Kazakhstan
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- 1824 - 5 Dec 1917
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|
-
![[Alash-Orda military flag in
1919 (possible
reconstruction)(Kazakhstan)]](kz-ala17.png)
- Alash-Orda Military
Flag in 1919
- (possible
reconstruction)
-
|
-
- 30 Dec 1922
- 25 Dec 1991
-
|
-
- 10 Dec 1991 - 4
Jun 1992
-
|
-
- Adopted 4 Jun 1992
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-
-
|
Map
of Kazakhstan |
Hear National Anthem
"Mening Qazaqstanym"
(My Kazakhstan)
Adopted 6 Jan 2006
|
Former National Anthem
"National Anthem of the
Republic of Kazakhstan"
1992 - 6 Jan 2006 |
Constitution
(30 Aug 1995) |
Capital:
Astana
(Aqmola
1997- 6 May
1998;
Almaty 1993-10 Dec 1997;
Alma-Ata 1929-1993;
Kzyl-Orda 1925-1929;
Orenburg 1920-1925;
Alash-Kala [Semey] 1917-1920) |
Currency:
Tenge (KZT);
1993 Kazakh Ruble (KZR);
1991-93 Russian Ruble (RUR)
|
National
Holiday: 25 Oct (1990)
Republic Day
|
Population:
17,736,896 (2013)
|
GDP: $243.6
billion (2013)
|
Exports:
$87.23 billion (2013)
Imports: $52.03
billion (2013)
|
Ethnic groups:
Kazakh (Qazaq) 63.1%, Russian 23.7%,
Uzbek
2.8%, Ukrainian 2.1%, Uighur 1.4%,
Tatar 1.3%,
German 1.1%, other 4.5%
(2009)
|
Total Active
Armed Forces: 49,000 (2010)
Former Nuclear Power:
1,400 weapons (1991-1995)
Merchant marine:
11 ships (2010)
|
Religions:
Muslim (mostly Sunni) 70.2%, Christian
26.2%
(Russian Orthodox 23.9%, other
Christian 2.3%), Buddhist 0.1%,
other 0.2%, atheist 2.8%, unspecified
0.5% (2009)
|
International
Organizations/Treaties: ACS
(observer), ADB, AIIB, ANT, APA, BTWC,
CCTS, CES, CFE, CICA, CIS, CSTO, CTBT, CWC, EAEU,
EAPC, EBRD, ECO, EITI, ENMOD, ESCR,
Eutelsat, FAO, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
ICC, ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC,
IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, Intersputnik, IOC, IOM, IPU, IRENA,
ISESCO, ISA (observer), ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, KP,
MIGA, Moon, NAM (observer), NPT, NSG,
OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW, OPEC
(observer), OSCE, OST, PFP, SCO, UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNFCC-PA, UNHCR,
UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WTO, ZC
|
Kazakhstan
Index
|
Chronology
1465
Kazakh Khanate founded (see below).
1584
Yaitskiy (Uralsk/Oral)
founded by Cossacks
(see Ural
Cossack Host).
1645
Russians found Guryev (Atyrau).
1718
Russians found Semipalatinsk
(Semey).
Jul 1824 – 1864
Area of the former
Khanate (Younger, Middle and
Elder Zhuzes, called by Russians as
Little,
Middle and Great Kirghiz Hordes)
gradually
annexed by Russia
(see Kazakh Khanate
below).
Oct
1864
Russian boundary
with China agreed.
1882 -
1917
Russian Governorate-general of the
Steppe Kray
(Stepnoy
kray); as of 1917 it covered
Akmolinsk
and
Semipalatinsk oblasti.
Nov 1916 - Jan
1917
Kazakh rebellion, most actively
in Turgay and
Akmolinsk oblasti.
13 Dec 1917
Alash Autonomy (Alash
Avtonomiy) is
declared under
the People's
Council (Alash-Orda)
at All-Kirghiz
Congress in
Orenburg (it claimed authority within
a federal
Russian republic over the Kazakh -
inhabited oblasti
of Russia - Akmolinsk, Bukey,
Semipalatinsk,
Semirechye, Syr-Darya, Turgay,
and Ural).
Dec
1917
Russian Civil War divides present-day
Kazakhstan
into
three parts - "White" Cossack:
Semirechye (see
Semirechye
Cossack Host), Turgay (under Orenburg
Cossack Host), and Ural (see Ural Cossack
Host);
"White" Siberian: Akmolinsk and
Semipalatinsk,
both
related to the Provisional Siberian
Oblast
Council; and "Red": Syr-Darya
(from 12 Nov 1917;
part
of Turkestan
A.S.S.R. from 30 Apr 1918) and
from
15 Dec 1917, Bukey.
Jan 1918 – Mar
1918
Bolshevik forces take all of
present-day Kazakhstan
(Akmolinsk [modern Astana] on 7
Jan 1918, and
Semipalatinsk [modern Semey] on
16 Feb 1918),
Alash-Orda in early Feb 1918 is
located at
Semipalatinsk.
Jun 1918 – Jul 1918
Provisional Government of
Siberia (see under
Russian
Civil War Polities) troops
retake
the
northern and central part of
present-day
Kazakhstan (Akmolinsk on
3 Jun 1918, and
Semipalatinsk on 11 Jun
1918).
18 Jun 1918
Alash-Orda returns to
Semipalatinsk, recognizing
the
authority of "Komuch" (from Jul 1918)
then
the
Provisional All-Russian Government
(from Sep
1918)(see under Russian Civil
War Polities).
4 Nov 1918
Alash-Orda is
declared dissolved by the Provisional
All-Russian Government, but de facto
continues
mostly in Cossack-held (Ural,
Orenburg, Semirechye)
areas.
Aug 1919 – Dec 1919
Red Army advances against
the "White" troops of
Kolchak, Supreme Ruler of Russia (on
28 Nov 1919
taking
Akmolinsk,
Semipalatinsk on 2 Dec 1919);
on
21 Dec 1919, Alash-Orda submits to the
Soviet
government.
5 Mar 1920
Alash-Orda is dissolved by the
Soviet government.
26 Aug
1920
Kirghiz Autonomous Soviet
Socialist Republic
within the Russian S.F.S.R. (see
Russia)
15 Jun
1925
Renamed Kazakh Autonomous
Soviet Socialist
Republic.
Sep 1929 – Sep
1931
Several Kazakh
rebellions, most actively Feb 1930 -
Apr 1930 in modern Aktobe and Kostanay
regions.
5
Dec
1936
Kazakh Soviet Socialist
Republic.
25 Oct
1990
State sovereignty declared.
10 Dec
1991
Republic of Kazakhstan
16 Dec
1991
Independence declared.
26 Dec
1991
Final independence (dissolution
of the U.S.S.R.).
|
Kazakhstan
Administrative
Divisions
|
Kazakh
S.S.R.
(1920-1991)
|
Kazakh
Khanates
(1680-1849)
|
Inner Kirghiz
Horde
(1801-1858)
|
Semirechye
Cossacks
(1917-1920) |
Ural Cossacks
(1699-1723,
1917-1920)
|
Historical
Maps
of
Kazakhstan |
|
Governors-general of the Steppe Kray (at Omsk)
6 Jun 1882 - 5 Nov 1889 Gerasim
Alekseyevich Kolpakovskiy (b. 1819 - d. 1896)
5 Nov 1889 - 18 Jul 1900 Baron Maksim
Antonovich Taube (b. 1827 - d.
1910)
27 Apr 1901 - 8 May 1906 Nikolay
Nikolayevich Sukhotin (b.
1847 - d. 1918)
8 May 1906 - 21 Jun 1908 Ivan Pavlovich
Nadarov
(b. 1851 - d. 1922)
21 Jun 1908 - 6 Jun 1915 Yevgeniy Ottovich
Shmit (b. 1845
- d. 1915)
6 Jun 1915 - 17 Mar 1917 Nikolay
Aleksandrovich Sukhomlinov (b. 1850 - d. 1918)
Emir
Nov 1916 - Jan 1917
Abdighapar Zhanbosynuly
(b. 1870 - d. 1919)
(=
Abdulgafar Zhanbosynov)
(in rebellion; in Turgay and Akmolinsk oblasts)
Commissars of the Steppe Kray (at Omsk; with
rights of governor-general)
21 Mar 1917 - Apr 1917
Innokentiy Pavlovich Laptev
(b. 1873 - d. 1917) Non-party?
Apr 1917 - Sep 1917
Ivan Petrovich Zakonov
(b. 1867 -
d.af.1920)NSP
Sep 1917 - Dec 1917
Aleksandr Yefremovich Novoselov (b.
1884 - d. 1918) PSR
Chairman of the All-Kirghiz People's Council
(Alash-Orda)
13 Dec 1917 - 5 Mar 1920 Alikhan
Bokeikhan
(b. 1866 - d. 1937) AP
(= Alikhan Nurmukhamedovich Bukeikhanov)
General Khan
8 Mar 1930 - 20 Mar 1930 Ayzharqyn Qanayuly
(in rebellion) (b. 1855 - d. 1930)
(= Ayzharkyn Kanayev)
President
24 Apr 1990
-
Nursultan Äbishuly
Nazarbayev (b. 1940)
KPK;1991 Ind;
(from 14 Jun 2010) "Elbasy"
1999 OTAN
Prime ministers
10 Dec 1991 - 12 Oct 1994 Sergey
Aleksandrovich Tereshchenko (b.
1951)
Ind
12 Oct 1994 - 10 Oct 1997 Akezhan
Magzhanovich Kazhegeldin (b.
1952)
PPU
10 Oct 1997 - 1 Oct 1999 Nurlan
Utebuluyevich Balgimbayev (b. 1947 - d.
2015) PPU
1 Oct 1999 - 28 Jan 2002
Kasymzhomart Kemelevich Tokayev (b.
1953)
OTAN
(acting to 12 Oct 1999)
28 Jan 2002 - 13 Jun 2003 Imangali
Nurgaliyevich
(b.
1956)
OTAN
Tasmagambetov
13 Jun 2003 - 10 Jan 2007
Danial Kenzhetayevich Akhmetov
(b.
1954)
OTAN
10 Jan 2007 - 24 Sep 2012
Karim Kazhymkanovich Masimov
(b. 1965)
OTAN
(1st time)
24 Sep 2012 - 2 Apr 2014 Serik Nyghmetuly
Akhmetov
(b. 1958)
OTAN
2 Apr 2014 - 8 Sep 2016 Karim Kazhymkanovich
Masimov
(s.a.)
OTAN
(2nd
time)
8 Sep 2016
-
Bakytzhan Abdirovich Sagintayev (b.
1963)
OTAN
(acting to 9 Sep 2016)
Territorial Disputes: Kyrgyzstan has yet to
ratify the 2001 boundary delimitation with Kazakhstan;
field demarcation of the boundaries commenced with
Uzbekistan in 2004 and with Turkmenistan in 2005;
ongoing demarcation with Russia began in 2007;
demarcation with China was completed in 2002; creation
of a seabed boundary with Turkmenistan in the Caspian
Sea remains under discussion; Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan,
and Russia ratified Caspian seabed delimitation treaties
based on equidistance, while Iran continues to insist on
a one-fifth slice of the sea.
Party abbreviations: OTAN = Partiya
"Nur Otan" ("Light of Fatherland
Party" Party, secular, centrist, pro-Nazarbayev,
named Otan [Fatherland] 1 Mar 1999-22 Dec 2006, then 22
Dec 2006-18 Oct 2013 named Narodno-Demokraticheskaya
Partiya "Nur Otan"
[People's Democratic Party
"Light of Fatherland"], est.1
Mar 1999); Ind = Independent;
- Former parties: AP =
Alash Partiyasy (Alash Party, Kazakh moderate
nationalist party of Alash Autonomy, to 1919
anti-Bolshevik, 1917-1920);
KPK = Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Kazakhstana
(Communist Party of Kazakhstan, Marxist-Leninist
communist,
former KPK-B, 13 Oct 1952-7 Sep 1991); NSP
= Narodno-Sotsialisticheskaya Partiya (People's
Socialist Party, center-left, 1905-1920);
PPU = Partiey Narodnogo Yedinstva
Kazakhstana (Party of People's Unity
of Kazakhstan, liberal nationalist, pro-Nazarbayev,
1993-1 Mar 1999, merged into OTAN); PSR
= Partiya Sotsialistov-Revolyutsionerov
(Party of Socialists-Revolutionaries,
"SRs", democratic socialist, agrarian socialist, split
Aug 1917 into Left [became PLSR] and Right wings, Jan
1902-1923)
Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic
-
- c.1920 - 20 Sep 1924
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- 20 Sep 1924 - 26 Mar 1937
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|
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- 26 Mar 1937 - 10 Nov 1940
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|
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- 10 Nov 1940 - 24 Jan 1953
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-
- 24 Jan 1953 - 4 Jun 1992
|
|
Capital: Alma-Ata
(Orenburg 1920-1925;
Kzyl-Orda 1925-1929) |
Hear
SSR Anthem
"Qazaq Keñes Socïalïstik
Respwblïkasınıñ memlekettik
änuranı" /
"Gosudarstvennyy gimn
Kazakhskoy S.S.R."
(State Anthem of Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic)
(1945-1992) |
Constitution
(20 Apr 1978; in Russian) |
Population: 14,684,000 (1980)
|
26 Aug
1920
Kirghiz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
within the Russian S.F.S.R.
15 Jun
1925
Renamed Kazakh A.S.S.R.
5 Dec
1936
Kazakh A.S.S.R within Russian S.F.S.R. becomes Kazakh
S.S.R.
Secretaries of the Kirghiz Regional Bureau of the
Central Committee of the Russian
Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
30 Apr 1920 - Sep 1920
Stanislav Stanislavovich Pestkovskiy
(b. 1882 - d. 1937)
Sep 1920 - 10 Jan 1921
Ivan Alekseyevich
Akulov
(b. 1888 - d. 1937)
Jan 1921 - Jun
1921
Mukhamedkhafiy
Murzagaliyev
(b. 1887 - d. 1938)
Secretaries of the Kirghiz Regional
Committee of the Russian Communist Party
(Bolsheviks)
Jun 1921 - Jul
1921
Mukhamedkhafiy
Murzagaliyev
(s.a.)
Jul 1921 - Aug
1921 Mariya
Mikhaylovna Kostelovskaya (f) (b. 1878
- d. 1964)
Sep 1921 - Sep
1924 Georgiy
Alekseyevich
Korostelyev
(b. 1885 - d. 1932)
Sep 1924 - 19 Feb 1925
Viktor Ivanovich
Naneyshvili
(b. 1878 - d. 1940)
Secretaries of the Kazakh Regional Committee
of the Russian Communist Party
(Bolsheviks)(from 31 Dec 1925, All-Union
Communist Party [Bolsheviks])
19 Feb 1925 - Jun 1925
Viktor Ivanovich
Naneyshvili
(s.a.)
12 Sep 1925 - Feb 1933
Filipp Isayevich
Goloshchekin
(b. 1886 - d. 1941)
Feb 1933 - 23 Apr 1937 Levon
Isayevich
Mirzoyan
(b. 1887 - d. 1939)
First Secretaries of the Central
Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
of Kazakhstan (from 13 Oct 1952, Communist Party
of Kazakhstan)
23 Apr 1937 - 3 May 1938 Levon Isayevich
Mirzoyan
(s.a.)
3 May 1938 - 14 Sep 1945
Nikolay Aleksandrovich
Skvortsov (b.
1899 - d. 1974)
14 Sep 1946 - 6 Mar 1954 Zhumabay
Shayakhmetovich Shayakhmetov (b. 1902 - d.
1966)
6 Mar 1954 - 7 May
1955 Panteleimon Kondratyevich
Ponomarenko (b. 1902 - d. 1984)
7 May 1955 - 6 Mar
1956 Leonid Ilyich
Brezhnev
(b. 1906 - d. 1982)
6 Mar 1956 - 26 Dec 1957
Ivan Dmitriyevich
Yakovlev
(b. 1910 - d. 1999)
26 Dec 1957 - 19 Jan 1960 Nikolay Ilyich
Belyayev
(b. 1903 - d. 1966)
19 Jan 1960 - 26 Dec 1962 Dinmukhamed
Akhmedovich
Kunayev
(b. 1912 - d. 1993)
(1st time)
26 Dec 1962 - 7 Dec 1964 Ismail
Yusupovich
Yusupov
(b. 1914 - d. 2005)
7 Dec 1964 - 16 Dec 1986
Dinmukhamed Akhmedovich
Kunayev
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
16 Dec 1986 - 22 Jun 1989 Gennadiy
Vasilyevich
Kolbin
(b. 1927 - d. 1998)
22 Jun 1989 - 28 Aug 1991 Nursultan
Abishevich
Nazarbayev
(b. 1940)
Chairmen of the Kirghiz Revolutionary
Committee
10 Jul 1919 - Aug 1920
Stanislav Stanislavovich Pestkovskiy
(s.a.)
RKP
Aug 1920 - 26 Aug 1920
Sakhiygirey Argancheyev (acting)
RKP
26 Aug 1920 - Oct 1920
Viktor Alekseyevich
Radus-Zenkovich (b. 1877 - d.
1967) RKP
Oct
1920
Abdrakhman Aytiyevich
Aytiyev
(b. 1886 - d. 1936) RKP
Chairmen of the Central Executive Committee
of the Kirghiz A.S.S.R.
12 Oct 1920 - 19 Apr 1925 Seytgali Mendeshevich
Mendeshev
(b. 1882 - d. 1937) RKP
19 Apr 1925 - Jun 1925
Zhalau Mynbayev
RKP
Chairmen of the Central Executive
Committee of the Kazakh A.S.S.R.
(from 5 Dec 1936, Kazakh
S.S.R.)
Jun 1925 -
1927
Zhalau Mynbayev
RKP;1925 VKP
1927 - 1933
Eltay Ernazarov
(b. 1887 - d. 1945) VKP
11 Oct 1933 - 22 Jun 1937 Uzakbay
Dzhelderbayevich Kulumbetov (b.
1891 - d. 1938) VKP
Jun 1937 - Jul
1937 Ismail
Salvafeka
(acting)
KPK-B
Jul 1937 - 28 Oct 1937
Alibey Togzhanovich Dzhangildin (acting)(b. 1884 - d.
1953) KPK-B
28 Oct 1937 - 15 Jul 1938 Nurbapa
Umirzakov
(b. 1907 - d. 1947) KPK-B
Chairman of the Supreme Soviet
15 Jul 1938 - 17 Jul 1938 Salken
Daulenovich
Daulenov
(b. 1907 - d. 1984) KPK-B
Chairmen of the Presidium of the Supreme
Soviet
17 Jul 1938 - Jan 1947
Abdisamet
Kazakpayev
(b. 1898 - d. 1959) KPK-B
Jan 1947 - 20 Mar 1947
I.K. Lukyanets
(acting)
KPK-B
20 Mar 1947 - 23 Jan 1954 Daniyal
Kerimbayevich
Kerimbayev (b.
1909 - d. 1982) KPK-B
23 Jan 1954 - 19 Apr 1955 Nurtas
Dandibayevich
Undasynov
(b. 1904 - d. 1989) KPK
19 Apr 1955 - 20 Jan 1960 Zhumabek
Akhmetovich
Tashenev
(b. 1915 - d. 1986) KPK
20 Jan 1960 - 25 Aug 1960 Fazyl
Karibzhanovich
Karibzhanov
(b. 1912 - d. 1960) KPK
25 Aug 1960 - 3 Jan 1961 Kapitolina
Nikolayevna Kryukova (f) (b.
1914 - d. 2002) KPK
(acting)
3 Jan 1961 - 5 Apr
1965 Isagali Sharipovich
Sharipov
(b. 1905 - d. 1976) KPK
5 Apr 1965 - 20 Dec 1978
Sabir Bilyalovich
Niyazbekov
(b. 1912 - d. 1989) KPK
20 Dec 1978 - 14 Dec 1979 Isatay
Abdukarimovich Abdukarimov
(b. 1923 - d. 2001)
KPK
14 Dec 1979 - 22 Feb 1984 Sattar
Nurmashevich
Imashov
(b. 1925 - d. 1984) KPK
22 Feb 1984 - 22 Mar 1984 Andrey P.
Plotnikov (acting)
KPK
22 Mar 1984 - 27 Sep 1985 Bayken
Ashimovich
Ashimov
(b. 1917 - d. 2010) KPK
27 Sep 1985 - 9 Feb 1988 Salamat
Mukashevich
Mukashev
(b. 1927 - d. 2004) KPK
9 Feb 1988 - Dec
1988 Zakash Kamalidenovich
Kamalidenov (b. 1936
- d. 2017) KPK
Dec 1988 - 10 Mar 1989
Vera Vasilyevna Sidorova (f) (acting)
(b. 1934) KPK
10 Mar 1989 - 22 Feb 1990 Makhtay
Ramazanovich
Sagdiyev
(b. 1929 - d. 2012) KPK
Chairman of the Supreme Soviet
22 Feb 1990 - 24 Apr 1990 Nursultan
Abishevich
Nazarbayev
(s.a.)
KPK
Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars
12 Oct 1920 -
1921
Viktor Alekseyevich
Radus-Zenkovich (s.a.)
RKP
Oct 1921 - Sep 1922
Mukhamedkhafiy
Murzagaliyev
(b. 1887 - d. 1941) RKP
Sep 1922 - Oct
1924 Saken
Seyfullin
(b. 1894 - d. 1939) RKP
Oct 1924 - May 1928
Nygmet Nurmakovich
Nurmakov
(b. 1895 - d. 1937) RKP/VKP
May 1928 - Sep
1937 Uraz
Dzaizakovich
Isayev
(b. 1899 - d. 1938) VKP
Sep 1937 - 17 Jul 1938
Ibragim Tausiyevich
Tazhiyev
(b. 1904 - d. 1960) KPK-B
17 Jul 1938 - 15 Mar 1946 Nurtas
Dandybayevich
Undasynov
(s.a.)
KPK-B
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers
15 Mar 1946 - 24 Mar 1954 Nurtas
Dandybayevich
Undasynov
(s.a.)
KPK-B
24 Mar 1954 - 31 Mar 1955 Elubay
Bazimovich
Taibekov
(b. 1901 - d. 1991) KPK
31 Mar 1955 - 20 Jan 1960 Dinmukhamed
Akhmedovich
Kunayev
(s.a.)
KPK
(1st time)
20 Jan 1960 - 6 Jan 1961 Zhumabek
Akhmetovich
Tashenev
(s.a.)
KPK
6 Jan 1961 - 13 Sep 1962
Salken Daulenovich
Daulenov
(s.a.)
KPK
13 Sep 1962 - 26 Dec 1962 Masymkhan
Beysembayevich Beysembayev (b. 1908 -
d. 1987) KPK
(1st time)
26 Dec 1962 - 7 Dec 1964
Dinmukhamed Akhmedovich
Kunayev
(s.a.)
KPK
(2nd time)
7 Dec 1964 - 31 Mar 1970
Masymkhan Beysembayevich Beysembayev
(s.a.)
KPK
(2nd time)
31 Mar 1970 - 22 Mar 1984 Bayken
Ashimovich
Ashimov
(s.a.)
KPK
22 Mar 1984 - 27 Jul 1989 Nursultan
Abishevich
Nazarbayev
(s.a.)
KPK
27 Jul 1989 - 16 Oct 1991 Uzakbay
Karamanovich
Karamanov
(b.
1937)
KPK
16 Oct 1991 - 10 Dec 1991 Sergey Aleksandrovich
Tereshchenko (b.
1951)
Non-party
Party abbreviation: KPK = Kazakhstan
Kommunistіk Partiyasy/Kommunisticheskaya Partiya
Kazakhstana (Communist Party [Bolsheviks]
of Kazakhstan, Marxist-Leninist
communist,
state party, former KPK, 13 Oct 1952-7 Sep 1991);
- Former parties: KPK-B
= Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)
Kazakhstana (Communist Party [Bolsheviks]
of Kazakhstan, Marxist-Leninist
communist,
state party, 23 Apr 1937-13 Oct 1952, renamed KPK);
RKP = Rossiyskaya
Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)(Russian
Communist Party [Bolsheviks], communist, former
RSDRP-B, state party, 8 Mar 1918-31 Dec 1925,
renamed All-Union Communist Party);
VKP
= Vsesoyuznaya Kommunisticheskaya Partiya
(Bol'shevikov)(All-Union
Communist Party [Bolsheviks], Marxist-Leninist
communist,
state party, former RKP, 31 Dec 1925-13 Oct
1952, renamed Communist
Party of the Soviet Union)
Kazakh Khanates
1459
Zhanibek (Jänibek) and Kerey (Giray), sultans of
Abulhair
(khan of Ak Ordu and Tyumen), moved with their
adherents
(called "Kazakh Horde") to Zhetysu (territory to the
outh of
Lake Balkhash).
1465
Kazakh Khanate founded.
1469
Kazakhs capture of most of the territory of modern day
Kazakhstan,
except its western (to Greater Nogai Horde), northern
(to Tyumen,
then Siberian khanate) and south-eastern (to Chagataid
Khanate
of Mogholistan) parts.
1718
After death of Qayyp Khan, several khans are elected
in different
parts of the Khanate; by then the Kazakh Khanate is
divided into
three parts called Zhuz (the "side") – Elder Zhuz (Uly
Zhuz) in
eastern and southern parts of the khanate; Middle Zhuz
(Orta
Zhuz) in central and northern parts of khanate; and
Younger
Zhuz (Kishi Zhuz) in western part of khanate); each of
them
ruled by several Khans, the principal khans in Middle
Zhuz
until 1781 (by Russia until 1771) recognized as Kazakh
Senior
Khans.
1723 –
1755
Elder Zhuz under Dzungarian suzerainty.
Oct
1731
Younger Zhuz (called by Russians as Little Kirghiz
Horde) accepts
Russian protectorate; only its northern part were
effectively
under protectorate of Russia.
Jul
1732
Middle Zhuz (called by Russians as Middle Kirghiz
Horde) accepts
Russian suzerainty (effectively only the northern
part); latter
Kazakh agreements with Dzungaria (1735 – 1755) and
China (Jul
1757 – 1824) resulted in joint or alternating
suzerainty.
Jul 1757 –
1825
Elder Zhuz (effectively only the eastern part) under
suzerainty
of China, renewed in 1772 (Chinese rule ceased as
result of
annexation of Elder Zhuz by Kokand).
1798 –
1806
Turkistan, the former Kazakh capital (1598-1798),
under rule of
Tashkent
(afterwards recognized the Bukharan rule, followed in
1808 by annexation to Kokand).
11 Mar
1801
Some of the Kazakhs of Younger Zhuz are resettled to
the
right bank of the Ural river headed by Bokey (Bukey),
forming
the Inner Kirghiz Horde [see below]).
Jul
1824
Middle Zhuz and Younger Zhuz annexed by Russia, Khans'
authority
eliminated, Akmolinsk (Astana/Aqmola) founded (in
1830);
Middle Zhuz becomes Siberian Kirghiz Divisions (okruga)(subject
to the governor of Omsk), Younger Zhuz becomes
Trans-Ural Kirghiz
Divisions (otdely)(subject to
the governor of Orenburg), both
continued to be treated by Russia through the Ministry
of
Foreign Affairs.
Sep 1841 - Apr
1847 Kazakh
rebellion against Russian and Kokand rule, mostly in
Middle Zhuz.
1847 -
1864
Elder Zhuz (called by Russians as Great Kirghiz Horde)
gradually
annexed from Kokand by Russia (to Jun 1854 part of the
Siberian
Kirghiz Divisions)- in 1854 Vernyy (Almaty), in 1864
Turkistan;
the area ceded by Kokand in Jan 1868.
Jun
1854
Siberian Kirghiz Divisions abolished, the former
Middle Zhuz and
most of former Elder Zhuz fully incorporated into
Russia.
Apr
1859
Trans-Ural Kirghiz Divisions abolished, the former
Younger Zhuz
fully incorporated into Russia.
Kazakh Senior Khans (title Ulugh Khan) (formal
long names in parentheses)
1680 -
1715
Tawke
Khan
(b. c.1635 - d. 1715)
(Tawakkul Muhammad Bahadur Khan)
1715 -
1718
Qayyp
Khan
(b. c.1655 - d. 1718)
(Gha´ip Muhammad Khan)
1718 -
1729
Bolat
Khan
(d. 1729)
(khan in most of Middle Zhuz;
did not reside in capital)
1718 - Aug
1748
Abilqayyr
Khan
(b. 1693 - d. 1748)
(Abu al-Gha´ir Muhammad Ghazi
Bahadur Khan)
(khan in most of Younger Zhuz and part of Middle Zhuz;
resided in capital 1719 - 1725, formally not styled
as Senior Khan; in 1740 also khan of Khorazm)
1729 - 1737
Sameke
Khan
(b. c.1660 - d. 1737)
(Shah Muhammad Khan)
(khan in most of Middle Zhuz; resided
in capital; not recognized and not
styled as Senior Khan)
1739 -
1771
Abilmambet Khan
(b. c.1690 - d. 1771)
(Abu
al-Muhammad Khan)
(khan in most of
Middle and Elder Zhuzes;
resided in capital 1743 - 1758 and from 1762)
1771 - May
1781
Abylay
Khan
(b. 1711 - d. 1781)
(Abu al-Mansur Muhammad Bahadur Khan)
(khan in most of Middle and Elder Zhuzes;
formally not styled as Senior Khan)
Khans in Elder Zhuz (post-1781,
in Turkistan)
1781/84 - 1798
Tawke Khan
(d. 1798?)
1781/85 - 1815
Adil Khan (in
Taraz)
(d. 1815)
(the Chinese
tributary)
1810? - 1816
Toghay
Khan
(d. 1826)
(in rebellion against Kokand)
Aug 1858 - 1859
Aliken Khan
(in rebellion against Kokand)
Khans in Middle Zhuz
(post-1781)
- in the northern part of Zhuz (the
Russian-recognized) -
Aug 1781 - Dec
1819 Wali
Khan
(b. 1741 - d. 1819)
1816 - 1819
Bokey
Khan
(b. c.1737 - d. 1819)
(jointly with above)
1819 - 1821
Diwan
(the council) (acting)
1821 - Jul
1824
Ghubaydolla
Khan
(b. 1770 - d. 1861)
1824 –
1854
Senior Sultans of 2 (finally 8)
Siberian Kirghiz Divisions
(title: Agha Sultan)
- in the southern part of Zhuz (in
Turkistan, to 1781 shared the city with senior
khans) -
1758 - 1798
Yesym
(Ishim) Khan
(d. 1798?)
1771 - 1798
Bolat Khan
(d. 1798?)
(jointly with above)
- in the eastern part of Zhuz (the Chinese
tributaries) -
1771 - 1783
Abilpeyyz
Khan
(d. 1783)
1783 - 1799
Qanqozha Khan
(b. c.1746 - d. 1799)
1799 - 1824
Toghym
Khan
(d. 1824)
Khans in Younger Zhuz
(post-1781)
- in the northern part of Zhuz (the
Russian-recognized) -
Oct 1748 - Jun
1786 Nuraly
Khan
(b. 1714 - d. 1790)
(Nur Muhammad `Ali
Bahadur Khan)
(also khan of Khorazm 1741-1742)
1786 - 1790
Diwan
(the council) (acting)
1790 -
1791
Yesym (Ishim) Khan (1st
time) (b. 1739 - d.
1797)
(not confirmed by Russia)
Aug 1791 - Aug
1794 Yeraly
Khan
(b. c.1720 - d. 1794)
Oct 1795 - Apr
1797 Yesym
(Ishim) Khan (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Nov 1797 - Oct
1805 Ayshwaq
Khan
(b. 1720 - d. 1810)
Oct 1805 - 15 Nov 1809 Zhantore
Khan
(b. 1759 - d. 1809)
1809 - 1812
Diwan
(the council) (acting)
May 1812 - May
1824
Sherghazy Khan
I
(b. 1767 - d. 1845)
1824 – 1859
Senior
Sultans of 3 Trans-Ural
Kirghiz Divisions
(title: Agha Sultan)
- in the southern part of Zhuz (not
recognized by Russia) -
Nov 1748 - 1771
Batyr Khan
(d. 1771)
(also khan of Khorazm in 1728)
1786 - 1791
Qayyp Khan
(b. c.1730 - d. 1791)
(also khan of Khorazm 1747-1757)
1794 - 1806
Abilghazy Khan
(d. 1815)
(also khan of Khorazm 1768-1769)
1806 - 1816
Qaratay
Khan
(b. c.1746 - d. 1826)
Apr 1816 - Aug
1821
Arynghazy Khan
(b. 1783 - d. 1833)
- on the Lower Syr-darya River (the Khivan
tributaries) -
1818 - 1819
Sherghazy Khan II
(d. 1819)
Jan 1820 - 1827
Zhanghazy
Khan
(b. 1802 - d. 1852)
Aug 1827 - 1830
Sherghazy
Khan I
(s.a.)
1830 - 1836
Ardu
Khan
(d. 1836)
1837 - 1844
Sauqym
Khan
(d. 1844)
1845 - 1849
Yelekey
(Irmuhammad) Khan
(b. 1819 - d. 1868)
Khan
Sep 1841 - Apr
1847
Kenesary Khan (in
rebellion) (b.
1802 - d. 1847)
Inner Kirghiz Horde
11 Mar
1801
Inner Kirghiz Horde (also called Bukey Horde), split
from the
Younger Zhuz, under
Russian protections, is assigned territory
within Russian Astrakhan
Governorate east of Astrakhan.
20 Jun
1812
Khanate of Inner Kirghiz Horde.
1838
Ceased to be treated by Russia through the Ministry of
Foreign
Affairs.
Jul
1847
Post of Khan is abolished and Inner Horde is ruled by a
provisional council.
Jan 1858
Autonomy effectively
ended, the Horde exists as subdivision of
Astrakhan Governorate until 14 Jul 1917.
Khans
11 Mar 1801 - 21 May 1815 Bokey (Bukey)
Khan
(b. c.1742 - d. 1815)
(senior sultan [title: Agha
Sultan] to 20 Jun 1812)
21 May 1815 - 22 Jun 1823 Shyghay -Regent
(b. c.1751 - d. 1825)
(provisional
governor)
22 Jun 1823 - 11 Aug 1845
Zhangir Kerey Khan
(b. 1801 - d. 1845)
11 Aug 1845 - Jul 1847
Sakhib Kerey Khan
(b. 1830 - d. 1847)
(did not take the office)
1845 – Jan 1858
Adil –Regent
(d. 1858)
(provisional governor)
Ural Cossack Host
-
- to 1920
|
-
- Ural Cossack in exile 1932
(reconstruction)
|
1584
Yaik Cossack Host
formed at Yaitskiy (formally in 1591), ruled by
an elected Ataman.
1717 - 1723
Autonomy effectively ended by Russia (1717 the Host
included in
the Astrakhan
Governorate, 1721 ceased to be treated by Russia
through
the Collegiate of Foreign Affairs, 1723 Ataman
becomes
an
appointed position).
1772
Cossack rebellion.
1773 – 1774
Cossacks participate in the
Pugachev's rebellion.
1775
Renamed
Ural Cossack Host, Yaitskiy renamed Uralsk (modern Oral).
16 Nov 1917
Ataman of the Ural Cossack Host does
not recognize the Soviet
government and assumes supreme authority in the
Ural oblast.
16 Jan 1918
Bolshevik forces take Uralsk,
the Cossacks submit.
29 Mar 1918
Ural Cossacks re-take Uralsk
and proclaim oblast autonomy within
federal
Russian republic; recognized authority of "Komuch" (from
Jul 1918) and Provisional All-Russian Government (from Sep
1918)
(see under
Russian Civil War Polities).
Dec
1918
Ural Cossacks recognize the authority
of Kolchak, the Supreme
Ruler of
Russia; autonomy continues de facto.
24 Jan
1919
Red Army retakes Uralsk, the Cossack
capital is moved to Guryev
(modern
Atyrau).
5 Jan 1920
Ural Cossack Host evacuate
Guryev and reached first (in Feb
1920) Fort Aleksandrovskiy (modern Fort
Shevchenko),
and then
(in Apr 1920) Persia.
Atamans of the Yaik (from 1775, Ural) Cossack
Host
1699 – 1700
Osip Vasilyevich
Belousov
(b. 1623 - d. af.1723)
(1st time)
1700 – 1702
Fyodor Petrovich
Semennikov (d.
1717)
(1st time)
1702 – 1704
Osip Vasilyevich Belousov
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
1704 – 1705
Vakhromey Sergeyev
1705 – 1706
Fyodor Petrovich Semennikov
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
1706 – 1707
Matvey Mironovich
Mironov
(b. 1650 - d. af.1723)
(1st time)
1707 – 1713
Fyodor Petrovich Semennikov
(s.a.)
(3rd time)
1713 – 1715
Matvey Mironovich
Mironov
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
1715 – 1716
Fyodor Petrovich
Semennikov
(s.a.)
(4th time)
1716 – 1718
Grigoriy Merkuryevich Merkuryev
(b. 1666 - d. 1741)
(1st time)
1718 – 1719
Stepan Ivanovich Filimonov
(d. bf.1723)
1719 – 1720
Nikita Trifonovich Borodin
(b. 1648 - d. af.1732)
1720
Fyodor Ivanovich Arapov
(b. 1637 - d. af.1723)
1720 – 1722
Ivan Ivanovich Shcherbakov
(b. 1648 - d. af.1723)
1722
Gerasim
Vasilyevich Pogodayev
(d. af.1723)
1722 – 1723
Grigoriy Merkuryevich
Merkuryev (s.a.)
(2nd time)
1723
Vasiliy Yakovlevich Urakchintsev
(d. af.1725)
1723 – 1917
Russian appointed Atamans
1772
Vasiliy
Semyonovich Trifonov
(d. af.1783)
(in rebellion)
1774
Nikita
Afanasyevich Kargin
(b. 1719 - d. 1774)
(in rebellion)
Atamans of the Ural Cossack Host and (to 24 Mar
1919) Chairmen of the Host Government
16 Nov 1917 – Jan 1918
Vasiliy Patrikeyevich Martynov
(b. 1863 – d. 1920)
31 Jan 1918 – 24 Mar 1919 Guryan Makarovich
Fomichev (b.
1881 – d. 1920)
(chairman of the Host
Government)
24 Mar 1919 – 4 Apr 1920 Vladimir
Sergeyevich Tolstov
(b. 1884 – d. 1956)
(continued in exile in Persia; in Basra, Iraq 1920-21;
in Vladivostok 1921-22; in Australia 1923-1956)
Semirechye Cossack Host
![[Russian flag]](ru.gif)
1867 - 1920
|
1867
Semirechye
Cossack Host formed at Vernyy (modern Almaty).
14 Nov 1917
Ataman of the Semirechye Cossack
Host does not recognize the Soviet
government and assumes
supreme authority in the Semirechye
oblast
(the Cossack Assembly proclaims autonomy within a
federal
Russian
republic in Mar 1918).
3 Mar 1918
Bolshevik forces take
Vernyy, the Cossacks retreat to the Chinese
border.
15 Jun 1918
Semirechye Cossacks recognize
the authority of the Provisional
Siberian Government
and then (from Sep 1918) of the Provisional
All-Russian Government (see under Russian Civil War Polities).
21 Jul 1918
Siberian troops and Cossacks
take Sergiopol (modern Ayagoz);
Semirechye divided between a "White" North and a
"Red" South
(from 30
Apr 1918, part of the Turkestan A.S.S.R.)
for almost
two years.
Nov
1918
Semirechye Cossacks under the
direct authority of Kolchak, the
Supreme
Ruler of Russia (autonomy is abolished).
12 Jan 1920
Red Army retakes Sergiopol. The Cossacks (from 6 Jan 1920
nominally under Semyonov, Supreme Authority of
the East of
Russia) move to Lepsinsk (modern Lepsi) and on 7
Apr 1920 are
evacuated
to China.
Atamans of the Semirechye Cossack Host and (to
Nov 1918) Chairmen of the Host Government
14 Nov 1917 – Dec 1917
Andrey Ivanovich Kiyashko
(b. 1857 – d. 1917)
Dec 1917 – 26 Feb 1918
Nikolay Sergeyevich Shcherbakov
(acting)(chairman of the Host Government)
26 Feb 1918 – Oct 1919
Aleksandr Mikhaylovich Ionov
(b. 1880 – d. 1950)
(arrested by
Bolsheviks Mar 1918 – Apr 1918;
in
China exile Jun – Jul 1918)
(1st time)
19 Nov 1919 – Apr 1920
Nikolay Petrovich
Shcherbakov (b.
1879 – d. 1922)
(acting)(did not claim
autonomy)
(in exile in China to
15 Sep 1922)
Chief Administrator of Semirechye Kray
(with rights of governor-general)
6 Jan 1920 – 2 Apr 1920 Aleksandr
Ilyich Dutov
(b. 1879 - d. 1921)
(ataman of Orenburg
Cossack Host)
Ataman of Semirechye Cossack Host
1922 - 1950
Aleksandr Mikhaylovich Ionov
(s.a.)
(in exile in Vladivostok to 1922, then in
New Zealand, Montreal, and finally New
York)
(2nd time)
© Ben Cahoon |