United States of America

United States of America

[Union Flag of 1606]
                     to 4 Jul 1776

[First Navy Jack flag]
          1775 - 14 Jun 1777 U.S. Naval Jack

Continental Colors
       2 Jan 1776 - 14 Jun 1777 Grand Union flag

[US 13 star flag 1777 ]
                  14 Jun 1777 - 4 Jul 1795

[U.S. 13 star Betsy Ross flag 1777 ]
   14 Jun 1777 - 1795 Variant (Betsy Ross flag)

[US 15 star flag 1795]
   1795 - 1818 War of 1812 "Star Spangled Banner"

[US 34 star flag 1861]
    4 Jul 1861 - 4 Jul 1863 Civil War Era flag

[US 48 star flag 1912]
            4 Jul 1912 - 4 Jul 1959 (48 star flag)

[U.S. flag]
                     Adopted 4 Jul 1960

Note: every year that a new state was admitted to the union, until 4 Jul 1960 when the last state was admitted, a white star was added to the blue canton. For more please see Flags of the World's History of the Stars and Stripes 1775-1960.


Map of United States Hear National Anthem
"The Star Spangled Banner"
Adopted 1931 Former National Anthem
"Hail Columbia!"
to 1931 (Unofficial) Constitution
(4 Mar 1789)

Map U.S. Expansion Declaration of
Independence
(4 Jul 1776) Articles of
Confederation
(2 Mar 1781 - 4 Mar 1789) Bill of Rights
and Amendments

Capital: Washington, D.C.
(Philadelphia 1774 -1776,
1778-1783 and 1790-1800;
New York City 1785-1790;
Trenton 1784; Annapolis 1783 -
1784; Princeton 1783; Baltimore
1776-1777; York 1777- 1778;
Lancaster 1777) Currency: US Dollar
(USD) National Holiday: 4 Jul (1776)
Independence Day Population: 301,139,947 (2007)

GDP: $13.13 trillion (2006) Exports: $1.02 trillion (2006)
Imports: $1.86 trillion (2006) Ethnic groups: white 74.7%, black 12.1%,
Asian 4.3%, American Indian and Eskimo 0.8%, native
Hawaiian and other Pacific islander 0.1%, others 8% (2005) ¹

Total Armed Forces: 1,427,000 (2003)
Declared Nuclear Power (1945): est.10,455 weapons (2002)
Merchant marine: 465 ships (2006) Religions: Protestant 43.7% (of which Baptist 17.2%, Methodist 7.2%, Lutheran 4.9%, Presbyterian 2.8%, Pentecostal 2.2%, Church
of Christ 1.3%, Congregational 0.7%, Evangelical 0.5%, other Protestant 4.3%), Roman Catholic 25.9%, non-denominational Christian 9.1%, Episcopalian 1.8%, Mormon 1.4%, Jewish 1.4%, Jehovah's Witness 0.7%, Muslim 0.6%, Buddhist 0.5%, Seventh-
day Adventist 0.4%, Hindu 0.4%, Eastern Orthodox 0.3%, Unitarian 0.3%, Bahai 0.04%, Scientologist 0.03%, Sikh 0.03%,
others 0.2%, atheist/none 13% (2001)

International Organizations/Treaties: AC, ADB, AfDB, AG, ANZUS, APEC, ANT, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), BIS, BSEC (observer), BTWC, CAFTA, CBSS (observer), CE (observer), CP, CTBT (signatory), EAPC, EBRD, ENMOD, FAO, G-5, G-7, G- 8, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, KP (signatory), MIGA, MTCR, NAFTA, NATO, NEA, NPT, NSG, NTBT, OAS, OECD, OPCW, OSCE, PC, PIF (partner), PCA, SAARC (observer), SECI (observer), UN, UN Security Council, UNCLOS (signatory), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNHCR, UNRWA, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

United States
Index Chronology
1607/1620                  English colonies founded (from 1607 at Jamestown
                             in Virginia; and 1620 at Plymouth Bay in
                             Massachusetts).
23 Aug 1775                Colonies declared in rebellion by Britain.
4 Jul 1776                Independence declared (United States of America)
                            (Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland,
                             Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey,
                             New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania,
                             Rhode Island, South Carolina, Virginia).
25 May 1775 - 17 Mar 1776 British occupy Boston.
15 Sep 1776 - 25 Nov 1783 British occupy New York City.

26 Sep 1777 - 18 Jun 1778 British occupy Philadelphia.
29 Dec 1778 - 11 Jul 1782 British occupy Savannah.
12 May 1780 - 14 Dec 1782 British occupy Charleston.
2 Mar 1781                Articles of Confederation effective.
3 Sep 1783                Independence recognized by Great Britain.
4 Mar 1789                Constitution effective; 11 of the 13 original
                             states have ratified it by that time.
21 Nov 1789                North Carolina ratifies Constitution.
29 May 1790                Rhode Island ratifies Constitution.
20 Dec 1803                Louisiana Territory purchased from France.
22 Feb 1819                Florida purchased from Spain.
29 Dec 1845                Texas annexed.
15 Jun 1846                Oregon Territory annexed.
2 Feb 1848                Mexican cession territories annexed (modern
                             states of Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada,
                             New Mexico, and Utah).
8 Feb 1861 - 10 May 1865 Independence of 11 southern states
                             (Confederate States of America)(Alabama,
                             Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South
                             Carolina Texas, Arkansas, North Carolina,
                             Virginia, Tennessee, and parts of Missouri and
                             Kentucky).
30 Mar 1867                Alaska purchased from Russian Empire.
7 Jul 1898                Hawaii annexed.

U.S. States
A to D

F to K

L to M

N

O to R

S to U

V to W

U.S. Cities
A-L and M-W

U.S. Federal
Government

Minor U.S.
Territories

Native
American
Nations

Confederate States
of America
(1860-1865)

California Republic
(1846)

West Florida
Republic
(1810)

Kingdom Hawaii
(1795-1900)

Republic of Texas
(1835-1846)

Presidents of the ("Continental") Congress
5 Sep 1774 - 22 Oct 1774 Peyton Randolph (1st time) (b. 1721 - d. 1775) Non-party
22 Oct 1774 - 26 Oct 1774 Henry Middleton (b. 1717 - d. 1784) Non-party
10 May 1775 - 24 May 1775 Peyton Randolph (2nd time) (s.a.) Non-party
24 May 1775 - 29 Oct 1777 John Hancock (b. 1737 - d. 1793) Non-party
29 Oct 1777 - 1 Nov 1777 Charles Thomson (acting) (b. 1729 - d. 1824) Non-party
1 Nov 1777 - 9 Dec 1778 Henry Laurens (b. 1724 - d. 1792) Non-party
10 Dec 1778 - 28 Sep 1779 John Jay (b. 1745 - d. 1829) Non-party
28 Sep 1779 - 2 Mar 1781 Samuel Huntington (b. 1731 - d. 1796) Non-party
Presidents of the United States in Congress Assembled
2 Mar 1781 - 10 Jul 1781 Samuel Huntington (s.a.) Non-party
10 Jul 1781 - 4 Nov 1781 Thomas McKean (b. 1734 - d. 1817) Non-party
5 Nov 1781 - 3 Nov 1782 John Hanson (b. 1721 - d. 1783) Non-party
4 Nov 1782 - 2 Nov 1783 Elias Boudinot (b. 1740 - d. 1821) Non-party
3 Nov 1783 - 31 Oct 1784 Thomas Mifflin (b. 1744 - d. 1800) Non-party
3 Nov 1783 - 13 Dec 1783 Daniel Carroll (acting for Mifflin)(b. 1730 - d. 1796) Non-party
30 Nov 1784 - 6 Nov 1785 Richard Henry Lee (b. 1732 - d. 1794) Non-party
23 Nov 1785 - 5 Jun 1786 John Hancock (s.a.) Non-party
23 Nov 1785 - 12 May 1786 David Ramsay (acting for Hancock) (b. 1749 - d. 1815) Non-party
15 May 1786 - 5 Nov 1786 Nathaniel Gorham (b. 1738 - d. 1796) Non-party
(acting for Hancock to 5 Jun 1786)
2 Feb 1787 - 4 Nov 1787 Arthur St. Clair (b. 1736 - d. 1818) Non-party
22 Jan 1788 - 2 Mar 1789 Cyrus Griffin (b. 1748 - d. 1810) Non-party
Speaker of the House of Representatives²
1 Apr 1789 - 30 Apr 1789 Frederick Augustus Muhlenberg (b. 1750 - d. 1801) Fed
Presidents³
30 Apr 1789 - 4 Mar 1797 George Washington (b. 1732 - d. 1799) Fed
4 Mar 1797 - 4 Mar 1801 John Adams (b. 1735 - d. 1826) Fed
4 Mar 1801 - 4 Mar 1809 Thomas Jefferson (b. 1743 - d. 1826) Dem-Rep
4 Mar 1809 - 4 Mar 1817 James Madison (b. 1751 - d. 1836) Dem-Rep
4 Mar 1817 - 4 Mar 1825 James Monroe (b. 1758 - d. 1831) Dem-Rep
4 Mar 1825 - 4 Mar 1829 John Quincy Adams (b. 1767 - d. 1848) Dem-Rep
4 Mar 1829 - 4 Mar 1837 Andrew Jackson (b. 1767 - d. 1845) Dem
4 Mar 1837 - 4 Mar 1841 Martin Van Buren (b. 1782 - d. 1862) Dem
4 Mar 1841 - 4 Apr 1841 William Henry Harrison (b. 1773 - d. 1841) Whg
4 Apr 1841 - 4 Mar 1845 John Tyler (b. 1790 - d. 1862) Whg
4 Mar 1845 - 4 Mar 1849 James Knox Polk (b. 1795 - d. 1849) Dem
5 Mar 1849 - 9 Jul 1850 Zachary Taylor (b. 1784 - d. 1850) Whg
9 Jul 1850 - 4 Mar 1853 Millard Fillmore (b. 1800 - d. 1874) Whg
4 Mar 1853 - 4 Mar 1857 Franklin Pierce (b. 1804 - d. 1869) Dem
4 Mar 1857 - 4 Mar 1861 James Buchanan (b. 1791 - d. 1868) Dem
3 Mar 1861 - 15 Apr 1865 Abraham Lincoln (b. 1809 - d. 1865) Rep
15 Apr 1865 - 4 Mar 1869 Andrew Johnson (b. 1808 - d. 1875) Dem
4 Mar 1869 - 4 Mar 1877 Ulysses Simpson Grant (b. 1822 - d. 1885) Rep
4 Mar 1877 - 4 Mar 1881 Rutherford Birchard Hayes (b. 1822 - d. 1893) Rep
4 Mar 1881 - 19 Sep 1881 James Abram Garfield (b. 1831 - d. 1881) Rep
19 Sep 1881 - 4 Mar 1885 Chester Alan Arthur (b. 1830 - d. 1886) Rep
4 Mar 1885 - 4 Mar 1889 Stephen Grover Cleveland (b. 1837 - d. 1908) Dem
(1st time)
4 Mar 1889 - 4 Mar 1893 Benjamin Harrison (b. 1833 - d. 1901) Rep
4 Mar 1893 - 4 Mar 1897 Stephen Grover Cleveland (s.a.) Dem
(2nd time)
4 Mar 1897 - 14 Sep 1901 William McKinley (b. 1843 - d. 1901) Rep
14 Sep 1901 - 4 Mar 1909 Theodore Roosevelt (b. 1858 - d. 1919) Rep
4 Mar 1909 - 4 Mar 1913 William Howard Taft (b. 1857 - d. 1930) Rep
4 Mar 1913 - 4 Mar 1921 Woodrow Thomas Wilson (b. 1856 - d. 1924) Dem
4 Mar 1921 - 2 Aug 1923 Warren Gamaliel Harding (b. 1865 - d. 1923) Rep
2 Aug 1923 - 4 Mar 1929 John Calvin Coolidge (b. 1872 - d. 1933) Rep
4 Mar 1929 - 4 Mar 1933 Herbert Clark Hoover (b. 1874 - d. 1964) Rep
4 Mar 1933 - 12 Apr 1945 Franklin Delano Roosevelt (b. 1882 - d. 1945) Dem
12 Apr 1945 - 20 Jan 1953 Harry S. Truman (b. 1884 - d. 1972) Dem
20 Jan 1953 - 20 Jan 1961 Dwight David Eisenhower (b. 1890 - d. 1969) Rep
20 Jan 1961 - 22 Nov 1963 John Fitzgerald Kennedy (b. 1917 - d. 1963) Dem
22 Nov 1963 - 20 Jan 1969 Lyndon Baines Johnson (b. 1908 - d. 1973) Dem
20 Jan 1969 - 9 Aug 1974 Richard Milhous Nixon (b. 1913 - d. 1994) Rep
9 Aug 1974 - 20 Jan 1977 Gerald Rudolph Ford (b. 1913 - d. 2006) Rep
20 Jan 1977 - 20 Jan 1981 James "Jimmy" Earl Carter (b. 1924) Dem
20 Jan 1981 - 20 Jan 1989 Ronald Wilson Reagan (b. 1911 - d. 2004) Rep
20 Jan 1989 - 20 Jan 1993 George Herbert Walker Bush (b. 1924) Rep
20 Jan 1993 - 20 Jan 2001 William "Bill" Jefferson Clinton (b. 1946) Dem
20 Jan 2001 - George Walker Bush (b. 1946) Rep

¹A separate listing for Hispanic is not included because the U.S. Census Bureau considers Hispanic to mean a person of Latin American descent (including persons of Cuban, Mexican, or Puerto Rican origin) living in the U.S. who may be of any race or ethnic group (white, black, Asian, etc.)

²Between Nov 1788 - 6 Apr 1789, the United States had no chief executive due to transitional period and organization of federal government according to the Constitution of 1789. Congress did not hold regular sessions, though delegates from the various states continued to appear and present their credentials, so that it would have been possible at any time that seven states were present for the secretary to have read the credentials and for Congress to have begun its sessions. According to the provisions of the new Constitution, federal Congress met on 4 Mar 1789, but it could not proceed with any business as the number of delegates was insufficient for quorum. The House of Representatives reached quorum on 1 Apr 1789, and elected Speaker, who in this case was the highest state officer until inauguration of President George Washington on 30 Apr. Frederick Augustus Muhlenberg (s.a.) was elected Speaker on 1 Apr 1789. The Senate of the United States achieved quorum on 6 Apr 1789. John Langdon (b. 1741 - d. 1819) was elected President pro tempore "for the sole purpose of opening and counting the votes for President of the United States." John Adams, elected Vice President and entitled to serve as a presiding officer of the Senate, was introduced by John Langdon (s.a.) to the chair of the Senate on 21 Apr 1789. George Washington was inaugurated on 30 Apr 1789.

³On six occasions, a president took the oath of office one or (in Tyler's case) two days after the beginning of his term of office, either because the demise of the presidency was due to the death of the incumbent or because of religious scruples about swearing an oath on Sunday. These occasions are: Monroe 1821 (upon reelection), Tyler 1841, Taylor 1849, Fillmore 1850, Arthur 1881, Coolidge 1923. Although the oath is necessary for a president to "enter on the execution of the office," the presidential term itself begins on time. On two occasions the new president took the oath of office in public the day after the beginning of the term but, in view of the concerns voiced about earlier Sunday deferrals, had taken the oath in private (Hayes 1877 actually one day early). The beginnings of the terms are listed here, not the oath-taking dates. It may be noted in this context that there is no substance to the legend that David Rice Atchison (b. 1807 - d. 1886)(Dem) was president 4-5 Mar 1849. (If not being sworn in as president is held against Zachary Taylor's being president already from noon on 4 Mar 1849, it cannot be argued that another person, however qualified otherwise, could have been acting president without being sworn in that capacity).

Territorial Disputes: Prolonged drought, population growth, and outmoded practices and infrastructure in the border region has strained water-sharing arrangements with Mexico; 1990 Maritime Boundary Agreement in the Bering Sea awaits Russian Duma ratification; managed
maritime boundary disputes with Canada at Dixon Entrance, Beaufort Sea, Strait of Juan de Fuca, and around the disputed Machias Seal Island and North Rock; The Bahamas and U.S. have not been able to agree on a maritime boundary; U.S. Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay is leased from Cuba and only mutual agreement or U.S. abandonment of the area can terminate the lease; Haiti claims Navassa Island; U.S. has made no territorial claim in Antarctica (but has reserved the right to do so) and does not recognize the claims of any other nations; Marshall Islands claims Wake Island; the Bajo Nuevo Bank (Petrel islands) are claimed by Jamaica; the Serranilla Bank is possibly claimed by Colombia and Honduras;Tokelau included American Samoa's Swains Island among the islands listed in its 2006 draft constitution.

Party abbreviations: Dem = Democratic Party (liberal, formerly D-R); Rep = Republican Party (conservative [est.1854 as anti-slavery]);
- Former parties: D-R = Democratic-Republican Party (pro-states rights, anti-Federalist, 1794-1829, renamed Dem); Fed = Federalist Party (conservative, pro-Federal power, 1780's-1815); Whg = Whig Party (pro-federal govt., anti-Jacksonian, 1834-1854/60)

Confederate States of America


4 Feb 1861 Congress of secessionist states
convenes in Montgomery, Alabama.
8 Feb 1861 Confederate States of America founded by
Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana,
Mississippi, and South Carolina.
5 Mar 1861 Accession of Texas.
20 May 1861 Accession of Arkansas and North Carolina.
23 May 1861 Accession of Virginia.
22 Jul 1861 Accession of Tennessee.
28 Nov 1861 Accession of Missouri.
10 Dec 1861 Accession of Kentucky.
10 May 1865 President Davis captured in Irwinville,
Georgia; Confederate government ended.
Note: The states making up the Confederate States of America previously seceded from the United States; the secession of Missouri and Kentucky affected only geographic parts of
those states.

Chairman of the Congress
4 Feb 1861 Robert Woodward Barnwell (b. 1801 - d. 1882)

President of the Congress
President
18 Feb 1861 - 10 May 1865 Jefferson Davis (b. 1808 - d. 1889) Dem

Party abbreviation: Dem = Democratic Party ("southern" wing of democratic party, pro-states
rights, pro-slavery)

California Republic


14 Jun 1846 - 7 Jul 1846

Capital: Sonoma

1821                       Province of Mexico.
14 Jun 1846 - 9 Jul 1846 California Republic proclaimed during the
                             "Bear Flag Revolt" at Sonoma (ruling only
                             that small town).
7 Jul 1846                California occupied by U.S. military.
9 Sep 1850                State of the U.S.

President
14 Jun 1846 - 9 Jul 1846 William Brown Ide (b. 1796 - d. 1852)

Republic of West Florida


2 Oct 1810 - 10 Dec 1810

Map of Republic of
West Florida

Capital: St. Francisville

2 Oct 1810 Republic of West Florida
10 Dec 1810 Incorporated into Louisiana.

Chairman of the Convention
2 Oct 1810 - 10 Oct 1810 John Rhea
10 Oct 1810 - 24 Oct 1810 Committee of Public Safety
                           - John W. Leonard
                           - Edmund Hawes
                           - John H. Johnston
24 Oct 1810 - 26 Nov 1810 Executive Committee
                           - John H. Johnston
                           - John Mills
                           - Philip Hickey                   (b. 1778 - d. 1859)
                           - John Morgan
                           - William Barrow                  (b. 1765 - d. 1823)
Governor
26 Nov 1810 - 10 Dec 1810 Fulwar Skipwith                   (b. 1765 - d. 1839)

Kingdom of the Hawaiian Islands

1793 - 1815	1815 - 1843	25 Feb 1843 - 31 Jul 1843
1843 - 20 May 1845	20 May 1845 - 17 Jan 1893; Re-adopted 4 Jul 1894	17 Jan 1893 - 4 Jul 1894

Map of Hawaii	Hear National Anthem "Hawai`i Pono`i " (Hawaii's Own)	Text of National Anthem (1876 - 1893)	Constitutions (1840, 1852, 1864, 1887, 1894)
Capital: Honolulu (Lahaina 1802-1845; Kamakahonu 1795-1802)	Currency 1847-1899: Hawaiian Dollar (HWD)	National Holiday: N/A	Population: 150,000 (1900) 89,990 (1890)
GDP: $N/A	Exports: $ N/A Imports: $ N/A	Total Armed Forces: 76 (1892); 476 (1896)
International Organizations/Treaties: UPU

Hawaii	Chronology `18 Jan 1778 Discovered by British Capt. James Cook.` `1795 Kingdom of the Hawaiian Islands (also` `officially styled Hawaiian Kingdom).` `25 Feb 1843 - 31 Jul 1843 Provisionally ceded to Britain` `(Sandwich Islands)(not recognized by U.K.)` `17 Jan 1893 Hawaiian Islands (provisional)` `1 Feb 1893 - 8 Dec 1893 U.S. protectorate declared (then revoked).` `4 Jul 1894 - 14 Jun 1900 Republic of Hawaii` `12 Aug 1898 Annexed by the U.S.` `14 Jun 1900 Territory of Hawaii` `21 Aug 1959 U.S. State (see U.S. states).`
Governments of Hawaii (1842-1900)
Kauai (to 1824)
Maui (to 1795)
Oahu (to 1783)

Kings¹
1795 - 8 May 1819         Kamehameha I "the Great"           (b. 1758? - d. 1819)
20 May 1819 - 14 Jul 1824 Kamehameha II                      (b. 1797 - d. 1824)
14 Jul 1824 - 6 May 1825 Queen Elisabeta Kaahumanu -Regent (b. 1772? - d. 1832)
                            (regent [for Kamehameha II from 1823;
                             for Kamehameha III to 5 Jun 1832])
6 May 1825 - 15 Dec 1854 Kamehameha III                     (b. 1814 - d. 1854)
Jun 1832 - Mar 1833        Kinau (Kaahumanu II) (f) -Regent   (b. 1805 - d. 1839)
25 Feb 1843 - 31 Jul 1843 Lord George Paulet -U.K. Commander (b. 1803 - d. 1879)
25 Feb 1843 - 31 Jul l843 Kekauluohi (f) -Regent             (b. 1794 - d. 1845)
15 Dec 1854 - 30 Nov 1863 Kamehameha IV                      (b. 1834 - d. 1863)
30 Nov 1863                Princess Victoria Kamamalu (f)     (b. 1838 - d. 1866)
                             (Kaahumanu IV) -Regent
30 Nov 1863 - 11 Dec 1872 Kamehameha V                       (b. 1830 - d. 1872)
11 Dec 1872 - 9 Jan 1873 Executive Ministry
                           - Ferdinand William Hutchison      (b. 1819 - d. 1893)
                           - Robert Stirling (1st time)
                           - Stephen Henry Phillips           (b. 1823 - d. 1897)
9 Jan 1873 - 3 Feb 1874 William Charles Lunalilo           (b. 1835 - d. 1874)
3 Feb 1874 - 13 Feb 1874 Executive Ministry
                           - Edwin Oscar Hall                 (b. 1810 - d. 1883)
                           - Charles Reed Bishop              (b. 1822 - d. 1915)
                           - Robert Stirling (2nd time)
                           - Albert Francis Judd              (b. 1838 - d. 1900)
13 Feb 1874 - 20 Jan 1891 David Kalakaua                     (b. 1836 - d. 1891)
Queen¹
20 Jan 1891 - 17 Jan 1893 Liliuokalani                       (b. 1838 - d. 1917)
                            (regent to 29 Jan 1891; formally abdicates 24 Jan 1895)
Chairman of the Citizen's Committee of Public Safety
14 Jan 1893 - 17 Jan 1893 Henry Ernest Cooper (in rebellion) (b. 1857 - d. 1929)
Chairman of the Executive Council of the Provisional Government
17 Jan 1893 - 15 Feb 1893 Sanford Ballard Dole               (b. 1844 - d. 1926)
President of the Provisional Government
15 Feb 1893 - 4 Jul 1894 Sanford Ballard Dole               (s.a.)
President
4 Jul 1894 - 14 Jun 1900 Sanford Ballard Dole               (s.a.)

Kuhina Nui (Premiers)²
1819 - 5 Jun 1832         Elisabeta Kaahumanu (f)            (s.a.)
5 Jun 1832 - 4 Apr 1839 Kinau (Kaahumanu II) (f)           (s.a.)
5 Apr 1839 - 7 Jun 1845 Kekauluohi (Kaahumanu III) (f)     (s.a.)
10 Jun 1845 - 16 Jan 1855 John Kaleipahala Young II          (b. c.1810 - d. 1857)
                             (Keoni Ana Opio)
16 Jan 1855 - 21 Dec 1863 Victoria Kamamalu (f)(Kaahumanu IV)(s.a.)
1863 - 24 Aug 1864         Mataio Kekuanaoa                   (b. 1791 - d. 1868)
Ministers of Finance (de facto chief ministers from 1864)
24 Dec 1863 - 21 Dec 1865 Charles de Varigny (b. 1829 - d. 1899)
21 Dec 1865 - 21 Dec 1869 Charles Coffin Harris              (b. 1822 - d. 1881)
21 Dec 1869 - 25 Aug 1872 James Mott Smith (1st time)        (b. 1824 - d. 1895)
10 Sep 1872 - 17 Feb 1874 Robert Stirling
17 Feb 1874 - 31 Oct 1874 Paul Nahaolelua                    (b. 1806 - d. 1875)
31 Oct 1874 – 5 Dec 1876 J.S. Walker (1st time)
5 Dec 1876 - 3 Jul 1878 John Makini Kapena (1st time)      (b. 1842 - d. 1884)
3 Jul 1878 - 14 Aug 1880 Simon K. Kaai (1st time)           (b. c.1818 - d. c.1868)
14 Aug 1880 - 27 Sep 1880 M. Kuaea
27 Sep 1880 - 20 May 1882 J.S. Walker (2nd time)
20 May 1882 - 8 Aug 1882 J.E. Bush
8 Aug 1882 - 13 Feb 1883 Simon K. Kaai (2nd time)           (s.a.)
13 Feb 1883 - 1 Sep 1885 John Makini Kapena (2nd time)      (s.a.)
1 Sep 1885 - 30 Jun 1886 Charles Thomas Gulick (interim)    (b. 1841 - d. ....)
30 Jun 1886 - 1 Jul 1887 Paul P. Kanoa
1 Jul 1887 - 22 Jul 1889 Godfrey Brown (1st time)
22 Jul 1889 - 17 Jun 1890 Samuel Mills Damon (1st time)      (b. 1845 - d. 1924)
17 Jul 1890 - 25 Feb 1891 Godfrey Brown (2nd time)
25 Feb 1891 - 10 Mar 1891 Hermann A. Wideman (1st time)
10 Mar 1891 - 28 Jun 1891 Samuel Parker (acting)(1st time)
28 Jul 1892 - 17 Oct 1891 James Mott Smith (2nd time)        (s.a.)
17 Oct 1891 - 28 Jan 1892 Samuel Parker (acting)(2nd time)
28 Jul 1892 - 12 Sep 1892 Hermann A. Wideman (2nd time)
12 Sep 1892 - 1 Nov 1892 E.C. Macfarlane
1 Nov 1892 - 8 Nov 1892 William M. Cornwell (1st time)
8 Nov 1892 - 13 Jan 1893 Peter Cushman Jones (1st time)     (b. 1837 - d. 1922)
13 Jan 1893 - 17 Jan 1893 William M. Cornwell (2nd time)

U.S. Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary 1 Feb 1893 - 8 Dec 1893 John Leavitt Stevens (b. 1820 - d. 1895)Special Commissioner 1893 James Henderson Blount (b. 1837 - d. 1903) U.S. Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary 1893 - 1897 Albert Shelby Willis (b. 1843 - d. 1897) 1897 - 12 Aug 1898 Harold Marsh Sewall (b. 1860 - d. 1924) Special Agent 1898 - .... Harold Marsh Sewall (s.a.)

Kauai

1810                       Subject to Kingdom of the Hawaiian Islands
1 Jul 1816 - 7 Jul 1817 Russian America Company colony at Fort Elizabeth
                             near Waimea (and 8 Oct 1816 Forts Alexander and Barclay).
26 May 1824                Separate monarchy extinct.

Kings
.... - 1730                Kualii                             (d. 1730)
1730 - 1770                Peleioholani                       (d. 1770)
1770 - 1795                Kamakahelai (f)
1795 - 26 May 1824         George Kaumualii                   (b. c.1780 - d. 1824)
                             (from 1821, prisoner in Honolulu)

Russian Governor at Fort Elizabeth
1 Jul 1816 - 7 Jul 1817 Georg Anton Scheffer (or Schäffer) (b. 1779 - d. 1836)

Maui

1783 Annexes Oahu.
1 May 1795 Part of Kingdom of the Hawaiian Islands.

Kings
.... - 17..                Lonohonuakini
17.. - 17..                Kaulahea II
17.. - 1736                Kekaulike Kuihonoikamoku           (d. 1736)
1736 - 1765                Kamehamehanui Ailuau               (d. 1765)
1765 - 1794                Kahekili II                        (b. c.1737 - d. 1794)
1794 - Jul 1794            Kaeokulani                         (d. 1794)
Jul 1794 - 1 May 1795     Kalanikupule                       (d. 1795)

Oahu

1783 Conquered by Kingdom of Maui.

Kings
.... - 1730                Kualii                             (d. 1730)
1730 - 1737                Kapionookalani                     (d. 1737)
1737 - 1738                Kanahaokalani                      (d. 1738)
1738 - 1770                Peleioholani                       (d. 1770)
1770 - 1773                Kumahana
1773 - 1783                Kaneoneo                           (d. 1785)

¹Full style of the ruler: (a) 1810 - 14 Jun 1852: Ali‘i Nui ("King"). The traditional style of the rulers of the major Hawaiian polities is Ali‘i Nui, literally "Great Chief." This style is adopted in the Hawaiian-language text of the Constitution of 6 Oct 1840. The English-language text uses the style "King"; (b) 14 Jun 1852 - 6 Jul 1887: Ali‘i o ko Hawai‘i Pae ‘Aina ("King of the Hawaiian Islands"); (c) 30 Nov 1863 - 11 Dec 1872 in some documents: Ma ka Lokomaika‘i o ke Akua, Ke Ali‘i o ko Hawai‘i Pae ‘Aina ("by the grace of God, King of the Hawaiian Islands"); (d) 6 Jul 1887 - 29 Jan 1891: Mo‘i o ko Hawai‘i Pae ‘Aina ("King of the Hawaiian Islands"); (e) 29 Jan 1891 - 17 Jan 1893: Mo‘i Wahine o ko Hawai‘i Pae ‘Aina ("Queen of the Hawaiian Islands").

²The Hawaiian office most commonly translated as that of 'Prime minister' is Kuhina nui. The office was created in 1819 upon the death of Kamehameha I. Kamehameha's favorite wife, Ka‘ahumanu, reported that it was the King's wish that she become in effect the co-sovereign along with the King's young son. In her position as Kuhina nui she ruled the Kingdom until Kamehameha II came to majority and then for the remainder of her life. The Kuhina nui's power was greater than that of a prime minister in the western sense. The Constitution of 1864 abolished the office of Kuhina nui returning the power held by the Kuhina nui back to the
monarch.

Republic of Texas


1 Mar 1836 - 10 Dec 1836


10 Dec 1836 - 24 Jan 1839


Adopted 24 Jan 1839

Map of Texas Republic	National Anthem	Declaration of Independence (2 Mar 1836)	Constitution (Sep 1836)
Capitals: Washington-on-the Brazos (1836, 1842 -1844) (Austin 1836 -1842, 1844 - 1846)	Currency: Texas Dollar (TXSD)	National Holiday: 2 Mar (1836) Independence Day	Population: 212,592 (1850)

Texas	Chronology `1682 Spanish rule part of New Spain` `(see Mexico).` `23 Jan 1691 Province of Coahuila and Texas (within` `New Spain)(see U.S. states).` `18 Jul 1821 Independence from Spain declared.` `28 Sep 1821 Part of independent Mexico.` `14 Oct 1824 Mexican state of Coahuila and Texas.` `15 Nov 1835 Texas ruled by Provisional Government.` `2 Mar 1836 Independence (Republic of Texas).` `19 Feb 1846 Annexed by U.S. (State of Texas).`
Texas Republic Government (1835-1846)

Governors
15 Nov 1835 - 11 Jan 1836 Henry Smith                        (b. 1788 - d. 1851)
11 Jan 1836 - 1 Mar 1836 James W. Robinson (acting)         (b. 1790 - d. 1857)
President of the Convention
2 Mar 1836 - 17 Mar 1836 Richard Ellis                      (b. 1781 - d. 1846)
President of the ad-interim Government
17 Mar 1836 - 22 Oct 1836 David Gouverneur Burnet            (b. 1788 - d. 1870)
Presidents
22 Oct 1836 - 10 Dec 1838 Sam Houston (1st time)             (b. 1793 - d. 1863)
10 Dec 1838 - 13 Dec 1841 Mirabeau Buonaparte Lamar          (b. 1798 - d. 1859)
13 Dec 1841 - 9 Dec 1844 Sam Houston (2nd time)             (s.a.)
9 Dec 1844 - 19 Feb 1846 Anson Jones                        (b. 1798 - d. 1858)