             Le Layec (acting)

Aug 1949 - Feb 1951        Henry Jean Marie de Mauduit        (b. 1897 - d. 1975)

                             (acting to 1 Feb 1950)

Feb 1951 - 19 Oct 1951     Charles Émile Hanin (acting)       (b. 1895 - d. 1964)

19 Oct 1951 - 16 Dec 1951  François Casamatta (3rd time)      (s.a.)

                             (acting)

16 Dec 1951 -  3 Nov 1956  Ignace Jean Aristide Colombani     (b. 1908 - d. 1988)

 3 Nov 1956 - 28 Nov 1958  René Troadec                       (b. 1908 - d. 1986)

High Commissioners

28 Nov 1958 - 22 Jan 1959  René Troadec                       (s.a.)

22 Jan 1959 - 11 Aug 1960  Daniel Marius Doustin              (b. 1920 - d. 2004)

Presidents

11 Aug 1960 - 13 Apr 1975  François Tombalbaye                (b. 1918 - d. 1975)  PPT;1973

                             (from 30 Aug 1973, N'Garta Tombalbaye)                MNRCS

                             (Head of State to 23 Apr 1962)                        

13 Apr 1975 - 15 Apr 1975  Noël Milarew Odingar               (b. 1932 - d. 2007)  Mil

                             (interim head of state)

15 Apr 1975 - 23 Mar 1979  Félix Malloum N'Gakoutou Bey-Ndi   (b. 1932 - d. 2009)  Mil 

                            (president of Superior Military Council to 12 May 1975,

                             and Head of State 12 May 1975 - 29 Aug 1978)

23 Mar 1979 - 29 Apr 1979  Goukouni Oueddeï (1st time)        (b. 1944)           FROLIANT-FAP

                            (= Gukuni Wodeimi)

                            (president of Provisional Council of State) 

29 Apr 1979 -  3 Sep 1979  Lol Mahamat Choua                  (b. 1939 - d. 2019)  MPLT

                            (= Lol Mohammad Shawwa)

                            (president of Transitional Government of National Union)

 3 Sep 1979 -  7 Jun 1982  Goukouni Oueddeï (2nd time)        (s.a.)              FROLIANT-FAP

                            (president of Provisional Administrative Committee 

                             to 10 Nov 1979, then president of Transitional 

                             Government of National Union)

 7 Jun 1982 -  1 Dec 1990  Hissein Habré (= Hissène Habré)    (b. 1942 - d. 2021)  FAN;

                             (president of Command Council of the Armed Forces    1984 UNIR

                             of the North to 19 Jun 1982, president of Council 

                             of State 19 Jun - 21 Oct 1982)

 1 Dec 1990 -  2 Dec 1990  Jean Bawoyeu Alingué (interim)     (b. 1937)            UDR

 2 Dec 1990 - 20 Apr 2021  Idriss Déby                        (b. 1952 - d. 2021)  MPS 

                            (from 26 Jan 2006, Idriss Déby Itno) 

                            (president of Patriotic Salvation Movement 

                             2-4 Dec 1990; president of the Council 

                             of State 4 Dec 1990 - 4 Mar 1991)

20 Apr 2021 -              Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno           (b. 1984)            Mil
                             (president of Transitional Military Council,

                              and from 21 Apr 2021, president of the republic)

 

Vice President of the Government Council

14 May 1957 - 26 Jul 1958  Gabriel Francesco Lisette          (b. 1919 - d. 2001)  PPT

President of the Government Council
26 Jul 1958 -  6 Dec 1958  Gabriel Francesco Lisette          (s.a.)               PPT

Presidents of the Provisional Government

 6 Dec 1958 - 10 Feb 1959  Gabriel Francesco Lisette          (s.a.)               PPT

11 Feb 1959 - 13 Mar 1959  Sahoulba Gontchomé                 (b. 1916 - d. 1963)  GIRT

Presidents of the Provisional Government, Prime ministers

13 Mar 1959 - 24 Mar 1959  Ahmed Koulamallah                  (b. 1912 - d. 1975)  MSA

24 Mar 1959 - 31 Mar 1959  François Tombalbaye                (s.a.)               PPT

Prime ministers 

31 Mar 1959 - 13 Apr 1975  François Tombalbaye                (s.a.)               PPT;1973

                             (from 30 Aug 1973, N'Garta Tombalbaye)                MNRCS

15 Apr 1975 - 29 Aug 1978  Félix Malloum N'Gakoutou Bey-Ndi   (s.a.)               Mil

29 Aug 1978 - 23 Mar 1979  Hissein Habré (= Hissène Habré)    (s.a.)             FROLIANT-FAN

23 Mar 1979 - 19 May 1982  Post abolished

19 May 1982 - 19 Jun 1982  Djidingar Dono Ngardoum            (b. 1928 - d. 2000)  RUDT

19 Jun 1982 -  4 Mar 1991  Post abolished

 4 Mar 1991 - 20 May 1992  Jean Bawoyeu Alingué               (s.a.)               UDR

20 May 1992 -  7 Apr 1993  Joseph Yodoyman                    (b. 1950 - d. 1993)  ANDR

 7 Apr 1993 -  6 Nov 1993  Fidèle Moungar                     (b. 1948)            ACTUS

 6 Nov 1993 -  8 Apr 1995  Delwa Kassire Koumakoye (1st time) (b. 1949)            RNDP

 8 Apr 1995 - 17 May 1997  Koibla Djimasta                    (b. 1950 - d. 2007)  UDR

17 May 1997 - 13 Dec 1999  Nassour Guelendouksia Ouaido       (b. 1947)            MPS

13 Dec 1999 - 12 Jun 2002  Nagoum Yamassoum                   (b. 1954)            MPS

12 Jun 2002 - 24 Jun 2003  Haroun Kabadi                      (b. 1949)            MPS

24 Jun 2003 -  3 Feb 2005  Moussa Faki                        (b. 1960)            MPS
 3 Feb 2005 - 23 Feb 2007  Pascal Yoadimnadji                 (b. 1950 - d. 2007)  MPS
23 Feb 2007 - 26 Feb 2007  Adoum Younousmi (interim)          (b. 1962)            MPS
26 Feb 2007 - 16 Apr 2008  Delwa Kassire Koumakoye (2nd time) (s.a.)               RNDP
16 Apr 2008 -  5 Mar 2010  Youssouf Saleh Abbas               (b. 1952)            Non-party
 5 Mar 2010 - 21 Jan 2013  Emmanuel Nadingar                  (b. 1951)            MPS
21 Jan 2013 - 21 Nov 2013  Joseph Djimrangar Dadnadji         (b. 1954 - d. 2019)  MPS
21 Nov 2013 - 15 Feb 2016  Kalzeubé Pahimi Deubet             (b. 1957)            MPS
15 Feb 2016 - 10 May 2018  Albert Pahimi Padacké (1st time)   (b. 1966)            RNDT
10 May 2018 - 26 Apr 2021  Post abolished
26 Apr 2021 -              Albert Pahimi Padacké (2nd time)   (s.a.)               RNDT
                             (transitional)

Government of National Salvation (at Bardaï; from Sep 1987 in Libya, later Algeria exile)

Party abbreviations: ACTUS = Action Tchadienne pour l'Unité et le Socialisme (Chadian Action for Unity and Socialism, democratic socialist, est.1981); ANDR = Alliance Nationale pour la Démocratie et le Renouveau (National Alliance for Democracy and Renewal, social-democratic, est.1992); MPS = Mouvement Patriotique du Salut (Patriotic Salvation Movement, Idriss Déby personalist, government party, est.1990); RNDP = Rassemblement National pour la Développement et le Progrès - VIVA (National Rally for Development and Progress - VIVA, supports a unitary democratic state, est.1992); RNDT = Rassemblement National des Démocrates Tchadiens - le Réveil (Rally of Nationalists for the Development of Chad - the Awakening, moderate, est.1996); UDR = Union pour la Démocratie et la République (Union for Democracy and Republic, est.1992); Mil = Military;
- Former parties: CDR = Conseil Démocratique Révolutionnaire (Democratic Revolutionary Council, Acheikh ibn Oumar personalist, anti-Habré, 1985-1999); FAN = Forces Armées du Nord (Armed Forces of the North, Hissène Habré personalist, split from FROLIANT, 1979-1983, renamed UNIR); FAP = Forces Armées Populaires (People's Armed Forces, Goukouni Oueddei personalist, split from FROLIANT, 1976-1986); FROLIANT = Front de Libération Nationale du Tchad (National Liberation Front of Chad, pro-Libyan to 1987, 1968-14 Jan 1993); GIRT = Groupement des Indépendants et Ruraux Tchadiens (Rally for Chadian Self-employed and Peasants, split from Union Démocratique Tchadienne, est.1958); MNRCS = Mouvement National pour la Révolution Culturelle et Sociale (National Movement for the Cultural and Social Revolution, PPT successor, Jun 1973-13 Apr 1975 only legal party, 1973-1975); MPLT = Mouvement des Personnes pour la Libération du Chad (Popular Movement for the Liberation of Chad, split from FAP, 1977-c.1988); MSA = Mouvement Socialiste Africain (African Socialist Movement, socialist, 1950-1959); PPT = Parti Progressiste Tchad (Progressive Party of Chad, African nationalist, leftist, Jan 1962-Jun 1973, only legal party, 1947-1973, renamed MNRCS); RUDT = Rassemblement pour l'Unité et la Démocratie Tchadienne (Rally for Unity and Chadian Democracy); UNIR = Union Nationale pour l'Indépendance et Révolution (National Union for Independence and Revolution, Hissène Habré personalist, former FAN, 1983-1990)

1906 - 1911                Ottoman Empire intervention in the Tibesti region.
1911 - 1930                Cercle of Tbesti is part of Niger.
18 Feb 1930                Territoires of Nord-Ouest-Tibesti part of Chad.
15 Nov 1934                Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti (B.E.T.) département created.
11 Aug 1960                Independence of Chad, French administration continues
                             under the sovereignty of Chad (Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti Region).
23 Jan 1965                B.E.T. administration transferred to Chad.
1975 - 1980                Occupied by Libya.
1983 - 1987                Occupied by Libya.

Prefects
 8 Apr 1958 - 23 Nov 1960  Jean Chapelle                      (b. 1905 - d. 1986)
23 Nov 1960 -  5 Mar 1962  Marie Étienne Baylon               (b. 1907 - d. 1987)
 5 Mar 1962 -  6 May 1964  François Antoine Michel Murati     (b. 1909 - d. 2002)
 6 May 1964 - 30 Mar 1965  ... Aimé
30 Mar 1965 - 1967         Noël Milarew Odingar               (b. 1932 – d. 2007)