Former Black Homelands (Bantustans)

21 Apr 1961                Tswana Territorial Authority established.
12 Dec 1968                Reorganized, wider executive powers granted.
 1 May 1971                Legislative assembly established.
 1 Jun 1972                Bophuthatswana, self-government granted.
 6 Dec 1977                Constituted as a sovereign and independent state in accordance
                             with the Status of Bophuthatswana Act, 1977 (Afrikaans: Wet op
                             die Status van Bophuthatswana, 1977), passed by the Senate and
                             House of Assembly of Republic of South Africa, assented to on
                             20 Jun 1977 (effective on 6 Dec 1977).
 6 Dec 1977                Declared independent by South Africa (Republic of Bophuthatswana
                            [Riphaboliki ya Bophuthatswana = Republiek van Bophuthatswana]);
                            (contemporary spelling [Tswana]: Repaboliki ya Bophuthatswana),
                             only recognized only by South Africa and the other 'independent'
                             homelands. 
13 Mar 1994 - 27 Apr 1994  Occupied by South Africa.
27 Apr 1994                Re-incorporated into South Africa (Status of Bophuthatswana Act,
                             1977 is repealed by South Africa)(territory was divided between
                             the provinces of Free State, Gauteng, Mpumalanga, and North West)

Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
Apr 1961 - 1968            Tidimane Ramono Pilane             (b. 1907 - d. 2000)
Chief Executive Officer
1968 -  1 May 1971         Lawrence Lucas Manyane Mangope     (b. 1923 - d. 2018)
Chief Executive Councillor
 1 May 1971 -  1 Jun 1972  Lawrence Lucas Manyane Mangope     (s.a.)
Chief minister
 1 Jun 1972 -  6 Dec 1977  Lawrence Lucas Manyane Mangope     (s.a.)               BNP;1974 BDP
President
 6 Dec 1977 - 13 Mar 1994  Lawrence Lucas Manyane Mangope     (s.a.)               BDP
10 Feb 1988 - 10 Feb 1988  Rocky Ismael Peter Malabane-Metsing(b. 1949 - d. 2016)  PPP
                             (in dissidence)
Administrators
13 Mar 1994 - 27 Apr 1994  Tjaart Van der Walt                (b. 1934 - d. 2019)  Ind
                           + Tebogo Job Mokgoro               (b. 1948)            ANC

Commissioner-generals of Tswana (from 1 Apr 1971, Bophuthatswana)
 1 Jul 1960 - 1973         Ignatius Stefanus Kloppers         (b. 1907 - d. 1980)
Jul 1973 - Dec 1977        Gerhardus "Gerrie" Renier Wessels  (b. 1912 - d. 1998)

Territorial Disputes: South Africa was the only country to recognize its independence; faced significant territorial disputes, largely revolving around its fragmented nature (seven scattered enclaves); Qwaqwa disputed Bophuthatswana's control of the Thaba 'Nchu area, which is mostly inhabited by South Sotho; neighboring Lesotho argued that Thaba 'Nchu should be part of that country; as a result of South Africa's efforts to transfer the KaNgwane homeland and a portion of KwaZulu homeland to Swaziland, there was interest among some Botswana officials in absorbing Bophuthatswana. The idea of reuniting all of the Tswana people has been discussed among Botswana officials since the 1960's; Botswana opposed the construction of damns on the  Malopo and Ngotoane Rivers by Bophuthatswana; Botswana consistently refused to formally recognize Bophuthatswana.

Party abbreviations: CDP = Christian Democratic Party (former BDP, 1991-13 Mar 1994); Mil = Military;
- Former parties: BDP = Lekoko la Temokerasi la Bophuthatswana (Bophuthatswana Democratic Party, right-wing, Mangope personalist, pro-apartheid, economic liberal, authoritarian, Tswana nationalist, former BNP, 1974-1991, renamed CDP); BNP = Lekoko la bosetšhaba la Bophuthatswana (Bophuthatswana National Party, 1972-1974, renamed BDP); PPP = Progressive People's Party (1987-Feb 1988, banned 1988)

 1 Jan 1956                Ciskei designated area for the Xhosa people by South Africa.
 1 Apr 1961                Ciskeian Territorial Authority established.
14 Nov 1968                Ciskei given wider executive powers.
 1 Jun 1971                Legislative assembly established.
 1 Aug 1972                Self-government granted.
 1 Dec 1975                Glen Grey and Herschel districts transferred to Transkei.
16 Oct 1981                Status of Ciskei Act, 1981 (Afrikaans: Wet op die Status van Ciskei,
                             1981) is assented to.
 4 Dec 1980                Ciskei independence referendum passed 99.45% to 0.55%.
 4 Dec 1981                Declared independent by South Africa (Republic of Ciskei
                             [iRiphabliki yeCiskei]); only recognized only by South Africa
                             and the other 'independent' homelands. 
22 Mar 1994 - 27 Apr 1994  Occupied by South Africa.
27 Apr 1994                Re-incorporated into South Africa (Status of Ciskei Act, 1981
                             is repealed by South Africa)(part of Eastern Cape Province).

Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
 8 Nov 1961 - 1968         Archibald Velile Sandile           (d. 1968)
Chief Executive Officer
Jun 1968 -  1 Jun 1971     Justice Thandathu Jongilizwe       (b. 1926 - d. 2021)  CNP
                             Mabandla
Chief Executive Councillor
 1 Jun 1971 -  1 Aug 1972  Justice Thandathu Jongilizwe       (s.a.)               CNP
                             Mabandla
Chief ministers
 1 Aug 1972 - 21 May 1973  Justice Thandathu Jongilizwe       (s.a.)               CNP
                             Mabandla
21 May 1973 - 20 Jul 1975  Lennox Leslie Wongama Sebe         (b. 1926 - d. 1994)  CNIP
                             (1st time)
20 Jul 1975 - 24 Oct 1975  Xhanti Charles Sebe (acting)       (b. 1934? - d. 1991) Mil
24 Oct 1975 -  4 Dec 1981  Lennox Leslie Wongama Sebe         (s.a.)               CNIP
                             (2nd time)
President
 4 Dec 1981 -  4 Mar 1990  Lennox Leslie Wongama Sebe         (s.a.)               CNIP
                             (from Jun 1983, President for Life)
Chairman of the Military Committee and of the Council of State
 4 Mar 1990 - 22 Mar 1994  Joshua Oupa Gqozo                  (b. 1952)            Mil;1991 ADM
Administrators
23 Mar 1994 - 27 Apr 1994  Pieter van Rensburg Goosen 
                           + Bongani Blessing Finca           (b. 1953)

Commissioner-generals of Ciskei
 1 Jul 1960 -  1 Sep 1976  the Commissioner-generals Transkei
 1 Sep 1976 -  4 Dec 1981  Johan J. Engelbrecht

Territorial Disputes: South Africa was the only country to recognize its independence; Ciskei and Transkei engaged in cross-border raids and political hostilities, with Transkei often trying to dominate or destabilize Ciskei.

Party abbreviations: ADM = African Democratic Movement (Gqozo personalist, traditionalist, 8 Jul 1991-1994); CNIP = iQela leSizwe leNkululeko yeCiskei (Ciskei National Independence Party, Sebe personalist, right-wing, Xhosa nationalist, anti-communist, authoritarian, pro-apartheid, split from CNP, 1978-1990 only legal party, 19 Feb 1973-4 Mar 1990, suspended 1990); CNP = Ciskei National Party (Mabandla personalist, 1968-1978, merged into CNIP); Mil = Military

Map of Gazankulu	Capital: Giyani	Hear Local Anthem "Hosi Katekisa Afrika" (God, Bless Africa)	Population: 803,806 (1992) 517,227 (1980)
GDP: 323,880,000 Rand (1986)	Exports: $N/A Imports: $N/A	Ethnic groups: Shangaan-Tsonga 31.8%, North Sotho, Venda, Swazi
Total Police Force: N/A		Religions: Christian 40.3% (African independent churches (AIC) 20.2%, other Christian 10.7%, Roman Catholic 0.6%, Methodist 2.5%, NG Dutch Reformed 1.6%, Lutheran 0.6%, Apostolic Faith Mission [AFM]  0.6%, Anglican 0.4%, Methodist 0.4%), traditional and other 0.6%, none/uncertain 59.1% (1980)

 9 Nov 1962                Matshangana (Changana-Tonga) Territorial Authority established.
14 May 1971                Renamed Machangana Territorial Authority.
 1 Jul 1971                Machangana Legislative Assembly and wider executive powers granted.
 1 Feb 1973                Renamed Gazankulu Territorial Authority, self-rule granted.
27 Apr 1994                Re-integration into South Africa (part of Limpopo province).

Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
19 Dec 1962 - Oct 1969     Adolf Sunduza Mhinga               (b. 1914 - d. 1992)
Chief Executive Councillor
13 Oct 1969 -  1 Feb 1973  Hudson William Edison Ntsanwisi    (b. 1920 - d. 1993) 
Chief ministers
 1 Feb 1973 - 25 Mar 1993  Hudson William Edison Ntsanwisi    (s.a.)               1983: XXP
25 Mar 1993 -  1 Apr 1993  Edward Percy Mhinga (acting)       (b. 1927 - d. 2017)  XPP
 1 Apr 1993 - 27 Apr 1994  Samuel Dickenson Weller Nxumalo    (b. 1926 - d. 2015)  XPP

Commissioner-generals of Shangaan-Tsonga (from 1 Feb 1973, Gazankulu)
 1 May 1970 - 1980         Evert Frederik Potgieter           (b. 1921 - d. 1996)
1980 - 1985                Jacobus "Kobus" Adriaan Jordaan    (b. 1937)
 1 Jun 1985 - 1994         Herman Otto Mönnig                 (b. 1928)

Party abbreviations: XPP = Ximoko Progressive Party (1990-1996, renamed Ximoko Party); XXP = Ximoko Xa Rixaka (Whip of the Nation, right-wing, Tsonga nationalist, anti-communist, authoritarian, pro-apartheid, only legal party, 1983-1990, renamed XPP)

23 Apr 1976                Swazi Territorial Authority established.
 1 Oct 1977                KaNgwane Legislative Assembly and wider executive powers granted.
18 Jun 1982 -  9 Dec 1982  Dis-establishment of the KaNgwane legislature by South Africa.
30 Sep 1982                South Africa's highest appeals court confirms that the method
                             adopted by the South African government to dissolve the
                             legislative assembly and transfer the land is illegal.
31 Aug 1984                Self-government granted.
27 Apr 1994                Re-integration into South Africa (part of Mpumalanga province).

Chairmen and Chief Executive Officers
23 Apr 1976 -  8 Oct 1977  Johannes Mkolishi Dlamini          (b. 1928 - d. 2023)
 8 Oct 1977 - 18 Jun 1982  Enos John Mabuza (1st time)        (b. 1939 - d. 1997)
                            (from Apr 1981, chief executive councillor)
Administrator for the South African Department Co-operation and Development (Black Affairs)
18 Jun 1982 -  9 Dec 1982  N.J. Badenhorst
Chief ministers
 9 Dec 1982 -  1 Apr 1991  Enos John Mabuza (2nd time)        (s.a.)               1988: INP
                            (chief executive councillor to Aug 1984)
15 Apr 1991 - 27 Apr 1994  Mangisi Cephas Zitha               (b. 1940)

Commissioner-generals of Swazi (from 1981, KaNgwane)
1978 -  1 Feb 1982         George Frederik Botha              (b. 1912 - d. 19..)
Feb 1982 - Jan 1988        Theunis Nicolaas Hendrik "Punt"    (b. 1917 - d. 1988)
                             Janson
1988 - 199.                H.J. Tempel

Territorial Disputes: The South African government's efforts to transfer the KaNgwane homeland, and the Ngwavuma northern portion of KwaZulu homeland, to Swaziland was resisted by the KaNgwane authorities and following King Sobhuza II's death by Swaziland; the homeland was claimed by King Sobhuza and irredentists of Swaziland as part of the Swazi traditional realm.

Party abbreviations: INP = Inyandza National Movement (progressive, anti-apartheid, Oct 1978-1990, merged into ANC); IsNP = Inzika National Party

Map of KwaNdebele	Capital: KwaMhlanga (Siyabuswa interim 1977-1986)	Hear Local Anthem "Nkosi Sikelel'i Afrika" (God, Bless Africa)	Population: 373,012 (1992) Moutse- 130,000 (1986) 157,455 (1980)
GDP: 509,500,000 Rand (1986)	Exports: $N/A Imports: $N/A	Ethnic groups: South Ndebele, North Sotho, Pedi, others
KwaNdebele Police (KNP): N/A		Religions: African independent churches [AIC] 53.2%,   NG Dutch Reformed 5.8%, Roman Catholic 5.1%, Anglican 1.9%, Congregational 1.9%, Lutheran 1.9%, Methodist 1.3%, Apostolic Faith Mission [AFM] 1.3%, other Christian 12.2%, none/uncertain 15.4% (1980)

 7 Oct 1977                Ndebele Territorial Authority established.
 1 Oct 1979                KwaNdebele, legislative assembly and wider executive powers
                             established.
 1 Apr 1981                Self-government granted.
12 Aug 1986                Legislative Assembly rejects independence scheduled for 11 Dec 1986.
 6 May 1987                Legislative Assembly makes unanimous decision to opt for
                             independence. However, South Africa requests a referendum be held.
29 Mar 1988 - 27 Apr 1994  Moutse district (added 1986) administered by South Africa.
27 Apr 1994                Re-integration into South Africa (part of Mpumalanga province).

Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
 7 Oct 1977 - 30 Sep 1979  Simon Somkhahlekwa Skosana         (b. 1927 - d. 1986)  Non-party
Chief Executive Councillor
 1 Oct 1979 -  1 Apr 1981  Simon Somkhahlekwa Skosana         (s.a.)               Non-party
Chief ministers
 1 Apr 1981 - 17 Nov 1986  Simon Somkhahlekwa Skosana         (s.a.)               Non-party
17 Nov 1986 - 27 Nov 1986  Klaas Mtshiweni (acting)
27 Nov 1986 -  3 Feb 1989  Prince George Majozi Mahlangu      (b. 1951)
 3 Feb 1989 - 30 Apr 1990  Prince Jonas Masana Mabena         (b. 1936)
30 Apr 1990 - 27 Apr 1994  Prince Senzangakhona James         (b. 1953 - d. 2005)  IYS
                             Mahlangu

Commissioner-generals of KwaNdebele
 1 Oct 1979 - 1981         J.A. van Tonder
 1 Oct 1981 - 30 Jun 1985  Johan H.T. Mills
 1 Jul 1985 - 20 Sep 1986  Gerrie J. van der Merwe
1986 - 1987                ....
 1 Jun 1987 - 199.         P.J.K. Kriel

Party abbreviations: Con = Contralesa (Congress of Traditional Leaders of South Africa, traditionalist, anti-apartheid, est.1987); IYS = Intando yeSizwe (The Will of the Nation Party, 1988-1994, merged into ANC)

 1 Jun 1970                Zululand Territorial Authority established.
 1 Apr 1972                KwaZulu legislative assembly and wider executive powers granted.
 1 Feb 1977                Self-government granted.
27 Apr 1994                Re-integration into South Africa (part of KwaZulu-Natal province).

Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
 9 Jun 1970 - 31 Mar 1972  Mangosuthu Gatsha Buthelezi             (b. 1928 - d. 2023) 
Chief Executive Councillor
 1 Apr 1972 - 31 Jan 1977  Mangosuthu Gatsha Buthelezi             (s.a.)            1975:INCLM
Chief minister
 1 Feb 1977 - 27 Apr 1994  Mangosuthu Gatsha Buthelezi             (s.a.)               INCLM;
                             Gatsha Buthelezi                                          1990 IFP

Commissioner-generals of Zulu (from 1 Apr 1972, KwaZulu)
 1 Jul 1960 - 1965         Cornelius Gert Nel                      (b. 1908 - d. 1970)
 1 Aug 1965 - 1970         Johannes Jeremias Boshoff               (b. 1895 - d. 1984)
1970 - Jul 1979            Philip Heinrich "Henry" Torlage         (b. 1909 - d. 1987)
 1 Aug 1979 - 1989         Paul Nicholaas "Nico" Hansmeyer         (b. 1921 - d. ....)
 1 Jan 1989 - 199.         C. Anthony "Tony" Erskine               (b. 1932)

Territorial Disputes: Buthelezi consistently opposed "independence"; South Africa's efforts to transfer the Ngwavuma northern portion of KwaZulu homeland to Swaziland was opposed by Buthelezi and was resisted by Swaziland after the death of King Sobhuza II.

Party abbreviation: INCLM = Inkatha Yenkululeko Yesizwe (Crown National Cultural Liberation Movement, populist, Zulu nationalist, conservative, anti-communist, KwaZulu-Natal regionalist, 21 Mar 1975-14 Jul 1990, renamed IQembu leNkatha yeNkululeko/Inkatha Freedom Party [IFP])

Map of Lebowa	Capital: Lebowakgomo (Seshego interim to 1974)	Hear Local Anthem "Nkosi Sikelel'i Afrika" (God, Bless Africa)	Population: 2,924,584 (1992) 1,755,874 (1980)
GDP: 733,710,000 Rand (1986)	Exports: $N/A Imports: $N/A	Ethnic groups: North Sotho 80.6%, Shangaan/Tsonga 7.1%, North Ndebele 5.9%, South Ndebele 1.6%, Swazi 1.5%, Zulu 0.9%, Venda 0.3%, White 0.25%, South Sotho 0.24%, Griqua 0.21%, Xhosa 0.18%, other Black 0.2% (1980)
Total Police Force: N/A		Religions: African independent churches [AIC] 24.7%, Roman Catholic 7.4%, Lutheran 7.1%, other Christian 4.6%, Dutch Reformed NG 4%, Anglican 1.5%, Methodist 1.5%, Presbyterian 1%, traditional and other 0.8%, Apostolic Faith Mission [AFM] 0.2%, Congregational 0.2%, none/uncertain 46.8% (1980)

 1 Jun 1960                North Sotho National Unit formed.
 1 Sep 1962                Lebowa Territorial Authority established.
 2 May 1969                Wider executive powers granted.
 1 Jul 1971                Lebowa legislative assembly established.
 2 Oct 1972                Self-government granted.
27 Apr 1994                Re-integration into South Africa.

Chief ministers
 1 Sep 1962 -  8 May 1973  Mokgoma Maurice Maserumule Matlala(b. 1924 - d. 2021)  LNP
                            (chairman and chief executive officer to 14 Aug 1969,
                             chief executive councillor 14 Aug 1969 - 2 Oct 1972)
 8 May 1973 -  7 Oct 1987  Cedric Makepeace Namedi           (b. 1912 - d. 1987)  LPP
                             Phatudi
 7 Oct 1987 - 21 Oct 1987  Zacharia Tompi Seleka (acting)                         LPP 
21 Oct 1987 - 27 Apr 1994  Mogoboya Noko Nelson Ramodike     (b. 1941 - d. 2012)  LPP
                             (from 1989, Prime minister)

Commissioner-generals of North Sotho (from 1 Jul 1971, Lebowa)
 1 Jul 1960 - 1971         Werner Willi Max Eiselen          (b. 1899 – d. 1977)
1972 - 1977                Gert Pieter Christiaan            (b. 1919 - d. 1977)
                             Bezuidenhout
1977 - 1982                Roelof McLachlan                  (b. 1916 - d. 1982)  
1982 - 31 Jan 1988         Petrus Johannes Visser Erasmus    (b. 1919 - d. 2008)
                             Pretorius
Mar 1988 - 22 Nov 1989     Nicolaas Johan Nieuwoudt          (b. 1929 - d. 1989)
 1 Apr 1990 - Nov 1992     J. Martin "Thabo" Koekemoer       (b. 1938)
1992 - 1994                ....

Territorial Disputes: Lebowa government rejected "independence" for Lebowa.

Party abbreviations: LNP = Lebowa National Party (traditionalist, merged into LPP on 18 Mar 1974); LPP = Lebowa People's Party (economic liberal, from 1988 renamed Thari ya Setshaba, est.1973)

Map of Qwaqwa	Capital: Phuthaditjhaba (Witsieshoek 1969-1974)	Hear Local Anthem "Nkosi Sikelel'i Afrika" (God, Bless Africa)	Population: 288,155 (1992) 158,328 (1980)
GDP: 151,990,000 Rand (1986)	Exports: $N/A Imports: $N/A	Ethnic groups: South Sotho (Basotho) 1.7%
Total Police Force: N/A		Religions: Dutch Reformed NG 24.1%, African independent churches [AIC] 16.4%, Roman Catholic 9.5%, other Christian 9.5%, Methodist 8.9%, Anglican 5.7%, Presbyterian 4.4%, traditional and other 0.6%, none/uncertain 9.5% (1980)

 1 Apr 1969                Basotho Ba Borwa (South Sotho) Territorial Authority established.
 1 Oct 1971                Legislative assembly established.
 1 Apr 1972                Basotho Qwaqwa
 1 Nov 1974                Qwaqwa (self-rule achieved).
27 Apr 1994                Re-integration into South Africa (part of Free State province).

Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
Apr 1969 -  1 Oct 1971     Wessels Mota                       (b. 1920 - d. 1988)
Chief Executive Councillor
 1 Oct 1971 -  1 Nov 1974  Wessels Mota                       (s.a.)               1974: BUP
Chief ministers
 1 Nov 1974 - 19 May 1975  Wessels Mota                       (s.a.)               BUP
19 May 1975 - 27 Apr 1994  Tsiame Kenneth Mopeli              (b. 1930 - d. 2014)  DP

Commissioner-generals of South Sotho (1972-74 Basotho Qwaqwa; from 1 Nov 1974 Qwaqwa)
 1 Jul 1960 - Apr 1970     Simon Frederik Papenfus            (b. 1905 - d. 1978)
1970 - 1975                Nicolaas Christiaan "Chris" van    (b. 1913 - d. 1987)
                             Rooyen Sadie                 
 1 Oct 1975 -  9 Nov 1983  Jacobus Stephanus "Kosie"          (b. 1918 - d. 2010)
                             Pansegrouw
1983/84 - 1985             J.M. van Rooyen                    (b. 19.. - d. 1985)
 1 Jul 1985 - 14 Mar 1990  David "Dawie" McKenzie Grewar      (b. 1927 - d. 1990)
16 May 1990 - 1994         Willem Adriaan Odendaal            (b. 1944)

Territorial Disputes: Qwaqwa has long disputed Bophuthatswana's control of the Thaba 'Nchu area, which is mostly inhabited by South Sotho; neighboring Lesotho argued that Qwaqwa and Thaba 'Nchu should be part of that country; Khoptjoane dispute with neighboring Lesotho.

Party abbreviations: BUP = Basotho Unity Party (est.1974); DNP = Dikwankwetla Party (founded as Dikwankwetla National Party, governing party 1975-1994, est.1974)

 1 Sep 1956                Transkeian Territorial Authority established.
24 Mar 1961                Transkei Territorial Authority
30 May 1963                Self-government and wider executive powers granted by the Transkei
                             Constitution Act.
24 Jun 1976                Status of the Transkei Act, 1976 (Afrikaans: Wet op die Status van
                             die Transkei, 1976) is assented to.
26 Oct 1976                Declared independent by South Africa (Republic of Transkei
                             [iRiphabliki ye Transkei = Rephaboliki ya Transkei = Republiek
                             van Transkei])(Xhosa was the sole official language according
                             to the Constitution of 1976; Sesotho, English and Afrikaans
                             were confirmed for legislative use); only recognized only by
                             South Africa and the other 'independent' homelands.
27 Apr 1994                Re-incorporated into South Africa (Status of Transkei Act, 1976
                             is repealed by South Africa)(part of Eastern Cape province).

Presidents (Prezidanti)
26 Oct 1976 -  1 Dec 1978  Botha Manzolwandle Jongilizwe      (b. 1913 - d. 1978)  NIPT 
                             Sigcau
 1 Dec 1978 - 20 Feb 1979  Zwelibanzi Maneli Mabandla (acting)(b. 1906 - d. 19..)
20 Feb 1979 - 20 Feb 1986  Kaiser Daliwonga Matanzima         (b. 1915 - d. 2003)  NIPT
20 Feb 1986 - 27 Apr 1994  Tutor Nyangilizwe Vulindlela       (b. 1921 - d. 1997)  NIPT;1987
                             Ndamase                                               Non-party

Chairmen and Chief Executive Officers
 1 Sep 1956 - 26 May 1959  Sabata Jonguhlanga Dalindyebo      (b. 1928 - d. 1986)
26 May 1959 - Mar 1961     Botha Manzolwandle Jongilizwe      (s.a.) 
                             Sigcau
Chief Executive Councillor
24 Mar 1961 -  6 Dec 1963  Kaiser Daliwonga Matanzima         (s.a.)
Chief minister
 6 Dec 1963 - 26 Oct 1976  Kaiser Daliwonga Matanzima         (s.a.)               1964: NIPT
Prime ministers
26 Oct 1976 - 20 Feb 1979  Kaiser Daliwonga Matanzima         (s.a.)               NIPT
20 Feb 1979 - 24 Sep 1987  George Mzimvubu Matanzima          (b. 1918 - d. 2000)  NIPT
25 Sep 1987 -  5 Oct 1987  Dumnisani Gladstone Gwadiso        (b. 1952)            NIPT
                             (acting)
 5 Oct 1987 - 30 Dec 1987  Stella Margaret Nomzano Sigcau (f) (b. 1937 - d. 2006)  NIPT
Chairman of the Military Council and of the Council of Ministers
30 Dec 1987 - 27 Apr 1994  Harrington Bantu Holomisa          (b. 1955)            Mil

Commissioner-generals for the Xhosa (from 1961, Transkei and Ciskei)
 1 Jul 1960 - 31 May 1974  Johannes "Hans" Hendrikus Abraham  (b. 1908 – d. 1978)
31 May 1974 - 26 Oct 1976  D.H. "Danie" Potgieter   

Territorial Disputes: South Africa was the only country to recognize its independence; Transkei and Ciskei engaged in cross-border raids and political hostilities, with Transkei often trying to dominate or destabilize Ciskei.  

Party abbreviations (from Dec 1987 parties banned): NIPT = iQela leTranskei leNkululeko (National Independence Party of Transkei, pro-independence, Xhosa nationalist, pro-apartheid, 1964-30 Dec 1987); Mil = Military

Map of Venda	Hear National Anthem "Pfano na vhuthihi" (Peace and Togetherness)	Text of National Anthem Adopted 1979	Constitution (13 Sep 1979)
Capital: Thohoyandou (Sibasa [Makwarela] provisional to 1979)	Currency: South African Rand (ZAR)	National Holiday: 13 Sep (1978) Independence Day	Population: 718,207 (1990) 315,545 (1980)
GDP: 688.2 million Rand (1989)	Exports: $N/A Imports: $N/A	Ethnic groups: Venda (vhaVenda) 66.9%, others
Venda National Force (VNF): about 1,800 (1993)		Religions: Christian 37.7% (African independent churches [AIC] 15.4%, Lutheran 7.2%, NG Dutch Reformed 2.6%, Roman Catholic 2.3%, Reformed 1.4%, other Christian 6.4%, Congregational 0.9%, Anglican 0.6%, Lutheran 0.3%, Methodist 0.3%, Apostolic Faith Mission [AFM] 0.3%), traditional and others 8.4%, none/uncertain 53.6% (1980)
International Organizations/Treaties: CMA, DBSA, ECOSA, SACU, SECOSAF

 1 Dec 1962                Thohoyandou (Vendaland) Territorial Authority formed.
23 May 1969                Venda Territorial Authority
20 Jun 1969                Venda given wider executive powers.
 1 Jun 1971                Venda legislative assembly established
 1 Feb 1973                Self-government achieved.
 2 Jul 1979                Status of Venda Act, 1979 (Afrikaans: Wet op die Status van Venda,
                             1979) is assented to.
13 Sep 1979                Declared independent by South Africa (Republic of Venda
                             [Riphabuliki ya Venda = Republiek van Venda]); only recognized
                             by South Africa and the other 'independent' homelands.
1990                       English is recognized as the official language (Venda and
                             Afrikaans may be used for judicial and administrative purposes).
27 Apr 1994                Re-incorporated into South Africa (Status of Venda Act, 1979
                             is repealed by South Africa)(part of Limpopo province).

Presidents
13 Sep 1979 - 17 Apr 1988  Patrick Ramaano Mbulaheni Mphephu  (b. 1925 - d. 1988)  VNP
17 Apr 1988 -  5 Apr 1990  Frank Nndwakhulu Ravhele           (b. 1926 - d. 1999)  VNP
                             (acting to 10 May 1988)
Chairmen of the Council of National Unity
 5 Apr 1990 - 25 Jan 1994  Gabriel Mutheiwana Ramushwana      (b. 1941 - d. 2015)  Mil
25 Jan 1994 - 27 Apr 1994  Tshamano Gerso Ramabulana          (b. 1940 - d. 2020)  Mil

Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
1962 - Jun 1969            Patrick Ramaano Mbulaheni Mphephu  (s.a.)
Chief Executive Officer
Jun 1969 -  1 Jun 1971     Patrick Ramaano Mbulaheni Mphephu  (s.a.)
Chief Executive Councillor
 1 Jun 1971 -  1 Feb 1973  Patrick Ramaano Mbulaheni Mphephu  (s.a.)
Chief minister
 1 Feb 1973 - 13 Sep 1979  Patrick Ramaano Mbulaheni Mphephu  (s.a.)             VIPP;1974 VNP

Commissioner-generals of the Venda (and to 1969, Tsonga)
Apr 1966 - 24 Mar 1975     Michiel Daniel Christiaan de       (b. 1901 - d. 1984)
                             Wet Nel
 1 May 1975 - 12 Sep 1979  Johannes Cornelius Otto            (b. 1910 - d. 1985)

Territorial Disputes: South Africa was the only country to recognize its independence.

Party abbreviations: VNP = Dzangano la lushaka la venda (National Party of Venda, traditionalist, far-right, Venda nationalist, authoritarian, pro-apartheid, anti-communist, only legal party de facto 1978/de jure Aug 1986 - 5 Apr 1990, est.1973-5 Apr 1990); Mil = Military