Vietnam
 

1802 - 1878, Emperor's flag to 1863        1878 - 1890 Annam (approx. design)                    1890 - 1920 Annam                   1920 - 1945 Annam         1923 - 9 Mar 1945 Protectorate Flag        9 Mar 1945 - 22 Aug 1945 Vietnam      29 Sep 1945 - 20 Jul 1954 North Vietnam      3 Jun 1946 - 2 Jun 1948 South Vietnam    2 Jun 1948 - 30 Apr 1975 South Vietnam                  Adopted 30 Nov 1955             (North only to 2 Jul 1976) Map of Vietnam Hear National Anthem "Tien quân ca" (The Song of the Marching Troops) Text of National Anthem Adopted 2 Jul 1976 Constitution (15 Apr 1992) Capital: Hanoi (Phong Chau 2809-258 BC; Co Loa 257-111 BC and 939-965 AD; To Lich 544-602; Hoa Lu 968-980; La Thanh 1980-1010; Hanoi 1010-1802; Hue 1802-1945) Currency: Dong (VND) National Holiday: 2 Sep (1945) Independence Day Population: 91,519,289 (2012) GDP: $299.2 billion (2011) Exports: $96.8 billion (2011) Imports: $103.7 billion (2011) Ethnic groups: Kinh (Viet) 85.7%, Tay 1.9%, Thai 1.8%, Muong 1.5%, Khmer 1.5%, Mong 1.2%, Nung 1.1%, others 5.3% (2009) Total Active Armed Forces: 455,000 (2010) Merchant marine: 537 ships (2010) Religions: Buddhist 9.3%, Catholic 6.7%, Hoa Hao 1.5%, Cao Dai 1.1%, Protestant 0.5%, Muslim 0.1%, None 80.8% (1999) International Organizations/Treaties: ADB, APEC, ARF, ASEAN, BTWC, CICA, CP, CTBT, EAS, ENMOD, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO (applicant), ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, Intersputnik, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISA, ISO, ITSO, ITU, KP, MIGA, NAM, NPT, OIF, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Vietnam Index Chronology 2809 BC - 258 BC           Van Lang kingdom under Hung Voung dynasty. 257 BC                     Renamed Au Lac kingdom. 196 BC - 111 BC            Vassal of China. 111 BC                     Annexed by China. 40 AD - 43 AD              Brief independence under the Trung sisters.  544 AD - 602 AD            Van Xuan independent under Le dynasty. 679                        Creation by China of the protectorate general                              of An Nam. 939                        Ngo Quyen defeated the kingdom of Nam Han;                               traditional date of Vietnamese independence. 965 - 968                  Turmoil, divided into 12 feudal lordships                              under: Ngo Xoung Xi in Binh Kieu; Do Canh Thuc                              in Do Dong Giang; Tran Lam in Bo Hai Khau; Kieu                              Cong Han in Phong Chau; Nguyen Khoan in Tam                               Dai; Nguyen Nhat Khanh in Doung Lam; Ly Khe in                              Sieu Loai; Nguyen Thu Tiep in Tien Du; Lu Doung                              in Te Giang; Ngueyen Sieu in Tay Phu Liet; Kieu                              Thuan in Cam Khe; and Pham Bach Ho in Dang Chau 968 - 980                  Renamed Dai Co Viet. 1010                       Dai Viet Quoc (Great Viet Realm; Viet                               [Chinese: Yue]) is a geographic concept of                              a variable China/Vietnam location. 1558 - 1777/87             Division into north and south by ruling                               dynasties. Trinh line rules from Hanoi                               (Tonkin), the Nguyen line rules from Hue                               (Annam and Cochinchina). 1666 -  9 Jun 1885         Annam a tributary to China. 31 May 1802                Dai Viet Quoc (Great Viet Realm) restored after                              defeat of the Tay Son rulers. 1804                       Viet Nam Quoc (Viet Nam Realm)(name authorized                              by China). 15 Feb 1839                Dai Nam Quoc (literally, "Great South Realm")                               (name not authorized by China).  1 Sep 1858                French occupy Da Nang (renamed Tourane). 18 Feb 1859                French occupy Saigon. 13 Apr 1862                Southern region (Cochinchina) ceded to France. 20 Nov 1873 - 15 Mar 1874  French occupy Hanoi and Haiphong in Tonkin. 15 Mar 1874                Tonkin a French protectorate by Treaty of Saigon. 27 Apr 1882 - 25 Aug 1883  French occupy Hanoi.  25 Aug 1883                Annam and Tonkin become French protectorates                              by Treaty of Hué.  9 Jun 1885                China renounces its rights over Annam and Tonkin. 27 Jan 1886                French Protectorate of Annam-Tonkin.  17 Oct 1887                Union of French Indochina formed (Cambodia, Annam,                              Tonkin, Cochinchina, and from 3 Oct 1893 Laos). 1900 - 28 Feb 1946         Kouang-Tchéou-Wan (Kwangchowan) China leased                               territory administratively joined to                               French Indo-China, subordinated to Tonkin. 16 Jun 1940 -  9 Mar 1945  Administration loyal to Vichy France. 22 Sep 1940                Japanese troops based in northern Indochina. 28 Jul 1941                Japanese troops based in southern Indochina.  9 Mar 1945 - 15 Aug 1945  Japanese occupation. 11 Mar 1945                Emperor Bao Dai proclaims the end of the                              French protectorate and the restoration of the                              independence of Vietnam (in full cooperation                              with Japan). 12 Jun 1945                Viet Nam De Quoc (Empire of Vietnam). 25 Aug 1945                End of the empire; subsequently de facto                               division between North and South Vietnam. 30 Aug 1945                Independence proclaimed by Democratic Republic of                              Vietnam (Hanoi); controlling North Vietnam only.  6 Mar 1946                France recognizes the Democratic Republic of                              Vietnam (north) as a free state within the                              Federation of Indochina and French Union.  6/9 Sep 1945-Jan/Mar 1946  Allied occupation of French Indo-China by                              China above 16th parallel, and Britain below.  1 Jun 1946                Autonomous Republic of Cochinchina (at Saigon.  8 Oct 1947                South Vietnam (Saigon). 27 May 1948                Vietnam (Saigon). 14 Jun 1949                French associated state (State of Vietnam)(Saigon). 21 Jul 1954                Division formalized by Geneva Accords.  5 Oct 1954                The last French troops leave Hanoi.  26 Oct 1955                Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam). 30 Apr 1975                Republic of South Vietnam  2 Jul 1976                Unification of North and South Vietnam as the                               Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Socialist Republic of Vietnam (from 1976) Empire (1675-1945) Trinh and Nguyen Lords (1545-1777) Tay Son Rulers (1776-1795) Champa (Panduranga) (1695-1822) Pulo Condor (1702-1705) French Indochina (1887-1956) Tonkin-Annam (1875-1889) Annam (1886-1955) Tonkin (1886-1955) French Cochinchina (1858-1946) North Vietnam (1945-1976) South Vietnam (1946-1976) Provisional Revolutionary Government of South Vietnam (1969-1975) Map of Ethnic Groups in Indochina Historical Maps of Vietnam

Empire
 

Capital: Hue (Hanoi [Bac Thanh] 1010-1802)

Imperial Anthem "Dang Dan Cung"

Note: Although the monarchy dealt with imperial China as a tributary state, and the ruler was addressed by the imperial court as "king of An Nam," domestically a full imperial system was established, including era names. The information listed here (there sometimes is even more available) is as follows: personal name (ho [family name] + huy [tabooed personal name]) followed by temple name (mieu hieu), posthumous style (dang ton hieu), and era name(s) (nien hieu) initiated during the respective reign; some emperors are often referred to by the nien hieu (e.g., the Bao Dai emperor).

Rulers (Kings [style Dai Viet Vuong]; from 1806, Emperors [style Dai Viet Hoang De]); 
from 1884, imperial title translated by the French as King)
1662 - 1671                Le Duy Vu                          (b. 1654 - d. 1671)
                             mieu hieu: Huyen Tong / dang ton hieu: Muc Hoang De
                             nien hieu 1663 - 1671: Canh Tri
1672 - 1675                Le Duy Hoi                         (b. 1661 - d. 1675)
                             mieu hieu: Gai Tong / dang ton hieu: My Hoang De
                             nien hieu 1672 - 1674: Duong Duc
                             nien hieu Oct 1674-1675: Duc Nguyen
 3 Aug 1675 - May 1705     Le Duy Hiep                        (b. 1663 - d. 1716)
                             mieu hieu: Hi Tong / dang ton hieu: Chuong Hoang De
                             nien hieu 31 Jan 1680 - May 1705: Chinh Hoa
22 May 1705 - Apr 1729     Le Duy Duong                       (b. 1679 - d. 1731)
                             mieu hieu: Du Tong / dang ton hieu: Hoa Hoang De
                             nien hieu May 1705 - 8 Feb 1720: Vinh Thinh
                             nien hieu 8 Feb 1720 - 27 Apr 1729: Bao Thai
Apr 1729 - Sep 1732        Le Duy Phuong                      (b. 1709 - d. 1735)
                             dang ton hieu: (Hon Duc De)
                             nien hieu Apr 1729 - Sep 1732: Vinh Khanh
Sep 1732 -  7 May 1735     Le Duy Tuong                       (b. 1699 - d. 1735)
                             mieu hieu: Thuan Tong / dang ton hieu: Gian Hoang De
                             nien hieu Sep 1732 - 7 May 1735: Long Duc
May 1735 - Jun 1740        Le Duy Thin (called Le Duy Chan)   (b. 1719 - d. 1759)
                             mieu hieu: Y Tong / dang ton hieu: Huy Hoang De
                             nien hieu May 1735 - Jun 1740: Vinh Huu
Jun 1740 - 10 Aug 1786     Le Duy Dao                         (b. 1711 - d. 1786)
                             mieu hieu: Hien Tong / dang ton hieu: Vinh Hoang De
                             nien hieu Jun 1740 - 18 Feb 1787: Canh Hung
                             (also reputed later to have continued to 31 May 1802)
1767 - 1769                Le Duy Mat (in rebellion)          (d. 1770)
Aug 1786 - 30 Jan 1789     Le Duy Ky                          (b. 1765 - d. 1793)
                             dang ton hieu: Man Hoang De
                             nien hieu 18 Feb 1787 - 1789: Chieu Tong
                             (also reputed later to have continued to 31 May 1802)
30 Jan 1789 - 31 May 1802  rule extinguished by Tay Son rulers
1789 - 1790                Le Duy Chi 
                             (in rebellion against Tay Son rule)
31 May 1802 -  3 Feb 1820  Nguyen Phuoc Noan                  (b. 1762 - d. 1820)
                             mieu hieu: The To / dang ton hieu: Cao Hoang De
                             nien hieu 31 May 1802 - 14 Feb 1820: Gia Long
14 Feb 1820 - 20 Jan 1841  Nguyen Phuoc Hao                   (b. 1791 - d. 1841)
                             mieu hieu: Thanh To / dang ton hieu: Nhan Hoang De
                             nien hieu 14 Feb 1820 - 11 Feb 1841: Minh Mang
11 Feb 1841 -  4 Nov 1847  Nguyen Phuoc Toan                  (b. 1807 - d. 1847)
                             mieu hieu: Hien To / dang ton hieu: Chuong Hoang De
                             nien hieu 11 Feb 1841 - 9 Nov 1847: Thieu Tri
10 Nov 1847 - 19 Jul 1883  Nguyen Phuoc Thi                   (b. 1829 - d. 1883)
                             mieu hieu: Duc Tong / dang ton hieu: Anh Hoang De
                             nien hieu 5 Feb 1848 - 27 Jan 1884: Tu Duc
19 Jul 1883 -  2 Dec 1883  Regency Council
                           - Tran Tien Thanh (to Sep 1883)    (b. 1813 - d. 1883)
                           - Nguyen Van Tuong                 (b. 1824 - d. 1886)
                           - Ton That Thuyet                  (b. 1835 - d. 1913)
20 Jul 1883 - 23 Jul 1883  Nguyen Phuoc Ung Chan              (b. 1852 - d. 1883)
                             mieu hieu: Cung Tong / dang ton hieu: Hue Hoang De
                             (often referred to by the nickname Duc Duc)
30 Jul 1883 - 29 Nov 1883  Nguyen Phuoc Thang                 (b. 1847 - d. 1883)
                             dang ton hieu: Cung Tong Hoang De
                             (often referred to as Hiep Hoa)
 2 Dec 1883 - 31 Jul 1884  Nguyen Phuoc Hieu                  (b. 1869 - d. 1884)
                             mieu hieu: Gian Tong / dang ton hieu: Nghi Hoang De
                             nien hieu 27 Jan 1884 - 15 Feb 1885: Kien Phuoc
 2 Dec 1883 -  2 Aug 1884  Regency Council
                           - Nguyen Van Tuong                 (s.a.)
                           - Ton That Thuyet                  (s.a.)
                           - Prince Nguyen Phuoc Huong Huu,   (b. 1835 - d. 1885)
                               Gia-huong Vuong 
 2 Aug 1884 -  5 Jul 1885  Nguyen Phuoc Minh                  (b. 1871 - d. 1947)
                             nien hieu 15 Feb 1885 - 18 Sep 1885: Ham Nghi
                            (continues in rebellion to Nov 1888)
 2 Aug 1884 -  5 Jul 1885  Regency Council
                           - Nguyen Van Tuong                 (s.a.)
                           - Prince Nguyen Phuoc Huong Huu,   (s.a.)
                              Gia-huong Vuong 
                               (to 21 Oct 1884)
                           - Prince Nguyen Phuoc Mien Lam,
                               Duke of Hoai Duc               (b. 1832 - d. 1897)
                               (from Nov 1884)
15 Jul 1885 - Jul 1885     Prince Nguyen Phuoc Mien Dinh,     (b. 1810 - d. 1886)
                             Tho-Xuan Vuong -Regent 
19 Sep 1885 - 28 Jan 1889  Nguyen Phuoc Bien                  (b. 1864 - d. 1889)
                             mieu hieu: Canh Tong / dang ton hieu: Thuan Hoang De
                             nien hieu 7 Nov 1885 - 1 Feb 1889: Dong Khanh
 1 Feb 1889 -  3 Sep 1907  Nguyen Phuoc Buu Lan               (b. 1879 - d. 1954)
                             nien hieu 1 Feb 1889 - 5 Sep 1907: Thanh Tai
 1 Feb 1889 - 27 Sep 1897  Regency Council
                           - Prince Nguyen Phuoc Mien Trinh,
                               Tuy-Ly Vuong                   (b. 1820 - d. 1897)
                           - Prince Nguyen Phuoc Mien Lam,
                               Duke of Hoai Duc               (s.a.)
                           - Nguyen Trong Hiep                (b. 1834 - d. 1902)
                               (to 4 Sep 1896 [effectively Mar 1897])
                           - Truong Quang Dan (to Apr 1896)
                           - Nguyen Than (from Apr 1896)      (b. 1840 - d. 1914)
                           - Bui An Nien (from Apr 1890)
                           - Hoang Cao Khai (from Jul 1897)   (b. 1850 - d. 1933)
29 Jul 1907 - 18 May 1916  Truong Nhu Cuong                   (b. 1843 - d. 19..)
                             (president of the Regency Council)
 5 Sep 1907 -  3 May 1916  Nguyen Phuoc Vinh San              (b. 1900 - d. 1945)
                             nien hieu 5 Sep 1907 - 18 May 1916: Duy Tan
18 May 1916 -  6 Nov 1925  Nguyen Phuoc Tuan                  (b. 1885 - d. 1925)
                             mieu hieu: Hoang Tong / dang ton hieu: Tuyen Hoang De
                             nien hieu 18 May 1916 - 13 Feb 1926: Khai Dinh
 6 Nov 1925 - 10 Sep 1932  Ton That Han                       (b. 1854 - d. 1944)
                            (president of the Regency Council)
 8 Jan 1926 - 25 Aug 1945  Nguyen Phuoc Vinh Thuy             (b. 1913 - d. 1997)
                             nien hieu 13 Feb 1926 - 25 Aug 1945: Bao Dai

Prime ministers
 9 Mar 1945 -  7 Apr 1945  Pham Quynh                         (b. 1892 - d. 1945)
 7 Apr 1945 - 19 Aug 1945  Tran Trong Kim                     (b. 1882 - d. 1953)

Note: The Trinh family ruled the North from the imperial capital at or near present-day Hanoi; the Nguyen (properly Nguyen Phuoc) family ruled the South (present-day Center) from their capital at or near present-day Hue. The official style of each ruler is chua, but the Trinh
are assigned honorifics with the Sino-Viet royal style vuong. The Nguyen rulers not only acquired royal honorifics (thuy hieu) during their reign, but the full royal/imperial temple name and posthumous style, changing in time from Sino-Viet vuong (king) to hoang de (emperor) after the family became the imperial rulers after 1802. This record shows a limited choice of these often very long names and styles.

Rulers
- Trinh family -
1545 - 1570                Trinh Kiem "To Minh Khang Thai     (b. 1503 - d. 1570)
                             Vuong"
1570 - 1623                Trịnh Tung "Binh An Vuong"         (b. 1550 - d. 1623)
1623 - 1657                Trinh Trang "Thanh Do Vuong"       (b. 1577 - d. 1657)
1657 - 1682                Trinh Tac "Tay Do Vuong"           (b. 1606 - d. 1682)
Aug 1682 - May 1709        Trinh Can "Dinh Vuong"             (b. 1633 - d. 1709)
May 1709 - Oct 1729        Trinh Cuong "An Do Vuong"          (b. 1686 - d. 1729)
Oct 1729 - Jan 1740        Trinh Giang "Uy Nam Vuong"         (b. 1711 - d. 1762)
1740 - 1767                Trinh Doanh "Minh Do Vuong"        (b. 1720 - d. 1767)
1767 - 1782                Trinh Sam "Tinh Do Vuong"          (b. 1739 - d. 1782)
Sep 1782 - Nov 1782        Trinh Can "Dien Do Vuong"          (b. 1777 - d. 1782)
1782 - 1786                Trinh Khai "Doan Nam Vuong"        (b. 1753 - d. 1786)
Sep 1786 - Sep 1787        Trinh Bong "An Do Vuong"
- Nguyen Phuoc family -
 7 Feb 1691 -  1 Jun 1725  Nguyen Phuoc Chu "Chua Minh"       (b. 1675 - d. 1725)
                             mieu hieu: Hien Tong /dang ton hieu: Minh Hoang De
 1 Jun 1725 -  7 Jun 1738  Nguyen Phuoc Tru "Chua Ninh"       (b. 1697 - d. 1738)
                             mieu hieu: Tuc Tong /dang ton hieu: Ninh Hoang De
 7 Jun 1738 -  7 Jun 1765  Nguyen Phuoc Khoat                 (b. 1714 - d. 1765)
                             mieu hieu: The Tong /dang ton hieu: Vo Hoang De
31 Dec 1765 - 1776         Nguyen Phuoc Thuan                 (b. 1753 - d. 1778)
                             mieu hieu: Due Tong /dang ton hieu: Dinh Hoang De
1776 - 1777                Nguyen Phuoc Duong                 (d. 1777)
                             dang ton hieu: Tan Chinh Vuong

Note: The rule by this family (family name Nguyen, changed from Ho) begins in 1776 in the Central part of the country, restricting the imperial Le line to a small area. On 22 Dec 1788
a brother of the Central ruler proclaims the Le rule extinct and assumes the imperial style. The two lines continue to rule, each in part of the country, until the "imperial" ruler
unifies the country in 1793 and rules until Jul 1802.

Ruler (title Vuong; from 1778, Thien Vuong; from Jun 1787, Trung Uong Hoang De)
1776 - Oct 1793            Nguyen Van Nhac (Ho Van Nhac)      (b. c.1752 - d. 1793)
                             nien hieu 1778 - Oct 1793: Thai Duc
Rulers (title Dai Viet Hoang De)
22 Dec 1788 - 15 Sep 1792  Nguyen Van Hue (Nguyen Quang Binh) (b. 1753 - d. 1792)
                             mieu hieu: Thai To / dang ton hieu: Vo Hoang De
                             nien hieu 22 Dec 1788 - 11 Feb 1793: Quang Trung
15 Sep 1792 - Jul 1802     Nguyen Quang Toan (Nguyen Trac)    (b. 1782 - d. af.1802)
                             nien hieu 11 Feb 1793 - Jun 1801: Canh Thinh
                             nien hieu Jun 1801 - Jul 1802: Bao Hung
1792 - 1795                Bui Doc Tuyen -Regent              (d. 1795)

Note: Vietnamese sources on Champa dry up at the end of the 17th century. The royal chronicle of Pangdarang (Pali: Panduranga) claims that the polity of this name is the true continuation of Champa, and there is some meager evidence that that is the case, at least for the final portion of the chronicle (which claims to deal with events beginning in 1000).
 

Map of Champa

Capital: Panduranga (Vijaya 986 - 1471;  Indrapura 860-986; Simhapura  4th - 860)

Population: N/A

192                        Champa Kingdom founded in the southern part of modern day Vietnam.
c.986                      Cham abandon Indrapura.
1044 - 1084                Vassal of Dai Viet.
1145 - 1149                Annexed by Khmer Cambodia.
1203 - 1220                Annexed by Khmer Cambodia.
1312 - 1326                Vassal of Annam.
21 Mar 1471                Tonkin/Annam annexes the major portions of the Champa Kingdom.
1627 - 1822                Panduranga vassal to Annam.
1822                       Kingdom extinguished, 1832 fully incorporated into Vietnam.

Kings
1627 - 1651                Po Ro Me
1652 - 1660                Po Niga
1660 - 1692                Po Saut
1692 - 1695                Vacant
1695 - 1728                Po Saktirai da putih
1728 - 1730                Po Ganvuh da putih
1731 - 1732                Po Thuttirai
1732 - 1735                Vacant
1735 - 1763                Po Rattirai
1763 - 1765                Po Tathun da moh-rai
1765 - 1780                Po Tithuntirai da paguh
1780 - 1781                Po Tithuntirai da parang
1781 - 1783                Vacant
1783 - 1786                Chei Krei Brei
1786 - 1793                Po Tithun da parang
1793 - 1799                Po Lathun da paguh
1799 - 1822                Po Chong Chan

16 Jun 1702                British East India company founds post on the island 
                             of Pulo Condor off the south coast of southern Vietnam.
 2 Mar 1705                Garrison and settlement destroyed.

Factor
16 Jun 1702 -  2 Mar 1705  Allen Catchpoole                    (d. 1705)

 

Map of French Indo-China

Capital: Hanoi (Saigon 1887- 1 Jan 1902)

Currency: French Indochina Piastre (ICFP)

Population: 21,599,582 (1935) (incl. Kwangchowan)

Governors-general
16 Nov 1887 - 22 Apr 1888  Jean Antoine Ernest Constans       (b. 1833 - d. 1913)
22 Apr 1888 - 30 May 1889  Étienne Antione Guillaume Richaud  (b. 1841 - d. 1889)
                             (acting to 8 Sep 1888)
31 May 1889 - 18 Apr 1891  Jules Georges Piquet               (b. 1839 - d. 1923)
18 Apr 1891 - 26 Jun 1891  Bideau (acting)                    (b. 18.. - d. 1894)
26 Jun 1891 - 29 Dec 1894  Jean Marie Antoine de Lanessan     (b. 1843 - d. 1919)
10 Mar 1894 - 26 Oct 1894  Léon Jean Laurent Chavassieux      (b. 1848 - d. 1895)
                             (acting for Lanessan)
29 Dec 1894 - 16 Mar 1895  François Pierre Rodier (acting)    (b. 1854 - d. 1913) 
16 Mar 1895 - 10 Dec 1896  Paul Armand Rosseau                (b. 1835 - d. 1896)
21 Oct 1895 - 14 Mar 1896  Augustin Julien Fourès             (b. 1853 - d. 1915)
                             (acting for Rosseau)
10 Dec 1896 - 13 Feb 1897  Augustin Julien Fourès (acting)    (s.a.)
13 Feb 1897 - 14 Mar 1902  Joseph Athanase Paul Doumer        (b. 1857 - d. 1932)
29 Sep 1898 - 24 Jan 1899  Augustin Julien Fourès             (s.a.)
                             (acting for Doumer)
16 Feb 1901 - 20 Aug 1901  Édouard Broni (acting for Doumer)
14 Mar 1902 - 14 Oct 1902  Édouard Broni (acting)
15 Oct 1902 - 28 Feb 1908  Jean Baptiste Paul Beau            (b. 1857 - d. 1927)
28 Feb 1907 - 23 Sep 1908  Louis Alphonse Bonhoure (acting)   (b. 1864 - d. 1909)
24 Sep 1908 - 17 Feb 1911  Antony Wladislas Klobukowski       (b. 1855 - d. 1934)
13 Jan 1910 - 10 Jun 1910  Albert Jean George Marie Louis     (b. 1853 - d. 1917)
                             Picquié (acting for Klobukowski)
17 Feb 1911 - 14 Nov 1911  Louis Paul Luce (acting)           (b. 1856 - d. 19..)
15 Nov 1911 - 22 Nov 1913  Albert Pierre Sarraut (1st time)   (b. 1872 - d. 1962)
22 Nov 1913 -  3 Mar 1915  Joost van Vollenhouven (acting)    (b. 1877 - d. 1918)
 3 Mar 1915 - 22 May 1916  Ernest Nestor Roume                (b. 1858 - d. 1941)
23 May 1916 - 21 Jan 1917  Jean Eugène Charles (acting)
22 Jan 1917 -  9 Dec 1919  Albert Pierre Sarraut (2nd time)   (s.a.)
22 May 1919 - 19 Feb 1920  Maurice Antoine François           (b. 1874 - d. 19..)
                             Montguillot (1st time)(acting)
20 Feb 1920 - 15 Apr 1922  Maurice Long                       (b. 1866 - d. 1923)
18 Nov 1920 - 31 Mar 1921  Joseph Maurice Le Gallen           (b. 1873 - d. 1956)
                             (acting for Long)
15 Apr 1922 -  9 Aug 1923  François Marius Baudoin (acting)   (b. 1867 - d. 1957)
 9 Aug 1923 - 27 Jul 1925  Martial Henri Merlin               (b. 1860 - d. 1935)
23 Apr 1925 - 18 Nov 1925  Maurice Antoine François           (s.a.)
                             Montguillot (2nd time)
18 Nov 1925 - 22 Aug 1928  Alexandre Varenne                  (b. 1870 - d. 1947)
 4 Oct 1926 - 16 May 1927  Pierre Marie Antoine Pasquier      (b. 1877 - d. 1934)
                             (acting for Varenne)
 1 Nov 1927 -  7 Aug 1928  Maurice Antoine François           (s.a.)
                             Montguillot (3rd time)
                             (acting for Varenne)
 7 Aug 1928 - 26 Dec 1928  Eugène Jean Louis René Robin       (b. 1872 - d. 1954)
                             (1st time)(acting)
26 Dec 1928 - 15 Jan 1934  Pierre Marie Antoine Pasquier      (s.a.)
 1 Dec 1930 - 30 Jun 1931  Eugène Jean Louis René Robin       (s.a.)
                             (acting for Pasquier)
 4 Jan 1934 - 23 Jul 1934  Maurice Fernand Graffeuil (acting)
15 Jul 1934 -  9 Sep 1936  Eugène Jean Louis René Robin       (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
 9 Sep 1936 - 14 Jan 1937  Achille Louis Auguste Silvestre    (b. 1879 - d. 1937)
                             (acting)
14 Jan 1937 - 23 Aug 1939  Joseph Jules Brévié                (b. 1880 - d. 1964)
23 Aug 1939 - 19 Jul 1940  Georges Catroux (acting)           (b. 1877 - d. 1969)
19 Jul 1940 -  9 Mar 1945  Jean Decoux                        (b. 1884 - d. 1963)
 9 Mar 1945 - 28 Aug 1945  Yuitsu Tsuchihashi                 (b. 1891 - d. 1975)
 9 Mar 1945 - 15 Aug 1945  Takeshi Tsukamoto                  (b. 1896 - d. 19..) 
                             (acting for Tsuchihashi)
Commander of Allied (Chinese) Occupation Force for Indochina
- above 16th parallel -
 9 Sep 1945 -  6 Mar 1946  Lu Han (China)                     (b. 1895 - d. 1974)
Chairman of the Allied Control Commission and Commander,
Allied Land Forces French Indochina (ALFFIC)
- below 16th parallel -
 6 Sep 1945 - 28 Jan 1946  Douglas David Gracey (U.K.)        (b. 1894 - d. 1964)
High Commissioners
23 Sep 1945 -  5 Oct 1945  Jean Marie Arsène Cédile (acting)  (b. 1908 - d. 1984)
 5 Oct 1945 - 31 Oct 1945  Philippe François Marie de         (b. 1902 - d. 1947)
                             Hauteclocque, dit Leclerc (acting)
31 Oct 1945 -  1 Apr 1947  Georges Louis Marie Thierry        (b. 1889 - d. 1964)
                             d'Argenlieu       
 1 Apr 1947 - 11 Oct 1948  Émile Bollaert                     (b. 1890 - d. 1978)
20 Oct 1948 - 17 Dec 1950  Léon Marie Adolphe Pascal Pignon   (b. 1908 - d. 1976)
17 Dec 1950 - 11 Jan 1952  Jean Joseph Marie Gabriel de       (b. 1889 - d. 1952)
                             Lattre de Tassigny        
11 Jan 1952 -  1 Apr 1952  Raoul Albin Louis Salan (acting)   (b. 1899 - d. 1984)
 1 Apr 1952 - 27 Apr 1953  Jean Letourneau                    (b. 1907 - d. 1986)
Commissioners-general
27 Apr 1953 - 28 Jul 1953  Jean Letourneau                    (s.a.)
28 Jul 1953 - 10 Apr 1954  Maurice Dejean                     (b. 1899 - d. 1982)
10 Apr 1954 - Apr 1955     Paul Henri Romuald Ély             (b. 1897 - d. 1975)
Apr 1955 - 21 Jul 1956     Henri Hoppenot                     (b. 1891 - d. 1977)
 

Heads of the Japanese Delegation to French Indochina
29 Jun 1940 -  2 Oct 1940  Issaku Nishihara                   (b. 1893 - d. 1945)
 3 Oct 1940 - Oct 1941     Raishiro Sumida                    (b. 1890 - d. 1979)
Oct 1941 - af.Dec 1942     Tyo                                (d. 1945) 
Japanese Military Commanders in Indochina
 7 Sep 1940 -  5 Jul 1941  Takuma Nishimura                   (b. 1899 - d. 1951)
1941                       Shojiro Iida                       (b. 1888 - d. 1980)
10 Nov 1942 - 22 Nov 1944  Kazumoto Machijiri                 (b. 1889 - d. 1950)
22 Nov 1944 - 15 Aug 1945  Yuitsu Tsuchihashi                 (s.a.)  

French Chargés d'Affaires (at Hué)
30 Jul 1875 - 13 Dec 1876  Pierre Paul Rheinart (1st time)    (b. 1840 - d. 1902)
14 Dec 1876 -  3 Jul 1879  Paul Louis Félix Philastre         (b. 1837 - d. 1907)
 3 Jul 1879 -  5 Oct 1880  Pierre Paul Rheinart (2nd time)    (s.a.)
 6 Oct 1880 - 17 Aug 1881  Louis Eugène Palasme de Champeaux  (b. 1840 - d. 1889)
18 Aug 1881 - 28 Mar 1883  Pierre Paul Rheinart (3rd time)    (s.a.)
23 Jul 1883 - 24 Dec 1885  François Jules Harmand             (b. 1845 - d. 1921)
                             (commissioner-general)
Residents-general (at Hué)
11 Jun 1884 -  1 Oct 1884  Pierre Paul Rheinart (1st time)    (s.a.)
                             (provisional)
 1 Oct 1884 - 31 May 1885  Victor Gabriel Lemaire             (b. 1839 - d. 1907)
31 May 1885 - 26 Jan 1886  Philippe Marie André Roussel       (b. 1827 - d. 1887)
                             de Courcy
27 Jan 1886 -  6 Apr 1886  Charles Auguste Louis Warnet       (b. 1828 – d. 1913)
                             (acting)
 8 Apr 1886 - 11 Nov 1886  Paul Bert                          (b. 1833 - d. 1886)
12 Nov 1886 - 28 Jan 1887  Paulin François Alexandre Vial     (b. 1831 - d. 1907)
                             (acting)
29 Jan 1887 - 17 Nov 1887  Paul Louis Georges Bihourd         (b. 1846 - d. 1914)
17 Nov 1887 - 25 Jun 1888  Berger (acting)
25 Jun 1888 -  8 Sep 1888  Eusèbe Irénée Parreau (1st time)   (b. 1842 - d. ....)
                             (acting)
 8 Sep 1888 - 29 May 1889  Pierre Paul Rheinhard (2nd time)   (s.a.)
29 May 1889                Eusèbe Irénée Parreau (2nd time)   (s.a.)
                             (acting)

Annam

Residents-superior (at Hué)
 8 Apr 1886 - 1888         Charles Dillon                     (d. 1889)
1888 - 1889                Séraphin Hector (1st time)         (b. 1846 - d. 1925)
                             (acting)
1889                       Léon Jean Laurent Chavassieux      (s.a.)
                             (acting)
10 May 1889 - 27 Oct 1891  Séraphin Hector (2nd time)         (s.a.)
27 Oct 1891 - 11 Apr 1894  Ernest Albert Brière (1st time)    (b. 1848 - d. 1904)
11 Apr 1894 - 27 Nov 1894  Léon Jules Pol Boulloche (1st time)(b. 1859 - d. 1922)
                             (acting)
28 Nov 1894 - 26 Apr 1895  Charles-Frédéric Baille (acting)
27 Apr 1895 -  1 Jan 1897  Ernest Albert Brière (2nd time)    (s.a.)
 1 Feb 1897 -  7 Mar 1898  Jean Calixte Alexis Auvergne       (b. 1859 - d. 1942) 
                             (1st time) (acting)
 7 Mar 1898 - 1900         Léon Jules Pol Boulloche (2nd time)(s.a.)
22 Feb 1900 - 1902         Jean Calixte Alexis Auvergne       (s.a.) 
                             (2nd time) (acting to 9 May 1901)
1902 - 1903                Louis Paul Luce (acting)           (b. 1856 - d. 19..)
1903 - Aug 1904            Jean Calixte Alexis Auvergne       (s.a.) 
                             (3rd time)
1904 - 1906                Jean-Ernest Moulié (interim)
1906 - Jul 1908            Fernand Ernest Lévecque            (b. 1852 - d. 19..)
Jul 1908 - 1910            Élie Jean-Henri Groleau            (b. 1859 - d. 1932)
1910 -  1 Jan 1912         Henri Victor Sestier               (b. 1857 - d. 19..)
 1 Jan 1912 - 15 May 1913  Georges Marie Joseph Mahé          (b. 1858 - d. 19..)
16 May 1913 - 16 May 1916  Ferdinand Charles
                             (acting to May 1914)
16 May 1916 - 1916         Henri Le Marchand de Trigon
                             (interim)
1916 - 1920                Jean François Eugène Charles
1920 - 1927                Pierre Marie Antonie Pasquier      (s.a.)
1927 - 1928                Jules Fries
1928 - 1931                Aristide Eugène Le Fol
1931 - 1934                Yves Charles Châtel                (b. 1865 - d. 1944)
1943 - 1940                Maurice Fernand Graffeuil
1940 - 1944                Émile Louis François Grandjean     (b. 1888 - d. 1986)
1944 - Mar 1945            Jean Maurice Norbert Haelewyn      (b. 1901 - d. 1945)
Japanese Supreme Adviser
Mar 1945 - Aug 1945        Yokoyama Masayuki                  (b. 1892 - d. 1978)
Commissioners
Aug 1945 - 1955            the Commissioners of Tonkin

Residents-superior (at Hanoi; subordinated to Annam to 1888)
 8 Apr 1886 - 11 Nov 1886  Paulin François Alexandre Vial     (s.a.)
12 Nov 1886 - 29 Jan 1887  Jean Thomas Raoul Bonnal (1st time)(b. 1847 - d. 1925)
1887 - 1888                Antony Wladislas Klobukowski       (b. 1855 - d. 1934)
                             (acting)
29 Apr 1888 - 10 May 1889  Eusèbe Irénée Parreau              (b. 1842 - d. ....)
29 May 1889 -  6 Apr 1890  Ernest Albert Brière (1st time)    (s.a.)
 7 Apr 1890 -  3 Feb 1891  Jean Thomas Raoul Bonnal (2nd time)(s.a.)
                             (acting)
 3 Feb 1891 - 27 Oct 1891  Ernest Albert Brière (2nd time)    (s.a.)
27 Oct 1891 - 20 Jul 1893  Léon Jean Laurent Chavassieux      (s.a.)
                             (1st time)
20 Jul 1893 - 30 Mar 1895  François Pierre Rodier             (b. 1854 - d. 1913)
                             (acting to 15 Oct 1894)
30 Mar 1895 - 13 May 1895  Louis Paul Luce (acting)           (b. 1856 - d. 19..)
13 May 1895 - 18 Jun 1895  Léon Jean Laurent Chavassieux      (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)(acting)
18 Jul 1895 -  9 Mar 1899  Augustin Julien Fourès (acting)    (s.a.)
1897                       Léon Jules Pol Boulloche           (b. 1859 - d. 1922)
26 Jul 1897 - 30 Aug 1905  Augustin Julien Fourès             (s.a.)
30 Aug 1905 -  2 Apr 1907  Élie Jean-Henri Groleau (acting)   (b. 1859 - d. 1932)
Apr 1907 - Jul 1907        Louis Alphonse Bonhoure            (b. 1865 - d. 1909)
Jul 1907 - Apr 1909        Louis Jules Morel                  (b. 1853 - d. 1911)
Apr 1909 - Sep 1909        Marie Joseph de Miribel (acting)   (b. 1853 - d. 19..)
Sep 1909 - Aug 1912        Jules Simoni
20 Aug 1912 - 15 Dec 1912  Jean Charles (acting)
16 Dec 1912 -  8 Jun 1915  Léon Louis Jean Georges Destenay   (b. 1861 - d. 1915)
 8 Jun 1915 - 1916         Maurice Joseph Le Gallen           (b. 1873 - d. 1956)
1917 - 1921                Jean Baptiste Édouard Bourcier     (b. 1870 - d. 19..) 
                             de Saint-Chaffray
1921 - 1925                Maurice Antoine François           (s.a.)
                             Monguillot
1925 - 1930                Eugène Jean Louis René Robin       (b. 1872 - d. 1954)
1930 - 1937                Auguste Eugène Ludovic Tholance    (b. 1878 - d. 1938)
1937 - 1940                Yves Charles Châtel                (b. 1865 - d. 1944)
1940 - 1941                Émile Louis François Grandjean     (b. 1888 - d. 1986)
1941 - 1942                Edouard André Delsalle             (b. 1893 - d. 1945)
1942 - 1944                Jean Maurice Norbert Haelewyn      (b. 1901 - d. 1945)
1944 -  9 Mar 1945         Camille Auphelle                   (b. 1908 - d. 1945)
Japanese Resident
Mar 1945 - Aug 1945        Nishimura Kumao                    (b. 1899 - d. 1980)
French Commissioners for Tonkin and North Annam (later, North Vietnam)
18 Aug 1945 - 22 Aug 1945  Pierre Messmer (acting)            (b. 1916 - d. 2007)
22 Aug 1945 - Mar 1946     Jean-Roger Sainteny (1st time)     (b. 1907 - d. 1978)
Mar 1946 - Jun 1946        Jean Etienne Valluy                (b. 1899 - d. 1970)
Jun 1946 - 17 Aug 1946     Jean Crépin (acting)               (b. 1908 - d. 1996)
17 Aug 1946 -  2 Dec 1946  Louis Constant Morlière            (b. 1897 - d. 1980)
 2 Dec 1948 - 1948         Jean-Roger Sainteny (2nd time)     (s.a.)
                             (interim)
1948 - 1949                Yves Jean Digo                     (b. 1897 - d. 1974)
1949 - Nov 1950            Marcel Jean Marie Alessandri       (b. 1895 - d. 1968)
24 Nov 1950 - 29 Dec 1950  Pierre Georges Jacques Marie Boyer (b. 1896 - d. 1976)
                             De La Tour du Moulin  
29 Dec 1950 - 10 Feb 1951  Raoul Albin Louis Salan (interim)  (b. 1899 - d. 1984)
10 Feb 1951 - 28 May 1953  François Jean Antonin Marie Amédée (b. 1897 - d. 1955)
                             Gonzalez de Linarès   
28 May 1953 - 1955         René Cogny                         (b. 1904 - d. 1968)

Vietnamese Crown Representatives (Kinh Luoc Bac Ky) for Tonkin
188. - 18..                Nguyen Huu Do
1890 - 1897                Hoang Cao Khai

1689                       Annexed by Annam from Cambodia.
 1 Sep 1858                French occupy Da Nang (renamed Tourane).
18 Feb 1859                French occupy Saigon and the three southern Vietnamese provinces
                             of Bien Hoa, Gia Dinh and Dinh Tuong.
13 Apr 1862                Territories ceded to France.
1864                       French colony of Cochinchina.
1867                       Provinces of Chau Doc, Ha Tien and Vinh Long annexed.
16 Nov 1887                Part of Union of French Indochina.
21 Dec 1933                Spratly Islands are annexed to French Cochinchina.
28 Jul 1941                Japanese troops based in French Cochinchina (de facto occupation).
 9 Mar 1945 - 15 Aug 1945  Japanese occupation (see under Indo-China). 
15 Aug 1945                Japan transfers Cochinchina renamed Nam Bo to Empire of Vietnam.
 6 Sep 1945 - 28 Jan 1946  British occupation (s.a.).
 4 Jun 1949                Cochinchina formally ceded to State of Vietnam by France.

Commander-in-Chief of the Naval Division of Réunion and Indochina, and Commander-in
-Chief of the Expeditionary Corps of the Chinese Seas
 1 Sep 1858 -  1 Nov 1859  Charles Rigault de Genouilly       (b. 1807 - d. 1873)
Commander-in-Chief of the Naval Division of the Chinese Seas
 1 Nov 1859 -  6 Feb 1861  Théogène François Page             (b. 1807 - d. 1867)
Governors
- in Tourane (Da Nang) -
 1 Sep 1858 - 18 Feb 1859  Charles Rigault de Genouilly       (s.a.)
19 Oct 1859 - 23 Mar 1860  Théogène François Page             (s.a.)
- in Saigon -
18 Feb 1859 - 1859         Charles Rigault de Genouilly       (s.a.)
Mar 1859 -  1 Apr 1860     Jean Bernard Jauréguiberry (acting)(b. 1815 - d. 1887)
 1 Apr 1860 -  6 Feb 1861  Théogène François Page             (s.a.)
 1 Apr 1860 -  6 Feb 1861  Joseph Hyacinthe Louis Jules       (b. 1813 - d. 1878)
                             d'Ariès (acting for Page)
 6 Feb 1861 - 30 Nov 1861  Léonard Victor Joseph Charner      (b. 1797 - d. 1869)
30 Nov 1861 - 16 Oct 1863  Louis Adolphe Bonard               (b. 1805 - d. 1867)
16 Oct 1863 - 31 Mar 1865  Pierre Paul Marie de La Grandière  (b. 1807 - d. 1876)
                             (1st time)
 1 Apr 1865 - 28 Nov 1865  Pierre Gustave Roze (interim)      (b. 1812 - d. 1883)
28 Nov 1865 -  4 Apr 1868  Pierre Paul Marie de La Grandière  (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
 4 Apr 1868 - 10 Dec 1869  Marie Gustave Hector Ohier         (b. 1814 - d. 1870)
                             (acting)
10 Dec 1869 -  9 Jan 1870  Joseph Faron (interim)             (b. 1819 - d. 1881)
 9 Jan 1870 -  1 Apr 1871  Alphonse Jean Claude René Théodore (b. 1811 - d. 1886)
                             de Cornulier-Lucinière
 1 Apr 1871 - 16 Mar 1872  Marie Jules Dupré (1st time)       (b. 1813 - d. 1881)
16 Mar 1872 - 16 Dec 1872  Charles Joseph Basher d'Arbaud     (b. 1816 - d. 1876)
                             (acting)
16 Dec 1872 - 15 Mar 1874  Marie Jules Dupré (2nd time)       (s.a.)
16 Mar 1874 - 30 Nov 1874  Jules François Émile Krantz        (b. 1821 - d. 1914)
                             (acting)
30 Nov 1874 - 31 Jan 1876  Victor Auguste, baron Duperré      (b. 1825 - d. 1900)
                             (1st time)
 1 Feb 1876 -  6 Jul 1876  Henri Gaëtan Ernest Bossant        (b. 1826 - d. 1894)
                             (acting)
 7 Jul 1876 - 16 Oct 1877  Victor Auguste, baron Duperré      (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
16 Oct 1877 -  7 Jul 1879  Louis Charles Georges Jules Lafont (b. 1824 - d. 1908)
 7 Jul 1879 -  7 Nov 1882  Charles Le Myre de Vilers          (b. 1833 - d. 1918)
 4 Mar 1881 - 31 Oct 1881  Louis Edgard de Trentinian         (b. 1851 - d. 1942)
                             (acting for de Vilers) 
 7 Nov 1882 - 27 Jul 1885  Charles Antoine François Thomson   (b. 1845 - d. 1898)
27 Jul 1885 - 19 Jun 1886  Charles Auguste Frédéric Bégin     (b. 1835 - d. 1901)
20 Jun 1886 - 22 Oct 1887  Ange Michel Filippini              (b. 1834 - d. 1887)
23 Oct 1887 -  2 Nov 1887  Jacques-Noël Pardon (acting)       (b. 1854 - d. 1910)
 3 Nov 1887 - 15 Nov 1887  Jules Georges Piquet (acting)      (b. 1839 - d. 1928)
Lieutenant governors (subordinated to the Governors-general of Indochina)
 3 Nov 1887 - 15 Jan 1888  Jean Antoine Ernest Constans       (b. 1833 - d. 1913)
15 Jan 1888 -  2 Aug 1888  Auguste Eugène Navelle             (b. 1846 - d. ....)
Directors of Local Service
 3 Aug 1888 - 25 Aug 1888  Auguste Eugène Navelle (acting)    (s.a.)
25 Aug 1888 - 16 May 1889  Paul Louis Maxime Céloron de       (b. 1831 - d. 1889)
                             Blainville                
Lieutenant governors (subordinated to the Governors-general of Indochina)
21 May 1889 -  9 Aug 1889  Augustin Julien Fourès (1st time)  (b. 1853 - d. 1915)
                             (acting)
 9 Aug 1889 - 11 Sep 1892  Henri-Eloi Danel                   (b. 1850 - d. 1900)
11 Sep 1892 - 25 Mar 1894  Augustin Julien Fourès (2nd time)  (s.a.)
                             (acting to 21 Oct 1892)
25 Mar 1894 - 15 Sep 1894  Auguste Eugène Navelle (acting)    (s.a.)
15 Sep 1895 - 18 Jul 1895  Augustin Julien Fourès (3rd time)  (s.a.)
18 Jul 1895 - 22 Mar 1896  Alexandre Antoine Étienne Gustave  (b. 1851 - d. 1907) 
                             Ducos (1st time)
22 Mar 1896 - 19 Nov 1896  Gustave Guillaume Sandret (acting) (b. 1852 - d. 1909)
19 Nov 1896 -  9 May 1897  Alexandre Antoine Étienne Gustave  (s.a.) 
                             Ducos (2nd time) 
10 May 1897 -  1 Jan 1898  Ange Eugène Nicolai (acting)       (b. 1845 - d. ....)
 1 Jan 1898 - 11 Apr 1899  Édouard Picanon (1st time)         (b. 1854 - d. 1939)
11 Apr 1899 -  1 Nov 1900  Ferdinand Georges Jules Bocquet
                             (acting)
 1 Nov 1900 - 28 Jul 1901  Édouard Picanon (2nd time)         (s.a.)
28 Jul 1901 -  3 Sep 1901  Louis Paul Luce (acting)           (b. 1856 - d. 19..)
 5 Sep 1901 - 18 Sep 1902  Henri Félix de Lamothe             (b. 1843 - d. 1926)
18 Sep 1902 - 10 Mar 1906  François Pierre Rodier             (b. 1854 - d. 1913)
                             (1st time)
10 Mar 1906 - Feb 1907     Olivier Charles Arthur de Lalande  (b. 1853 - d. 1910) 
                             de Calan (acting)
Feb 1907 - 29 Jun 1907     François Pierre Rodier             (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
29 Jun 1907 - 18 Feb 1908  Louis Alphonse Bonhoure (1st time) (b. 1864 - d. 1909)
18 Feb 1908 - 23 Sep 1908  Ernest Outrey (1st time)(acting)   (b. 1863 - d. 1941)
23 Sep 1908 -  9 Jan 1909  Louis Alphonse Bonhoure (2nd time) (s.a.)
 9 Jan 1909 - 15 Jun 1909  Ernest Outrey (2nd time)(acting)   (s.a.)
Jun 1909 - Dec 1911        Jules Maurice Gourbeil
Governors (subordinated to the Governors-general of Indochina)
Dec 1911 - Jun 1912        Jules Maurice Gourbeil (1st time)
Jun 1912 - Dec 1912        Leon Destenay (acting)             (b. 1861 - d. 1915)
Dec 1912 - Jan 1914        Jules Maurice Gourbeil (2nd time)
Jan 1914 - Jul 1914        Maurice Joseph La Gallen (1st time)(b. 1873 - d. 1956)
                             (acting)
Jul 1914 - 26 Apr 1916     Jules Maurice Gourbeil (3rd time)
26 Apr 1916 - 1916         Edouard Rivet (acting)
1916 - 1920                Maurice Joseph La Gallen (2nd time)(s.a.)
Jun 1918 - Feb 1920        Georges René Gaston Maspéro        (b. 1872 - d. 1942)
                             (acting for La Gallen)
1920                       Maurice Joseph La Gallen (3rd time)(s.a.)
                             (acting)
18 Nov 1920 - 14 Feb 1922  Achille Paul Michel Quesnel (acting)
1922 - 1926                Maurice Cognacq                    (b. 1870 - d. 1949)
19 Apr 1926 - 30 Dec 1926  Aristide Eugène Le Fol (acting)
1926 - 1929                Paul Marie Alexis Joseph Blanchard  
                             de la Brosse
 1 Jan 1929 -  6 Mar 1929  Auguste Eugène Ludovic Tholance    (b. 1878 - d. 1938)
                             (acting)
1929 - 1934                Jean-Félix Krautheimer             (b. 1874 - d. 1943)
21 Nov 1931 - 11 Nov 1932  Eugéne Henri Eutrope
                             (acting for Krautheimer) 
1934 - 1939                Pierre André Michel Pagès          (b. 1893 - d. 1980)
 1 Mar 1936 - 12 Oct 1936  Henri Georges Rivoal               (b. 1886 - d. 1963)
                             (acting for Pagès)
1939 - 1940                René Veber                         (b. 1888 - d. 1972)
16 Nov 1940 - 1942         Henri Georges Rivoal               (s.a.)
                             (acting to 11 Dec 1940)
1942 - 1945                Ernest Thimothée Hoeffel           (b. 1900 - d. 1952)
 9 Mar 1945 - 15 Aug 1945  Fujio Minoda
Vietnamese Imperial Delegate (viceroy)
1945 - 25 Aug 1945         Nguyen Van Sam                     (b. 18.. - d. 1947)
President of the Provisional Executive Committee
25 Aug 1945 - 23 Sep 1945  Tran Van Giau (in opposition)      (b. 1911 - d. 2006)  DCSD
French Commissioner for Cochinchina and South Annam
24 Aug 1945 - 13 Oct 1945  Jean Marie Arsène Cédile           (b. 1908 - d. 1984)
                             (prisoner to 1 Sep 1945)
Chairman of the Allied Control Commission
 6 Sep 1945 - 28 Jan 1946  Douglas David Gracey (U.K.)        (b. 1894 - d. 1964)
Commissioners for Cochinchina
Oct 1945 - 1946            Marcel Jean Marie Alessandri       (b. 1895 - d. 1968)
Oct 1946 - May 1947        Albert Torel (acting)              (b. 1895 - d. 1987)
May 1947 - 1948            Robert Dufour
1948 - 1949                Pierre Boyer De LaTour du Moulin   (b. 1896 - d. 1976)
                             (acting)
 1 Dec 1949 - 31 Jul 1951  Charles Marie Chanson              (b. 1902 - d. 1951)
 1 Aug 1951 -  9 Apr 1952  Raoul Albert Louis Salan           (b. 1899 - d. 1984)
                             (acting to 1 Sep 1951)
 9 Apr 1952 - 1953         Paul Louis Bondis                  (b. 1895 - d. 1986)
1953                       Georges Émile LeBlanc              (b. 1896 - d. 1989)
1953 - 1954                Gabriel Louis Marie Bourgund       (b. 1898 - d. 1993)

President of the Council of the South
1945 - 25 Aug 1945         Tran Van An                        (b. 1906 - d. 2002)  

 1 Jun 1946                Republic of Cochinchina (literally, "Republic of the Southern
                             Part"; French: République de Cochinchine)
 8 Oct 1947                South Vietnam (literally, "Southern Region of Vietnam")
27 May 1948                Vietnam
14 Jun 1949                French associated state (State of Vietnam).
21 Jul 1954                Division formalized by Geneva Accords.
26 Oct 1955                Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam)
27 Jan 1973                Paris Peace Accords signed.
30 Apr 1975                Republic of South Vietnam (North Vietnamese forces
                             occupy Saigon).
 2 Jul 1976                Unification with North Vietnam as the
                             Socialist Republic of Vietnam.

Presidents of the Provisional Government
 1 Jun 1946 - 10 Nov 1946  Nguyen Van Thin                    (b. 1884 - d. 1946)  IDP
15 Nov 1946 -  7 Dec 1946  Nguyen Van Xuan (1st time)         (b. 1892 - d. 1989)  Mil
 7 Dec 1946 -  8 Oct 1947  Le Van Hoach                       (b. 1896 - d. 1978)  Non-party
 8 Oct 1947 - 27 May 1948  Nguyen Van Xuan (2nd time)         (s.a.)               Mil
President of the Central Government of Vietnam
27 May 1948 - 14 Jun 1949  Nguyen Van Xuan                    (s.a.)               Mil
Chiefs of state (title Quoc Truong)
14 Jun 1949 - 30 Apr 1955  Bao Dai                            (b. 1913 - d. 1997)  Non-party
30 Apr 1955 - 26 Oct 1955  Ngo Dinh Diem (acting)             (b. 1901 - d. 1963)  CL+NRM
Presidents
26 Oct 1955 -  2 Nov 1963  Ngo Dinh Diem                      (s.a.)               CL+NRM
 2 Nov 1963 - 30 Jan 1964  Duong Van Minh (1st time)          (b. 1916 - d. 2001)  Mil
                             (chairman Revolutionary Military Committee)
30 Jan 1964 -  8 Feb 1964  Nguyen Khanh (1st time)            (b. 1927)            Mil 
 8 Feb 1964 - 16 Aug 1964  Duong Van Minh (2nd time)          (s.a.)               Mil 
16 Aug 1964 - 27 Aug 1964  Nguyen Khanh (2nd time)            (s.a.)               Mil
27 Aug 1964 -  8 Sep 1964  Provisional Leadership Committee
                           - Duong Van Minh                   (s.a.)               Mil
                           - Nguyen Khanh                     (s.a.)               Mil
                           - Tran Thien Khiem                 (b. 1925)            Mil
 8 Sep 1964 - 26 Oct 1964  Duong Van Minh (3rd time)          (s.a.)               Mil
                             (chairman Provisional Leadership Committee)
26 Oct 1964 - 14 Jun 1965  Phan Khac Suu                      (b. 1905 - d. 1970)  Non-party
14 Jun 1965 - 21 Apr 1975  Nguyen Van Thieu                   (b. 1923 - d. 2001)Mil;1968 NSDF
                             (chairman National Leadership Committee to 31 Oct 1967)
21 Apr 1975 - 28 Apr 1975  Tran Van Huong                     (b. 1903 - d. 1982)  Non-party 
28 Apr 1975 - 30 Apr 1975  Duong Van Minh (4th time) (acting) (s.a.)               Mil
30 Apr 1975 -  2 Jul 1976  Huynh Tan Phat                     (b. 1913 - d. 1989)  NLF

Chief of the Provisory Government 
26 Mar 1946 - 30 May 1946  Nguyen Van Thin                    (s.a.)               IDP
Prime ministers
13 Jun 1949 - 21 Jan 1950  Bao Dai                            (s.a.)               Non-party
21 Jan 1950 - 26 Apr 1950  Nguyen Phan Long                   (b. 1888 - d. 1960)  DLH
27 Apr 1950 -  6 Jun 1952  Tran Van Huu                       (b. 1896 - d. 1984)  Non-party
 6 Jun 1952 - 17 Dec 1953  Nguyen Van Tam                     (b. 1895 - d. 1990)  VNQ
12 Jan 1954 - 16 Jun 1954  Pham Buu Loc                       (b. 1914 - d. 1990)  Non-party
16 Jun 1954 - 26 Jun 1954  Phan Huy Quat (1st time)(acting)   (b. 1909 - d. 1979)  DVP
26 Jun 1954 - 26 Oct 1955  Ngo Dinh Diem                      (s.a.)               NRM
26 Oct 1955 -  4 Nov 1963  Post abolished
 4 Nov 1963 - 30 Jan 1964  Nguyen Ngoc Tho                    (b. 1908)            Non-party
 8 Feb 1964 - 29 Aug 1964  Nguyen Khanh (1st time)            (s.a.)               Mil
29 Aug 1964 -  3 Sep 1964  Nguyen Xuan Oanh (1st time)        (b. 1921 - d. 2003)  Non-party
                             (acting)
 3 Sep 1964 -  4 Nov 1964  Nguyen Khanh (2nd time)            (s.a.)               Mil
 4 Nov 1964 - 28 Jan 1965  Tran Van Huong (1st time)          (s.a.)               Mil
28 Jan 1965 - 15 Feb 1965  Nguyen Xuan Oanh (2nd time)        (s.a.)               Non-party
                             (acting)
16 Feb 1965 -  8 Jun 1965  Phan Huy Quat (2nd time)           (s.a.)               DVP
19 Jun 1965 - 31 Oct 1967  Nguyen Cao Ky                      (b. 1930 - d. 2011)  Mil
31 Oct 1967 - 17 May 1968  Nguyen Van Loc                     (b. 1922)            Mil
28 May 1968 -  1 Sep 1969  Tran Van Huong (2nd time)          (s.a.)               NSDF
 1 Sep 1969 -  4 Apr 1975  Tran Thiem Khiem                   (s.a.)               DVP/NSDF
 4 Apr 1975 - 24 Apr 1975  Nguyen Ba Can                      (b. 1930 - d. 2009)  DC
28 Apr 1975 - 30 Apr 1975  Vu Van Mau                         (b. 1914 - d. 1998)  FNR
30 Apr 1975 -  2 Jul 1976  Nguyen Huu Tho                     (b. 1910 - d. 1996)  NLF

French High Commissioners (at Saigon)
14 Aug 1945 - 27 Apr 1953  the Commissioners of French Indochina
Commissioners-general
27 Apr 1953 - 21 Jul 1956  the Commissioners of French Indochina

Commanders U.S. Military Assistance Command in Vietnam (MACV)
 8 Feb 1962 - 20 Jun 1964  Paul D. Harkinss                   (b. 1904 - d. 1984)
20 Jun 1964 - 22 Mar 1968  William Childs Westmoreland        (b. 1914 - d. 2005)
22 Mar 1968 - 30 Jun 1972  Creighton Williams Abrams, Jr.     (b. 1914 - d. 1974)
30 Jun 1972 - 29 Mar 1973  Frederick C. Weyand                (b. 1916 - d. 2010)

Party abbreviations: CL = Can Lao Nhan Vi Cach Mang Dang (Personalist Labor Revolutionary Party, "Can Lao", personalist, anti-communist, 1954-64); DC = Dan Chu Dang (Democratic Party, 1973-75); DLH = Dan Lap Hien (Parti Constitutionnaliste/Constitutional Party, est.1923); DVP = Dai Viet Quoc dan dang (Nationalist Party of Greater Vietnam, "Dai Viet", nationalist, anti-communist, 1939-75); FNR = Forces of National Reconciliation; IDP = Parti Democrate Indochinois (Indochinese Democratic Party, 1937-47); NLF = Mat Tran Dan Toc Giai Phong Mien Nam Viet Nam (National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam, "Vietcong", communist, 1954-76); NRM = Phong Trao Cach Mang Quoc (National Revolutionary Movement, pro-Dinh Diem party, 1954-63); NSDF = National Social Democratic Front (anti-communist, center-right, pro-Van Thieu coalition of 6 parties: Greater Union Force, Social Humanist Party [successor to CL], Revolutionary Dai Viet, the Social Democratic Party, United Vietnam Kuomintang, and People's Alliance for Social Revolution, 1968-75); VNQ = Viet-Nam Quoc Dan Dang (Vietnamese Nationalist Party, socialist, 1927-75); Mil = Military

         8 Jun 1969 - 30 Apr 1975

 8 Jun 1969                Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic
                             of South Vietnam, established in rebellion
                             against the Saigon government.
30 Apr 1975                NLF assumes control of South Vietnam.

President
 8 Jun 1969 - 30 Apr 1975  Huynh Tat Phat                       (b. 1913 - d. 1989)  NLF

Prime minister
 8 Jun 1969 - 30 Apr 1975  Nguyen Huu Tho                       (b. 1910 - d. 1996)  NLF

Party abbreviation: NLF = Mat tran Dan toc Giai phong mien Nam Viet Nam (National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam, "Vietcong", communist, 1954-76)

30 Aug 1945                Democratic Republic of Vietnam proclaimed.
 9 Sep 1945 -  6 Mar 1946  Allied (Chinese) occupation (see under French Indo-China).

President of the Indochinese Communist Party (from May 1951, Vietnam Workers' Party)
Oct 1930 -  2 Sep 1969     Ho Chi Minh (Nguyen Ai Quoc)       (b. 1890 - d. 1969)
First Secretaries (top party post from 2 Sep 1969)
May 1941 -  1 Nov 1956     Truong Chinh                       (b. 1907 - d. 1988)
 1 Nov 1956 - 10 Sep 1960  Ho Chi Minh                        (s.a.)
10 Sep 1960 - 20 Dec 1976  Le Duan                            (b. 1908 - d. 1986) 

Chairman of the Committee of Liberation of the Vietnamese People ("Viet Minh")
25 Aug 1945 - 30 Aug 1945  Ho Chi Minh                        (s.a.)               DCSD 
                             (in rebellion from 13 Aug 1945)
Chairman of the Provisional Government
30 Aug 1945 -  2 Mar 1946  Ho Chi Minh                        (s.a.)               DCSD
Presidents
 2 Mar 1946 -  2 Sep 1969  Ho Chi Minh                        (s.a.)            DCSD;1951 DLDV
 3 Sep 1969 -  2 Jul 1976  Ton Duc Thang                      (b. 1888 - d. 1980)  DLDV
                             (acting to 23 Sep 1969)

Prime ministers
30 Aug 1945 - 20 Sep 1955  Ho Chi Minh                        (s.a.)            DCSD;1951 DLDV
20 Sep 1955 -  2 Jul 1976  Pham Van Dong                      (b. 1908 - d. 2000)  DLDV

Party abbreviation: DCSV = Dang Cong San Viet Nam (Communist Party of Vietnam, communist, only legal party; Vietnamese Communist Party [DCSV] was original name, from Feb 1930-Oct 1930. Successive names were: Indochinese Communist Party [DCSD], Oct 1930-May 1951, which was officially dissolved 11 Nov 1945 and merged into League for the Independence of Vietnam -"Viet Minh"-, although continued it in secret to 1951); Vietnamese Workers' Party [DLDV], May 1951-Dec 1976; and again DCSV from Dec 1976)

 2 Jul 1976                Unification as Socialist Republic of Vietnam.

First Secretary of the Vietnam Workers' Party (DLDV)
 2 Jul 1976 - 20 Dec 1976  Le Duan                            (b. 1908 - d. 1986) 
General Secretaries of the Communist Party (DCSV)
20 Dec 1976 - 10 Jul 1986  Le Duan                            (s.a.)
14 Jul 1986 - 18 Dec 1986  Truong Chinh                       (b. 1908 - d. 1988)
18 Dec 1986 - 27 Jun 1991  Nguyen Van Linh                    (b. 1915 - d. 1998)
27 Jun 1991 - 29 Dec 1997  Do Muoi                            (b. 1917)
29 Dec 1997 - 22 Apr 2001  Le Kha Phieu                       (b. 1931)
22 Apr 2001 - 19 Jan 2011  Nong Duc Manh                      (b. 1940)
19 Jan 2011 -              Nguyen Phu Trong                   (b. 1944)

Presidents
 2 Jul 1976 - 30 Mar 1980  Ton Duc Thang                      (s.a.)            DLDV;1976 DCSV
30 Mar 1980 -  4 Jul 1981  Nguyen Huu Tho (acting)            (b. 1910 - d. 1996)  DCSV
Chairmen of the State Council
 4 Jul 1981 - 18 Jun 1987  Truong Chinh                       (s.a.)               DCSV
18 Jun 1987 - 22 Sep 1992  Vo Chi Cong                        (b. 1913 - d. 2011)  DCSV
Presidents
23 Sep 1992 - 24 Sep 1997  Le Duc Anh                         (b. 1920)            DCSV
24 Sep 1997 - 27 Jun 2006  Tran Duc Luong                     (b. 1937)            DCSV
27 Jun 2006 - 25 Jul 2011  Nguyen Minh Triet                  (b. 1942)            DCSV 
25 Jul 2011 -              Truong Tan Sang                    (b. 1949)            DCSV 
 

Chairmen of the Council of Ministers
 2 Jul 1976 - 18 Jun 1987  Pham Van Dong                      (s.a.)            DLDV;1976 DCSV
18 Jun 1987 - 10 Mar 1988  Pham Hung                          (b. 1912 - d. 1988)  DCSV
10 Mar 1988 - 22 Jun 1988  Vo Van Kiet (1st time) (acting)    (b. 1922 - d. 2008)  DCSV
22 Jun 1988 -  8 Aug 1991  Do Muoi                            (s.a.)               DCSV
 8 Aug 1991 - 24 Sep 1992  Vo Van Kiet (2nd time)             (s.a.)               DCSV
Prime ministers
24 Sep 1992 - 25 Sep 1997  Vo Van Kiet                        (s.a.)               DCSV
25 Sep 1997 - 27 Jun 2006  Phan Van Khai                      (b. 1933)            DCSV
27 Jun 2006 -              Nguyen Tan Dung                    (b. 1949)            DCSV

Territorial Disputes: Cambodia and Laos protest Vietnamese squatters and armed encroachments along border; Cambodia accuses Vietnam of a wide variety of illicit cross-border activities; Progress on a joint development area with Cambodia is hampered by an unresolved dispute over sovereignty of offshore islands; an estimated 300,000 Vietnamese refugees reside in China; establishment of a maritime boundary with Cambodia is hampered by unresolved dispute over the sovereignty of offshore islands; the decade-long demarcation of the China-Vietnam land boundary was completed in 2009; China occupies the Paracel Islands also claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; Brunei claims a maritime boundary extending beyond as far as a median with Vietnam, thus asserting an implicit claim to Lousia Reef; the 2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea" has eased tensions but falls short of a legally binding "code of conduct" desired by several of the disputants; Vietnam continues to expand construction of facilities in the Spratly Islands; in Mar 2005, the national oil companies of China, the Philippines, and Vietnam signed a joint accord to conduct marine seismic activities in the Spratly Islands; EEZ negotiations with Indonesia are ongoing, and the two countries in Fall 2011 agreed to work together to reduce illegal fishing along their maritime boundary.

Party abbreviation: DCSV = Dang Cong San Viet Nam (Communist Party of Vietnam, communist, 
authoritarian, government party; known as Vietnamese Workers' Party DLDV to Dec 1976)