Russia 
 

20 Jan 1705 - 11 Jun 1858 Merchant Flag;     7 May 1883 - 12 Aug 1914 State Flag;     14 Sep 1917 - 14 Apr 1918 (de facto)      11 Jun 1858 - 19 Nov 1914 Civil Ensign                    12 Aug 1914 - 14 Sep 1917                     13 Apr 1918 - 19 Jul 1918                       19 Jul 1918 - 6 Jul 1923                          6 Jul 1923 - 12 Nov 1923                       12 Nov 1923 - 18 Apr 1924                        18 Apr 1924 - 25 Dec 1991                  Re-adopted 21 Aug 1991   Map of Russia -------------------------------- Map of Administrative Divisions Hear National Anthem "Gimn Rossiyskoy Federatsii" (Hymn of the Russian Federation) Adopted 1 Jan 2001 Hear Former Anthem "Patrioticheskaya pesnya" (The Patriotic Song) (Nov 1990-2001) Constitution  (12 Dec 1993) Capital: Moscow Currency: Russian Ruble (RUR) National Holiday: 12 June (1990) Russia Day Population: 138,739,892 (2011) GDP: $2.37 trillion (2011) Exports: $498.6 billion (2011) Imports: $310.1 billion (2011)  Ethnic groups: Russian 79.82%, Tatar 3.83%, Ukrainian 2.03%, Bashkir 1.15%, Chuvash 1.13%, Chechen 0.94%, Armenian 0.78%, Mordvin 0.58%, Belarusian 0.56%, Avar (Dagestani) 0.52%, Kazakh 0.45%, Udmurt 0.44%, Azerbaijani 0.43%, Mari 0.42%, German 0.41%, Kabardinian 0.36%, Ossetian 0.35%, other 5.8% (2002)  Total Active Armed Forces: 1,027,000 (2010) Declared Nuclear Power (1949): est. 6,681 weapons (2007) Merchant marine: 1,097 ships (2010) Religions: Christian 58.4% (of which Russian Orthodox 53.1%,  Roman Catholic 1%, Ukrainian Orthodox 0.9%, Protestant 0.9%),  Muslim 8.2%, traditional beliefs 0.8%, Jewish 0.6%, non-religious 25.8%, atheist 5%, other 1.2% (2005) International Organizations/Treaties: AC, ACS (observer), ANT, APEC, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), BIS, BSEC, BTWC, CBSS, CE, CERN (observer), CFE (suspended), CICA, CIS, CSTO, CTBT, EAEC, EAPC, EBRD, ENMOD, FAO, G-8, G-20, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, ICSID (signatory), IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, Intersputnik, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISA, ISESCO (observer), ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, KP, LAIA (observer), MIGA, MTCR, NAM (observer), NPT, NSG, NTBT, OAS (observer), OECD (accession state), OIC (observer), OPCW, OPEC (observer), OSCE, PCA, PFP, SCO, UN, UN Security Council, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer), ZC Russia Index Chronology 862 - 1240                 Grand Principality of Kiev Rus'. 28 May 1136 - 15 Jan 1480  Republic of Novgorod (under suzerainty of Moscow                              from Aug 1478, annexed 15 Jan 1480). 28 Mar 1147                Moscow first mentioned. 1157 - 1327                Grand Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal'                              (from 1327 Moscow). 1271 - 1318                First use of style of "Grand Prince of all Rus'"                              by Mikhail Yaroslav. 1362                       Kiev annexed to Lithuania. 1240 - 1480                Russian principalities under Mongol suzerainty                               (Ryazan and Vladimir from 1238).  1327                       Grand Principality of Vladimir and Moscow. 1348 - 24 Jan 1510         Pskov Republic independent (annexed by Moscow                              24 Jan 1510). 1493                       Style "Grand Prince, by the grce of God, Lord                               of All Rus'" adopted by Ivan III. 16 Jan 1547                Russian Tsardom  2 Oct 1552                Kazan Khanate annexed by Russia.  2 Jun 1554                Astrakhan Khanate occupied, annexed 1557. 26 Oct 1582                Sibir Khanate (near Tobolsk) occupied. 27 Sep 1610 -  4 Nov 1612  Polish-Lithuanian occupation of Moscow.  2 Nov 1721                Russian Empire 29 Mar 1809 -  6 Dec 1917  Personal union with Finland (formally from                              17 Sep 1809). 14 Sep 1812 - 23 Oct 1812  French under occupy Moscow.  9 Jun 1815 -  5 Nov 1916  Personal union with Poland. 18 Oct 1867                Russian America (Alaska) sold to the U.S.  7 May 1875                Sakhalin Island, northern Kurile Islands annexed.  5 Sep 1905 - 25 Aug 1945  Southern Sakhalin Island and northern Kurile                               Islands annexed by Japan. 15 Mar 1917                Russia (abdication of Nikolay II; imperial style                              dropped) no official style adopted; various                               styles were in use: Russia (after 15 Mar 1917),                              Russian Republic (after 14 Sep 1917), Russian                               Soviet Republic (after 8 Nov 1917), etc. 28 Jan 1918                Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic 30 Dec 1922                Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet                               Union) including Russia, Ukraine, Belorussia,                              and Transcaucasia (Armenia, Azerbaijan, and                               Georgia). 13 May 1925                Accession of Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.  5 Dec 1929                Accession of Tadzhikistan.  5 Dec 1936                Accession of Kazakhstan and Kirgiziya. 31 Mar 1940 - 16 Jul 1956  Accession of Finno-Karelia.  2 Aug 1940                Accession of Moldavia.  3 Aug 1940                Accession of Lithuania.  5 Aug 1940                Accession of Latvia.  6 Aug 1940                Accession of Estonia. 11 Oct 1944                Incorporation of Tannu Tuva.  6 Sep 1991                Recognition of Estonian, Latvian, and Lithuanian                              independence.  1 Nov 1991 -              Independence declared by Republic of Chechnya                              (not recognized). 12 Dec 1991                Russian S.F.S.R. Supreme Council passes a                              resolution denouncing the Union Treaty of 1922. 25 Dec 1991                Final dissolution of the U.S.S.R.; Russian S.F.S.R.                              becomes Russian Federation. Russia (since 1991) Administrative Divisions (from 1991) Civil War Polities (1917-1921) Russian Empire (1462-1917) Occupations of Moscow (1610-1612, 1812) Alternative "White" Government (1918-1920)  Soviet Union (1922-1991) Russian SFSR (1917-1991) Russian SFSR Admin. Divisions Far Eastern Republic (1920-1922) Ingria (Ingermanland) (1601-1703, 1919-20) Inner Horde (1801-1876) Kalmyk Khanate (1670-1771) Karafuto (1905-1945) Tannu Tuva (1911-1944) Chechnya (1822-1861, 1991-) Russian Orthodox Church  Map of Soviet Nationalities (1982)

Russian Empire
 

11 Jun 1858 - 12 Aug 1914 Civil Ensign

12 Aug 1914 - 14 Sep 1917

1699 - 15 Mar 1917                     Flag of the Tsar

Map of Russian Empire	Hear National Anthem "Bozhe, Tsarya Khrani" (God Save the Tsar) (Dec 1833 - Mar 1917)	Hear Provisional Anthems  Internatsional"  (The Internationale) (Mar 1917-1922) --------------------------------- Former Anthem (1816-1833) "Molitva Russkikh" (The Prayer of the Russians)	Fundamental Law  (23 Apr 1906-23 Mar 1917)
Capital: St. Petersburg (Petrograd  from 1914;  Moscow  to 1710)	Currency: Russian Ruble (RUES)	National Holiday:  6 May (1868) Birthday of Czar Nicholas II	Population: 91,500,000 (1914)
GNP: $N/A	Exports: $348,959,000 (1914) Imports: $365,709,000 (1914)	Ethnic groups: Russian, Polish, Finnish, Ukrainian, Tatar, Belarusian, German, Jewish, Latvian, Estonian, Lithuanian, Georgian, Armenian, Azeri, Kazakh, Turkmen, Uzbek, Romanian, Tajik, Eskimo
Total Armed Forces: 1,300,000 (1914) Merchant marine: 906 (1908)		Religions: Russian Orthodox, Roman Catholic, Muslim, Protestant, Jewish, Buddhist, Shamanist, non-religious
International Organizations/Treaties to 1922:  ICRM, IOC, IMO, IPU, ITU, PCA, UIBPIP, UPU

Grand Princes
 5 Apr 1462 -  6 Nov 1505  Ivan III                           (b. 1440 - d. 1505)
 6 Nov 1505 - 13 Dec 1533  Vasily IV                          (b. 1479 - d. 1533)
13 Dec 1533 - 26 Jan 1547  Ivan IV "Grozny"                   (b. 1530 - d. 1584)
                             (Ivan IV "the Terrible")
1533 - 1534                Mikhail Lvovich Glinsky -Regent    (b. c.1470  - d. 1534)
13 Dec 1533 - 13 Apr 1538  Yelena Glinskaya (f) -Regent       (b. 1506/07 - d. 1538)
1534 - 21 Apr 1538         Prince Ivan Fyodorovich Ovchina-   (d. 1539)
                             Telepnyov-Obolensky -Regent
13 Apr 1538 - 26 Jan 1547  Regency disputed:
                           - Prince Vasily Vasilyevich        (d. 1538)
                              Shuisky 
                              (13 Apr 1538 - Nov 1538)
                          - Prince Ivan Vasilyevich Shuisky   (d. 1542)
                              (Oct 1538 - 1540 and 1542 - 24 May 1542)
                          - Prince Ivan Fyodorovich Belsky    (d. 1542)
                              (Jul 1540 - Jan 1542)
                          - Ioasaf, Archbishop of Moscow      (d. 1555)
                              (1540 - 13 Jan 1542)
                          - Andrey Mikhailovich Shuisky       (d. 1543)
                              (1542 - 8 Jan 1544)
                          - Ivan Ivanovich Kubensky           (d. 1546)
                              (1544 and 1545 - 1546)
                          - Fyodor Semyonovich Vorontsov      (d. 1546)
                              (1543 - 31 Jul 1546)
                          - Mikhail Vasilyevich Glinsky       (d. 1559)
                              (1546 - 26 Jan 1547)
                          - Yury Vasilyevich Glinsky          (d. 1547)
                              (1543 - 26 Jan 1547)
Tsars¹
26 Jan 1547 - 28 Mar 1584  Ivan IV "Grozny"                   (s.a.)
28 Mar 1584 - 17 Jan 1598  Fyodor I (Theodor I)               (b. 1557 - d. 1598)
28 Mar 1584 - 16 Jan 1598  Regents
                           - Prince Ivan Petrovich Shuisky    (d. 1588)
                               (to 1587)
                           - Prince Ivan Fyodorovich          (b. c.1529 - d. 1586)
                               Mstislavsky (to 1585)
                           - Nikita Romanovich Yuryev         (b. 153. - d. 1585) 
                               (to Aug 1584)
                           - Boris Fyodorovich Godunov        (b. 1552 - d. 1605)
                           - Bogdan Yakovlevich Belsky        (b. 15.. - d. 1611) 
                               (to Apr 1584)
17 Jan 1598 -  3 Mar 1598  Irina Fyodorovna                   (b. 1557 - d. 1603) 
                             Godunova (f) -Regent
 3 Mar 1598 - 23 Apr 1605  Boris Godunov                      (s.a.)
23 Apr 1605 - 11 Jun 1605  Fyodor II                          (b. 1589 - d. 1605)
25 Apr 1605 - 11 Jun 1605  Mariya Grigoryevna                 (b. 156. - d. 1605)
                             Skuratova (f) -Regent
30 Jun 1605 - 27 May 1606  Dmitry I                           (b. 1581 - d. 1606)
                            (first "false" Dmitry; claimed to
                             be Dmitry [d. 1591], son of Ivan IV)
27 May 1606 - 27 Jul 1610  Vasily V Shuisky                   (b. 1522 - d. 1612)
                             (coronated 1 Jun 1606)
Aug 1607 - 21 Dec 1610     Dmitry (in rebellion)              (d. 1610)
                             (second "false" Dmitry real name 
                             unknown; claimed to be first false Dmitry)
27 Jul 1610 -  4 Nov 1612  Council of Seven Boyars 
                            (from 6 Sep 1610 for absent Vladislav)
                           - Prince Fyodor Ivanovich          (d. 1622)
                               Mstislavsky 
                           - Prince Ivan Mikhailovich         (d. 1627)
                               Vorotynsky (to Mar 1611)
                           - Mikhail Fyodorovich Nagoy        (d. 1612)
                               (from Mar 1611)
                           - Prince Andrey Vasilyevich        (b. 156. - d. 1612)
                               Trubetskoy 
                           - Prince Vasily Vasilyevich        (b. 155. - d. 1611)
                               Golitsyn (to 8 Apr 1611) 
                           - Ivan Simeonovich Kurakin         (d. 1632) 
                               (from 8 Apr 1611)
                           - Prince Boris Mikhailovich Lykov- (b. 1576 - d. 1646)
                               Obolenskiy
                           - Ivan Nikitich Romanov            (b. c.1570 - d. 1640)
                           - Fyodor Ivanovich Sheremetev      (d. 1649/50)
 6 Sep 1610 -  4 Nov 1612  Vladislav (Wladyslaw)              (b. 1595 - d. 1648)
                             (remained in Poland)
17 Apr 1611 - 26 Jul 1613  Council of All the Land
                           (in opposition to the Poles and Vladislav)
                           - Prokopy Petrovich Lyapunov       (d. 1611)
                              (to 1 Aug 1611)
                           - Prince Dmitry Timofeyevich       (b. 157. - d. 1625)
                               Trubetskoy 
                           - Ivan Martynovich Zarutsky        (d. 1614)
                              (to 7 Aug 1612)
21 Jul 1613 - 23 Jul 1645  Mikhail III (Michael III)          (b. 1591 - d. 1645)
21 Jul 1613 -  4 Jul 1619  Princess Kseniya Ivanovna          (d. 1631)
                             Shestova (f) (Xenia) -Regent
 4 Jul 1619 - 11 Oct 1633  Filaret, Patriarch of              (b. 1554 - d. 1633)
                             Moscow -Regent
23 Jul 1645 -  7 Feb 1676  Aleksey (Alexis)                   (b. 1629 - d. 1676)
23 Jul 1645 - 28 Jul 1645  Evdokiya Lukyanovna                (b. 1608 - d. 1645)
                             Streshneva (f) -Regent
 7 Feb 1676 -  7 May 1682  Fyodor III                         (b. 1661 - d. 1682)
 7 May 1682 -  2 Nov 1721  Pyotr I (Peter I)                  (b. 1672 - d. 1725)
                           - jointly with -
 2 Jun 1682 -  8 Feb 1696  Ivan V                             (b. 1666 - d. 1696)
                             (specified to be First Tsar 4 Jun 1682)
 7 May 1682 -  8 Jun 1682  Natalya Kirillovna                 (b. 1651 - d. 1694)
                             Naryshkina (f) -Regent (1st time)
 5 Jun 1682 -  9 Jul 1682  Mariya Ilyinichna                  (b. 1626 - d. 1699)
                             Miloslavskaya (f) -Regent
 8 Jun 1682 - 22 Sep 1689  Sofiya Alekseyevna                 (b. 1657 - d. 1704)
                             Romanova (f) -Regent
                            (from 1686, styled Grand Princess and Autocrat)
22 Sep 1689 -  4 Feb 1694  Natalya Kirillovna                 (s.a.)
                             Naryshkina (f) -Regent (2nd time)
 8 Feb 1696 - 1697         Prince Boris Alekseyevich          (b. 1641 - d. 1714)
                             Golitsyn -Regent
20 Mar 1697 -  4 Sep 1698  Regency
                           - Prince Fyodor Yuryevich          (b. 1640 - d. 1717)
                               Romodanovsky 
                           - Lev Kirillovich Naryshkin        (b. 1668 - d. 1705) 
                           - Prince Pyotr Ivanovich           (d. c.1717) 
                               Prozorovsky
                           - Tikhon Nikitich Streshnev        (b. 1644 - d. 1719)
Emperors¹ (also 1809-1917 Grand Dukes of Finland; and 1815-1915 Kings of Poland)²
 2 Nov 1721 -  8 Feb 1725  Pyotr I "Veliky"                   (s.a.)
                             (Peter I "the Great")
 8 Feb 1725 - 17 May 1727  Yekaterina I -Empress (Catherine I)(b. 1684 - d. 1727)
18 May 1727 - 30 Jan 1730  Pyotr II (Peter II)                (b. 1715 - d. 1730)
30 Jan 1730 - 13 Feb 1730  Supreme Privy Council
                           - Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich       (b. 1665 - d. 1737)
                               Golitsyn 
                           - Prince Vasily Lukich Dolgoruky   (b. 1672 - d. 1739)
                           - Prince Aleksey Grigoryevich      (b. c.1670 - d. 1734)
                               Dolgoruky 
                           - Prince Mikhail Vladimirovich     (b. 1667 - d. 1750)
                               Dolgoruky 
                           - Gavril Ivanovich Graf Golovkin   (b. 1660 - d. 1734)
                           - Baron Andrey Ivanovich Osterman  (b. 1686 - d. 1747)
                              (Heinrich Johann Friedrich Ostermann)
                           - Prince Mikhail Mikhailovich      (b. 1675 - d. 1730) 
                               Golitsyn 
                           - Prince Vasily Vladimirovich      (b. 1667 - d. 1746)
                               Dolgoruky 
13 Feb 1730 - 28 Oct 1740  Anna -Empress                      (b. 1693 - d. 1740)
28 Oct 1740 -  6 Dec 1741  Ivan VI (official style Ivan III)  (b. 1740 - d. 1764)
28 Oct 1740 - 20 Nov 1740  Ernest Johann Biron -Regent        (b. 1690 - d. 1772)
20 Nov 1740 -  6 Dec 1741  Anna Leopoldovna (f) -Regent       (b. 1718 - d. 1746)
 6 Dec 1741 -  5 Jan 1762  Yelizaveta -Empress (Elizabeth)    (b. 1709 - d. 1762)
 5 Jan 1762 -  9 Jul 1762  Pyotr III (Peter III)              (b. 1728 - d. 1762)
 9 Jul 1762 - 17 Nov 1796  Yekaterina II "Velikaya" -Empress  (b. 1729 - d. 1796)
                             (Catherine II "the Great")
 5 Oct 1773 - 15 Sep 1774  Emelyan Ivanovich Pugachev         (b. c.1742 - d. 1775)
                             (in rebellion [from 1774 claiming to be Pyotr III]) 
17 Nov 1796-23/24 Mar 1801 Pavel I (Paul I)                   (b. 1754 - d. 1801)
24 Mar 1801 -  1 Dec 1825  Aleksandr I                        (b. 1777 - d. 1825)
                             (Alexander I "the Blessed")
 1 Dec 1825 - 26 Dec 1825  Konstantin (Constantine)           (b. 1779 - d. 1831)
                             (proclaimed, but did not accept)
26 Dec 1825 -  2 Mar 1855  Nikolay I (Nicholas I)             (b. 1796 - d. 1855)
 2 Mar 1855 - 13 Mar 1881  Aleksandr II                       (b. 1818 - d. 1881)
                             (Alexander II "the Liberator")
13 Mar 1881 -  1 Nov 1894  Aleksandr III                      (b. 1845 - d. 1894)
                             (Alexander III "the Peace-maker")
 1 Nov 1894 - 15 Mar 1917  Nikolay II (Nicholas II)³           (b. 1868 - d. 1918)
Acting heads of state
15 Mar 1917 -  8 Nov 1917  the heads of government
Chairmen of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee
 9 Nov 1917 - 21 Nov 1917  Lev Borisovich Kamenev             (b. 1883 - d. 1936)  RSDLP-B
21 Nov 1917 - 16 Mar 1919  Yakov Mikhailovich Sverdlov        (b. 1885 - d. 1919)  RSDLP-B/RCP
16 Mar 1919 - 30 Mar 1919  Mikhail Fyodorovich Vladimirsky    (b. 1874 - d. 1951)  RCP
                             (acting)
30 Mar 1919 - 15 Jul 1938  Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin          (b. 1875 - d. 1946)  RCP

Chief Advisers
1699 - 1706                Count Fyodor Aleksyevich Golovkin  (b. 1650 - d. 1706)
1706 - 1709                Count Gavriil Ivanovich Golovkin   (s.a.)
State Chancellors
1709 - 31 Jan 1734         Count Gavriil Ivanovich Golovkin   (b. 1660 - d. 1734)
                             (from 21 Nov 1731, also First Cabinet Minister)
31 Jan 1734 - 21 Nov 1740  Baron Heinrich Johann Friedrich    (s.a.) 
                             von Ostermann -First cabinet minister
21 Nov 1740 - 15 Nov 1742  Prince Aleksey Mikhailovich        (b. 1680 - d. 1742)
                             Cherkassky
15 Nov 1742 - 26 Feb 1758  Aleksey Petrovich Graf Bestuzhev-  (b. 1693 - d. 1766)
                             Ryumin (acting to 15 Jul 1744)
26 Feb 1758 - Mar 1765     count Mikhail Illarionovich        (b. 1714 - d. 1767)
                             Vorontsov (acting to 23 Nov 1758)
Mar 1765 -  9 Mar 1775     Prince Aleksandr Mikhailovich      (b. 1723 - d. 1807)
                             Golitsyn (acting)
 9 Mar 1775 - 13 Apr 1775  Count Nikita Ivanovich Panin       (b. 1718 - d. 1783)
                             (acting)
13 Apr 1775 -  2 May 1797  Ivan Andreyevich Graf Ostermann    (b. 1725 - d. 1811)
                             (acting to 20 Nov 1796)
 2 May 1797 - 17 Apr 1799  Aleksandr Andreyevich Graf         (b. 1747 - d. 1799)
                             Bezborodko
17 Apr 1799 -  6 Oct 1799  Viktor Pavlovich Kochubey (acting) (b. 1768 - d. 1834)
 6 Oct 1799 - 18 Nov 1800  Nikita Petrovich Graf Panin        (b. 1770 - d. 1837)
                             (acting)
18 Nov 1800 -  4 Mar 1801  Stepan Alekseyevich Kolychev       (b. 1746 - d. 1805) 
                             (acting)
 4 Mar 1801 - 20 Sep 1802  Prince Aleksandr Borisovich        (b. 1752 - d. 1818)
                             Kurakin (acting)
20 Sep 1802 - 28 Jan 1804  Aleksandr Romanovich Graf          (b. 1741 - d. 1805)
                             Vorontsov
Foreign ministers
28 Jan 1804 - 29 Jun 1806  Prince Adam Jerzy Czartoryski      (b. 1770 - d. 1861)
29 Jun 1806 - 11 Sep 1807  Baron Andreas Eberhard Budberg,    (b. 1750 - d. 1812)
                             gen. von Bönninghausen
11 Sep 1807 - 13 Jan 1810  Nikolay Petrovich Rumyantsev       (b. 1751 - d. 1826)
Chairpersons at the Joint Meetings of the State Council, 
Chairpersons in the Committee of Ministers
(the Emperors were the Chairmen, but never used the style)
13 Jan 1810 -  1 Apr 1812  Count Nikolay Petrovich Rumyantsev (s.a.)
10 Apr 1812 - 28 May 1816  Count Nikolay Ivanovich Saltykov   (b. 1736 - d. 1816)
                            (from 1814, Prince Nikolay 
                             Ivanovich Saltykov) 
 6 Jun 1816 - 18 Apr 1827  Prince Pyotr Vasilyevich Lopukhin  (b. 1753 - d. 1827)
11 May 1827 - 15 Jun 1834  Count Viktor Pavlovich Kochubey    (s.a.)
20 Jul 1834 - 20 Apr 1838  Count Nikolay Nikolayevich         (b. 1761 - d. 1838)
                             Novosiltsov
21 Apr 1838 -  5 Mar 1847  Ilarion Vasilyevich Vasilchikov    (b. 1777 - d. 1847) 
                             (from 1839, Prince Ilarion 
                             Vasilyevich Vasilchikov)
21 Jan 1848 -  5 Oct 1848  Vasily Vasilyevich, Graf Levashov  (b. 1783 - d. 1848)
13 Nov 1848 - 17 Apr 1856  Aleksandr Ivanovich Chernyshov     (b. 1785 - d. 1857)
                             (from 1849, Prince Aleksandr
                             Ivanovich Chernyshov)
17 Apr 1856 - 20 Jan 1861  Aleksey Fyodorovich Orlov          (b. 1786 - d. 1861)
                             (from 1856, Prince Aleksey 
                             Fyodorovich Orlov)
20 Jan 1861 -  2 Mar 1864  Count Dmitry Nikolayevich Bludov   (b. 1785 - d. 1864)
Chairmen of the Committee of Ministers
 7 Mar 1864 -  4 Mar 1872  Pavel Pavlovich Gagarin            (b. 1789 - d. 1872)
 9 Mar 1872 -  1 Jan 1880  Pavel Nikolayevich Ignatyev        (b. 1797 - d. 1880)
                             (from 24 Dec 1877, Pavel 
                             Nikolayevich Graf Ignatyev) 
 6 Jan 1880 - 16 Oct 1881  Pyotr Aleksandrovich Valuyev       (b. 1815 - d. 1890)
                             (from 2 Mar 1880, Pyotr 
                             Aleksandrovich Graf Valuyev) 
16 Oct 1881 - 11 Jan 1887  Mikhail Khristoforovich Reytern    (b. 1820 - d. 1890)
                             (Mikhail von Reutern)
13 Jan 1887 - 15 Jun 1895  Nikolay Khristianovich Bunge       (b. 1823 - d. 1895)
27 Oct 1895 - 11 Jun 1903  Ivan Nikolayevich Durnovo          (b. 1834 - d. 1903)  Non-party
29 Aug 1903 -  5 May 1906  Sergey Yulyevich Witte             (b. 1849 - d. 1915)  Non-party
                             (from 1 Oct 1905, Sergey Yulyevich Graf Witte)
Prime ministers (Chairmen of the Council of Ministers)
 6 Nov 1905 -  5 May 1906  Sergey Yulyevich Graf Witte        (s.a.)               Non-party
 5 May 1906 - 21 Jul 1906  Ivan Logginovich Goremykin         (b. 1839 - d. 1917)  Non-party
                             (1st time) 
21 Jul 1906 - 18 Sep 1911  Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin         (b. 1862 - d. 1911)  Non-party
16 Sep 1911 - 12 Feb 1914  Vladimir Nikolayevich Kokovtsov    (b. 1853 - d. 1943)  Non-party
                             (acting to 22 Sep 1911 [for Stolypin to 18 Sep 1911])
12 Feb 1914 -  2 Feb 1916  Ivan Logginovich Goremykin         (s.a.)               Non-party
                             (2nd time)
 2 Feb 1916 - 23 Nov 1916  Boris Vladimirovich Shtyurmer      (b. 1848 - d. 1917)  Non-party
23 Nov 1916 -  9 Jan 1917  Aleksandr Fyodorovich Trepov       (b. 1862 - d. 1928)  Non-party
 9 Jan 1917 - 12 Mar 1917  Prince Nikolay Dmitriyevich        (b. 1850 - d. 1925)  Non-party
                             Golitsyn
15 Mar 1917 - 23 Mar 1917  Prince Georgy Yevgenyevich Lvov    (b. 1861 - d. 1925)  KDP
Minister-chairmen of the Provisional Government
23 Mar 1917 - 21 Jul 1917  Prince Georgy Yevgenyevich Lvov    (s.a.)               KDP
21 Jul 1917 -  8 Nov 1917  Aleksandr Fyodorovich Kerensky     (b. 1881 - d. 1970)  SRP
                             (in opposition to 18 Nov 1917)
18 Nov 1917 -  2 Dec 1917  Sergey Nikolayevich Prokopovich    (b. 1871 - d. 1955)  SRP
                             (acting; in opposition)
Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars
 9 Nov 1917 - 21 Jan 1924  Vladimir Ilich Lenin               (b. 1870 - d. 1924)  RSDLP-B/
                             (Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov)                              RCP

Polish and French Occupations of Moscow

Polish-Lithuanian Commanders
27 Sep 1610 - Oct 1610     Stanislaw Zólkiewski               (b. 1547 - d. 1620)
Oct 1610 - 1612            Aleksander Korwin Gosiewski        (d. 1639)
1612 -  4 Sep 1612         Jan Karol Chodkiewicz              (b. 1560 - d. 1621)
 4 Sep 1612 -  4 Nov 1612  Mikolaj Strus (acting)             (b. 1560 - d. 1612)
French Governor
14 Sep 1812 - 23 Oct 1812  Adolphe Édouard Casimir Joseph     (b. 1768 - d. 1835)
                             Mortier 

Alternative "White" Governments

Chairmen of the Provisional All-Russian Government (PARG)("Ufa Directory")
23 Sep 1918 -  5 Nov 1918  Nikolay Dmitriyevich Avksentyev    (b. 1878 - d. 1943)  SRP
                             (in Ufa to 8 Oct 1918, then in Omsk)
 7 Nov 1918 - 12 Nov 1918  Vasily Georgevich Boldyrev         (b. 1875-d. af.1932) Mil
                             (in Omsk)
Supreme Governor
18 Nov 1919                Pyotr Vasilyevich Vologodsky       (b. 1863 - d. 1928)  SRP
                             (temporary head of state)
18 Nov 1918 - 15 Jan 1920  Aleksandr Vasilyevich Kolchak      (b. 1874 - d. 1920)  Mil
                             (to 12 Nov 1919 in Omsk, then Nizhneudinsk)
Commanders-in-chief of the Armed Forces of the South Russia
15 Jan 1920 -  4 Apr 1920  Anton Ivanovich Denikin            (b. 1872 - d. 1947)  Mil
                             (to Mar 1920 in Novorossiysk, then Sevastopol)
 4 Apr 1920 - 16 Nov 1920  Baron Pyotr Nikolayevich Vrangel   (b. 1878 - d. 1928)  Mil
                             (from 11 Apr 1920 styled Governor and Commander-in-Chief of
                             the Armed Forces in the South of Russia; from 19 Aug 1920
                             Governor of the South of Russia and Commander-in-Chief of
                             the Russian Army)(in Sevastopol)

Chairmen of the Council of Ministers
 4 Nov 1918 - 22 Nov 1919  Pyotr Vasilyevich Vologodsky       (s.a.)               SRP 
                             (appointed by the PARG; discharged by Kolchak) 
23 Nov 1919 - 15 Jan 1920  Viktor Nikolayevich Pepelyayev     (b. 1885 - d. 1920)  KDP
                             (appointed by Kolchak; arrested 15 Jan 1920)
Chairman of the Government of the South of Russia
19 Aug 1920 - 11 Nov 1920  Aleksandr Vasilyevich Krivoshein   (b. 1857 - d. 1921)  Non-party
                             (in Sevastopol)

 ¹The full style of the ruler was:
(a) 16 Jan 1547 - 22 Nov 1721: Bozhiyeyu Milostiyu Velikiy/Velikaya Gosudar'/Gosudarynya Tsar'/Tsaritsa i Velikiy/Velikaya Knyaz'/Knyaginya N.N. vseya Rossiy Samodyerzhets ("By the Grace of God Great Sovereign Tsar/Tsarina and Grand Prince/Princess, N.N., of All Russia, Autocrat");
(b) from 22 Nov 1721: Bozhiyeyu milostiyu, N.N., Imperator/Imperatritsa i Samodyerzhets/Samodyerzhitsa Vserossiysky/Vserossiyskaya, Moskovskiy, Kiyevskiy, Vladimirskiy, Novgorodskiy; Tsar'Tsar'/Tsaritsa Kazanskiy, Tsar'/Tsaritsa Astrakhanskiy, Tsar'/Tsaritsa Sibirskiy, Gosudar'/Gosudarynya Pskovskiy i Velikiy/Velikaya Knyaz'/Knyaginya Smolenskiy; Knyaz'/Knyaginya Estlyandskiy, Liflyandskiy, Koryel'skiy, Tverskiy, Yugorskiy, Permskiy, Vyatskiy, Bolgarskiy i inykh; Gosudar'/Gosudarynya i Velikiy/Velikaya Knyaz'/Knyaginya Novagoroda nizovskiya zemli, Chernigorskiy, Ryazanskiy, Rostovskiy, Yaroslavskiy, Byelozerskiy, Udorskiy, Obdorskiy, Kondiyskiy i vseya severnyya strany Povelitel'; i Gosudar'/Gosudarynya Iverskiya zemli i Kartalinskikh i Gruzinskikh Tsarey/Tsarina; i Kabardinskiya zemli, Cherkasskikh i Gorskikh Knyazey/Knyaginya i inykh Naslednyy Gosudar'/Gosudarynya i Obladatel'. ("by the grace of God, N.N., All-Russian Emperor/Empress and Autocrat of Moscow, of Kiev, Vladimir, Novgorod; King/Queen of Kazan, King/Queen of Astrakhan, King/Queen of Siberia; Lord/Lady of Pskov; Grand Prince/Princess of Smolensk; Prince/Princess of Estonia, Livonia, Courland, Tver, Yongoria, Perm, Vlatsk, [Volga] Bulgaria, and of other lands; Lord/Lady and Grand Prince/Princess of Lower Novgorod, Chernigov, Ryazan, Rostov, Yaroslav, Byelozersk, Oudoria, Obdoria, Kondia, and all the Northern Region; Lord/Lady and Sovereign of the lands of Imeretia, Kartlia, Kabardinia; Lord/Lady of the Circassian and Mountain princes and of other lands");
(c) Style from 6 May 1906: Bozhiyeyu pospeshestvuyushcheyu milostiyu, N.N., Imperator i Samodyerzhets Vserossiysky, Moskovskiy, Kiyevskiy, Vladimirskiy, Novgorodskiy; Tsar'  Kazanskiy, Tsar' Astrakhanskiy, Tsar' Pol'skiy, Tsar' Sibirskiy, Tsar' Khersonisa Tavricheskogo, Tsar' Gruzinskiy; Gosudar' Pskovskiy i Velikiy Knyaz' Smolenskiy, Litovskiy, Volynskiy, Podol'skiy i Finlyandskiy; Knyaz' Estlyandskiy, Liflyandskiy, Kurlyandskiy i Semigal'skiy, Samogitskiy, Byelostokskiy, Koryel'skiy, Tverskiy, Yugorskiy, Permskiy, Vyatskiy, Bolgarskiy i inykh; Gosudar' i Velikiy Knyaz' Novagoroda nizovskiya zemli, Chernigorskiy, Ryazanskiy, Polotskiy, Rostovskiy, Yaroslavskiy, Byelozerskiy, Udorskiy, Obdorskiy, Kondiyskiy, Vitebskiy, Mstislavskiy i vseya severnyya strany Povelitel'; i Gosudar' Iverskiya, Kartalinskiya i Kabardinskiya zemli i oblasti Armenskiya; Cherkasskikh i Gorskikh Knyazey i inykh Naslednyy Gosudar' i Obladatel'; Gosudar' Turkestanskiy; Naslednik Norvezhskiy, Gertsog Shlesvig-Golstinskiy, Stormarnskiy, Ditmarsenskiy i Oldenburgskiy i prochaya, i prochaya, i prochaya. ("by the grace of God, N.N., All-Russian Emperor and Autocrat of Moscow, Kiev, Vladimir, Novgorod; King of Kazan, King/Queen of Astrakhan, King of Poland, King of Siberia, King of the Chersonnese Taurics, and King of Georgia; Lord of Pskov; Grand Prince of Smolensk, Lithuania, Volhynia, Podolia and Finland; Prince of Estonia, Livonia, Courland and Semigallia, Samogitia, Bialystok, Karelia, Tver, Yongoria, Perm, Vlatks, [Volga] Bulgaria, and of other lands; Lord and Grand Duke of Lower Novgorod, Chernigov, Ryazan, Polotsk, Rostov, Yaroslav, Byelozersk, Oudoria, Obdoria, Kondia, Vitebsk, Mstislav, and all the Northern Region; Lord and Sovereign of the lands of Imeretia, Kartlia, Kabardinia and the provinces of Armenia; Lord of the Circassian and Mountain princes; Lord of Turkestan; Heir of Norway; Duke of Schleswig-Holstein, Stormarn, Ditmarschen and Oldenburg, and of other lands");
- The shortened style was: Bozhiyeyu pospeshestvuyushcheyu milostiyu, N.N.,
Imperator i Samodyerzhets Vserossiysky, Tsar' Pol'skiy, Velikiy Knyaz' Finlyandskiy, i prochaya, i prochaya, i prochaya. ("by the grace of God, N.N., All-Russian Emperor/Empress 
and Autocrat, King of Poland, Grand Duke of Finland, and of other lands").

  ²The colloquial use of the term "tsar" for the emperor is strictly incorrect. Since 2 Nov 1721 the correct style was Bozhiyeyu milostiyu, N.N., Imperator/Imperatritsa i Samodyerzhets/Samodyerzhitsa Vserossiysky/Vserossiyskaya ("By the Grace of God, N.N., All-Russian Emperor/Empress and Autocrat"); the term tsar was used in the full style for subsidiary (and partially imaginary) polities; in particular, it was used to mean "king" with regard to Poland.

 ³Nicholas II abdicated for himself and the Tsarevich, Alexis  15 Mar 1917, in favor of his brother Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich Romanov (b. 1878 - d. 1918), who in manifesto on 17 Mar 1917 neither accepted nor rejected the crown as Emperor Mikhail II. 

Noble Titles: Grand Prince/Princess = Velikiy/Velikaya Knyaz'/Knyaginya; Prince/Princess = Knyaz/Knyaginya; Count = Graf; and Baron = Baron.

Party abbreviations: KDP = Konstitutsionno Demokraticheskaya Partia (Constitutional Democrat Party "Cadets", nationalist, social-democratic, 1905-1921); RCP = Russian Communist Party of Bolsheviks; RSDLP-B = Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (est.1903 from RSDLP [est.1898], "Bolsheviks" [majority], Marxist, internationalist; from 1918 RCP); RSDLP-M = Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (est.1903 from RSDLP, "Mensheviks" [minority], Marxist, center-leftist, Russian nationalist, parliamentary socialists); SRP = Socialist Revolutionary Party ("SRs", socialist, est.1906 -split 1917 with Left Socialist Revolutionary Party);  Mil = Military

30 Dec 1922                Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union) including 
                             Russia, Ukraine, Belorussia, and Transcaucasia (TSFSR).
13 May 1925                Accession of Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.
 5 Dec 1929                Accession of Tadzhikistan.
 5 Dec 1936                Accession of Kazakhstan and Kirgiziya; TSFSR dissolved, 
                             Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan become full union republics.
 2 Aug 1940                Accession of Moldavia
 3 Aug 1940                Accession of Lithuania.
 5 Aug 1940                Accession of Latvia.
 6 Aug 1940                Accession of Estonia.
 6 Sep 1991                Recognition of Estonian, Latvian, and Lithuanian independence.
25 Dec 1991                Final dissolution of the U.S.S.R.; R.S.F.S.R. independent
                             as Russia.

De facto Leader¹
30 Dec 1922 - 10 Mar 1923  Vladimir Ilich Lenin               (b. 1870 - d. 1924)  RCP

General Secretaries of the Central Committee of the Communist Party
 3 Apr 1922 -  5 Mar 1953  Josef Vissarionovich Stalin        (b. 1878 - d. 1953)
                            (Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili)
 5 Mar 1953 - 14 Mar 1953  Vacant
14 Mar 1953 - 14 Oct 1964  Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev      (b. 1894 - d. 1971)
                            (secretariat chairperson to 7 Sep 1953,
                             then first secretary)
14 Oct 1964 - 10 Nov 1982  Leonid Ilich Brezhnev              (b. 1906 - d. 1982)
                            (first secretary to 29 Mar 1966, then
                             from 8 Apr 1966 general secretary)
12 Nov 1982 -  9 Feb 1984  Yury Vladimirovich Andropov        (b. 1914 - d. 1984)
 9 Feb 1984 - 10 Mar 1985  Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko    (b. 1911 - d. 1985)
11 Mar 1985 - 24 Aug 1991  Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev      (b. 1931)
24 Aug 1991 - 29 Aug 1991  Vladimir Antonovich Ivashko        (b. 1932 - d. 1994)
                             (acting)
                          ("leading role" of party abolished 13 Mar 1990)

Chairmen of the Central Executive Committee (jointly)²
30 Dec 1922 - 12 Jan 1938  Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin          (b. 1875 - d. 1946)  RCP/AUCP
                             (Russian RSFSR)
30 Dec 1922 - 12 Jan 1938  Grigory Ivanovich Petrovsky        (b. 1878 - d. 1958)  AUCP
                             (Ukrainian SSR) 
30 Dec 1922 - 16 Jun 1937  Aleksandr Grigoryevich Chervyakov  (b. 1892 - d. 1937)  AUCP
                             (Byelorussian SSR) 
30 Dec 1922 - 19 Mar 1925  Nariman Kerbalay Nadzhaf-ogly      (b. 1870 - d. 1925)  AUCP
                             Narimanov (Transcaucasian SFSR)
21 May 1925 - Jun 1937     Gazanfar Makhmud-ogly Musabekov    (b. 1888 - d. 1938)  AUCP
                             (Transcaucasian SFSR) 
21 May 1925 - 21 Jul 1937  Nedirbay Aytakov (Turkmen SSR)     (b. 1894 - d. 1938)  AUCP
21 May 1925 - 17 Jun 1937  Fayzulla Ubaydullayevich           (b. 1896 - d. 1938)  AUCP
                             Khodzhayev (Uzbek SSR)
18 Mar 1931 -  4 Jan 1934  Nusratulla Maksum Lutfullayev      (b. 1881 - d. 1938)  AUCP
                             (Tadjik SSR)
 4 Jan 1934 - Sep 1937     Abdullo Rakhimbayevich Rakhimbayev (b. 1896 - d. 1938)  AUCP
                             (Tadjik SSR)
Chairmen of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
12 Jan 1938 - 17 Jan 1938  Andrey Andreyevich Andreyev        (b. 1895 - d. 1971)  AUCP
                           + Nikolay Mikhailovich Shvernik    (b. 1888 - d. 1970)  AUCP
                           (acting)
17 Jan 1938 - 19 Mar 1946  Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin          (s.a.)               AUCP
19 Mar 1946 - 15 Mar 1953  Nikolay Mikhailovich Shvernik      (s.a.)               AUCP/CPSU
15 Mar 1953 -  7 May 1960  Kliment Yefremovich Voroshilov     (b. 1881 - d. 1969)  CPSU
 7 May 1960 - 15 Jul 1964  Leonid Ilich Brezhnev (1st time)   (s.a.)               CPSU
15 Jul 1964 -  9 Dec 1965  Anastas Ivanovich Mikoyan          (b. 1895 - d. 1978)  CPSU
 9 Dec 1965 - 16 Jun 1977  Nikolay Viktorovich Podgorny       (b. 1903 - d. 1983)  CPSU
16 Jun 1977 - 10 Nov 1982  Leonid Ilich Brezhnev (2nd time)   (s.a.)               CPSU
10 Nov 1982 - 16 Jun 1983  Vasily Vasilyevich Kuznetsov       (b. 1901 - d. 1990)  CPSU
                             (1st time)(acting)
16 Jun 1983 -  9 Feb 1984  Yury Vladimirovich Andropov        (s.a.)               CPSU
 9 Feb 1984 - 11 Apr 1984  Vasily Vasilyevich Kuznetsov       (s.a.)               CPSU
                             (2nd time)(acting)
11 Apr 1984 - 10 Mar 1985  Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko    (s.a.)               CPSU
10 Mar 1985 -  2 Jul 1985  Vasily Vasilyevich Kuznetsov       (s.a.)               CPSU
                             (3rd time)(acting)
 2 Jul 1985 -  1 Oct 1988  Andrey Andreyevich Gromyko         (b. 1909 - d. 1989)  CPSU
 1 Oct 1988 - 25 May 1989  Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev      (s.a.)               CPSU
Chairman of the Supreme Soviet
25 May 1989 - 15 Mar 1990  Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev      (s.a.)               CPSU
President
15 Mar 1990 - 25 Dec 1991  Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev      (s.a.)               CPSU;
                             (suspended 19 Aug 1991-21 Aug 1991)         24 Aug 1991 Non-party
19 Aug 1991 - 21 Aug 1991³ Gennady Ivanovich Yanayev          (b. 1937 - d. 2010)  CPSU
                             (acting; in rebellion)

Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars
 6 Jul 1923 - 21 Jan 1924  Vladimir Ilich Lenin               (s.a.)               RCP
21 Jan 1924 -  2 Feb 1924  Lev Borisovich Kamenev             (b. 1883 - d. 1936)  RCP
                           + Aleksey Ivanovich Rykov          (b. 1881 - d. 1938)  RCP
                           + Alexander Dmitriyevich Tsyurupa  (b. 1870 - d. 1928)  RCP
                           + Vlas Yakovlevich Chubar          (b. 1891 - d. 1939)  RCP
                           + Mamia Dmitriyevich Orakhelishvili(b. 1881 - d. 1937)  RCP
                           (acting)
23 Jan 1924 - 19 Dec 1930  Aleksey Ivanovich Rykov            (s.a.)               RCP/AUCP
19 Dec 1930 -  6 May 1941  Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov    (b. 1890 - d. 1986)  AUCP
 6 May 1941 - 15 Mar 1946  Josef Vissarionovich Stalin        (s.a.)               AUCP
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers
15 Mar 1946 -  5 Mar 1953  Josef Vissarionovich Stalin        (s.a.)               AUCP
 6 Mar 1953 -  8 Feb 1955  Georgy Maksimilianovich Malenkov   (b. 1902 - d. 1988)  CPSU
 8 Feb 1955 - 27 Mar 1958  Nikolay Aleksandrovich Bulganin    (b. 1895 - d. 1975)  CPSU
27 Mar 1958 - 15 Oct 1964  Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev      (s.a.)               CPSU
15 Oct 1964 - 23 Oct 1980  Aleksey Nikolayevich Kosygin       (b. 1904 - d. 1980)  CPSU
23 Oct 1980 - 27 Sep 1985  Nikolay Aleksandrovich Tikhonov    (b. 1905 - d. 1997)  CPSU
27 Sep 1985 - 14 Jan 1991  Nikolay Ivanovich Ryzhkov          (b. 1929)            CPSU
Prime minister
14 Jan 1991 - 22 Aug 1991  Valentin Sergeyevich Pavlov        (b. 1937 - d. 2003)  CPSU
22 Aug 1991 -  6 Sep 1991  Vacant
Chairman of the Committee on Operative Management of the National Economy (from 20 Sep
1991 also Chairman of the Interrepublican Economic Committee; from 14 Nov 1991 Chairman
of the Interstate Economic Committee - Prime Minister of the Economic Commonwealth)
 6 Sep 1991 - 25 Dec 1991  Ivan Stepanovich Silayev           (b. 1930)            Non-party

 ¹In Mar 1919, the 8th communist party congress reinstated the Politburo (Political Bureau) that briefly existed on the eve of the 1917 Bolshevik coup, to provide effective leadership during the revolution. The immense authority of Vladimir Lenin (s.a.), who himself maintained the vague idea of party equality, gave enough basis for effective decision making without electing a formal chairman. Lenin retained only the post of a member of the Central Committee and that of the Politburo. On 3 Apr 1922, the Central Committee elected Josef Stalin (s.a.)
to the new post of General Secretary (with Valerian Kuybyshev and Vyacheslav Molotov as secretaries), this post was not considered to be party chairman at that time. The party charter adopted by the 12th party conference in Aug 1922 prescribed to elect the Secretariat of three members, but it did not include a clause on post of General Secretary. The complex structure of higher party bodies by the time of Stalin's death was complicated with creation of a new body, the Presidium, in place of the Politburo, at the 19th party congress (Oct 1952). The new party charter adopted by this congress was immediately violated by creating the Bureau (buro) of the Presidium that was never meant to be set up according to the charter. The complexity of this structure probably influenced the decisions of the joint session of the Central Committee, the Council of Ministers and the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, which two hours prior to Stalin's death appointed Georgy Malenkov (s.a.) as his successor in the office of the Chairman of the Council of Ministers, but never debated the election of the General Secretary. The plenum put Nikita Khrushchev (s.a.) in charge of the secretariat assigning him to preside at the secretariat meetings, his title was not officially changed until 7 Sep 1953, when the Central Committee elected him First Secretary. Khrushchev used this title to consolidate his power and by 1957 it was clear that the post became crucial in the party top leadership. After an attempted party coup, (by Malenkov, Kaganovich and Molotov) 18-29 Jun 1957, Khrushchev retained the office and turned it into a post equal to party president.  At that time the appointment of Leonid Brezhnev to the post of First Secretary, that post had already been seen as the highest office of the party. The 23rd party congress (1966) changed the party charter, reinstating the Politburo and the post of General Secretary which became the official post of the party head. The Communist Party was suspended 29 Aug 1991 following the attempted coup against Gorbachev (s.a.).
  From resignation of General Secretary Gorbachev on 24 Aug 1991 to the suspension of the CPSU on 29 Aug 1991, Vladimir Antonovich Ivashko (b. 1932 - d. 1994) who was the Deputy General Secretary did not accept the office of or act as General Secretary.

 ²Chairmen of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR (CECUSSR) was a collective body comprised by several chairmen, in principle one of each constituent SSR, although Kalinin (from Russian SFSR) was often viewed as the single chairman.

 ³The State Council for the State of Emergency (SCSE) took the power on 19 August 1991, the failed coup and was disbanded two days after. The paramount Soviet leaders comprised it: Vice-President Gennady Ivanovich Yanayev (s.a.); Prime Minister Valentin Sergeyevich Pavlov (s.a.); KGB chairman Vladimir Kryuchkov (b. 1924 - d. 2007); Defense Minister Dmitry Timofeyevich Yazov  (b. 1923); Home Minister Boris Karlovich Pugo (b. 1937 - d. 1991); Deputy chairman of the Defense Council Oleg Dmitriyevich Baklanov (b. 1932); Chairman of the Peasants' Union Vasily Alexandrovich Starodubtsev (b. 1931 - d. 2011); and Chairman of the Association of State Enterprises Aleksandr Ivanovich Tizyakov (b. 1926).

Territorial Disputes: Bilateral negotiations are under way to resolve disputed sections of the boundary with China; U.S. Government has not recognized the incorporation of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania into the Soviet Union; Etorofu, Kunashiri, and Shikotan Islands and the Habomai island group occupied by Soviet Union since 1945, claimed by Japan; maritime dispute with Norway over portion of Barents Sea; has made no territorial claim in Antarctica (but has reserved the right to do so) and does not recognize the claims of any other nation; Kurdish question among Iran, Iraq, Syria, Turkey, and the U.S.S.R.

Party abbreviation: CPSU = Communist Party of the Soviet Union (communist, Marxist-Lennist, authoritarian: From 1898-1918 the Communist Party of the Soviet Union [CPSU] was known as Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party-Bolsheviks [RSDLP-B]; from 1918-1925 as Russian Communist Party of Bolsheviks [RCP]; from 1925-1952 as All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks [AUCP] -only legal party 1922 - 7 Feb 1990; party suspended from 29 Aug 1991)

18 Nov 1917                No official style adopted; various styles used: Russian Soviet
                             Republic, Russian Republic, etc.
19 Jul 1918                Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
30 Dec 1922                Part of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union).
12 Jun 1991                Declaration of state sovereignty adopted.
25 Dec 1991                U.S.S.R. dissolved; Russian S.F.S.R. independent as Russia.

Chairmen of the Bureau of the Central Committee of the CPSU for Russian S.F.S.R. 
27 Feb 1956 - 16 Nov 1964  Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev      (b. 1894 - d. 1971)
16 Nov 1964 -  8 Apr 1966  Leonid Ilich Brezhnev              (b. 1906 - d. 1982)
 8 Apr 1966 -  9 Dec 1989  disbanded
Chairman of the Russian Bureau of the Central Committee of the CPSU
 9 Dec 1989 - 19 Jun 1990  Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev      (b. 1931)
First Secretaries of the Central Committee of Communist Party of Russian S.F.S.R. 
23 Jun 1990 -  6 Aug 1991  Ivan Kuzmich Polozkov              (b. 1935)
 6 Aug 1991 - 23 Aug 1991  Valentin Aleksandrovich Kuptsov    (b. 1937)

Chairmen of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee
 9 Nov 1917 - 21 Nov 1917  Lev Borisovich Kamenev             (b. 1883 - d. 1936)  RSDLP-B/RCP
21 Nov 1917 - 16 Mar 1919  Yakov Mikhailovich Sverdlov        (b. 1885 - d. 1919)  RSDLP-B/RCP
16 Mar 1919 - 30 Mar 1919  Mikhail Fyodorovich Vladimirsky    (b. 1874 - d. 1951)  RCP
                             (acting)
30 Mar 1919 - 15 Jul 1938  Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin          (b. 1875 - d. 1946)  RCP/AUCP
Chairman of the Supreme Soviet
15 Jul 1938 - 19 Jul 1938  Andrey Aleksandrovich Zhdanov      (b. 1896 - d. 1948)  AUCP
Chairmen of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
19 Jul 1938 -  4 Mar 1944  Aleksey Yegorovich Badayev         (b. 1883 - d. 1951)  AUCP
 9 Apr 1943 -  4 Mar 1944  Ivan Alekseyevich Vlasov           (b. 1903 - d. 1969)  AUCP
                             (acting for Badayev)
 4 Mar 1944 - 25 Jun 1946  Nikolay Mikhailovich Shvernik      (b. 1888 - d. 1970)  AUCP
25 Jun 1946 -  7 Jul 1950  Ivan Alekseyevich Vlasov           (s.a.)               AUCP
 7 Jul 1950 - 16 Apr 1959  Mikhail Petrovich Tarasov          (b. 1899 - d. 1970)  AUCP/CPSU
16 Apr 1959 - 26 Nov 1959  Nikolay Grigoryevich Ignatov       (b. 1901 - d. 1966)  CPSU
                             (1st time) 
26 Nov 1959 - 20 Dec 1962  Nikolay Nikolayevich Organov       (b. 1901 - d. 1982)  CPSU
20 Dec 1962 - 14 Nov 1966  Nikolay Grigoryevich Ignatov       (s.a.)               CPSU
                             (2nd time)
14 Nov 1966 - 23 Dec 1966  Timofey Arkadyevich Akhazov        (b. 1907 - d. 1979)  CPSU
                           + Pyotr Petrovich Sysoyev          (b. 1912 - d. 1986)  CPSU
                           (acting)
23 Dec 1966 - 26 Mar 1985  Mikhail Alekseyevich Yasnov        (b. 1906 - d. 1991)  CPSU
26 Mar 1985 -  3 Oct 1988  Vladimir Pavlovich Orlov           (b. 1921 - d. 1999)  CPSU
 3 Oct 1988 - 29 May 1990  Vitaly Ivanovich Vorotnikov        (b. 1926)            CPSU
Chairman of the Supreme Soviet
29 May 1990 - 10 Jul 1991  Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin         (b. 1931 - d. 2007)  CPSU:12 Jul
                                                                                1990 Non-party

Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars ("Sovnarkom")
 8 Nov 1917 - 21 Jan 1924  Vladimir Ilich Lenin               (b. 1870 - d. 1924)  RSDLP-B/RCP
21 Jan 1924 -  2 Feb 1924  Aleksey Ivanovich Rykov            (b. 1881 - d. 1938)  RCP
                           + Lev Borisovich Kamenev           (s.a.)               RCP
                           + Alexander Dmitriyevich Tsyurupa  (b. 1870 - d. 1928)  RCP
                           (acting)
 2 Feb 1924 - 18 May 1929  Aleksey Ivanovich Rykov            (s.a.)               RCP/AUCP
18 May 1929 -  3 Nov 1930  Sergey Ivanovich Syrtsov           (b. 1893 - d. 1937)  AUCP
 3 Nov 1930 - 22 Jul 1937  Danil Yegorovich Sulimov           (b. 1890 - d. 1937)  AUCP
                             (arrested 27 Jun 1937)
22 Jul 1937 - 17 Sep 1938  Nikolay Aleksandrovich Bulganin    (b. 1895 - d. 1975)  AUCP
17 Sep 1938 -  2 Jun 1940  Vasily Vasilyevich Vakhrushev      (b. 1902 - d. 1947)  AUCP
                             (acting to 29 Jul 1939)
 2 Jun 1940 - 23 Jun 1943  Ivan Sergeyevich Khokhlov          (b. 1895 - d. 1973)  AUCP
 5 May 1942 -  2 May 1943  Konstantin Dmitriyevich Pamfilov   (b. 1901 - d. 1943)  AUCP
                             (acting for Khokhlov) 
23 Jun 1943 - 23 Mar 1946  Aleksey Nikolayevich Kosygin       (b. 1904 - d. 1980)  AUCP
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers
23 Mar 1946                Aleksey Nikolayevich Kosygin       (s.a.)               AUCP
23 Mar 1946 -  9 Mar 1949  Mikhail Nikolayevich Rodionov      (b. 1907 - d. 1950)  AUCP
 9 Mar 1949 - 20 Oct 1952  Boris Nikolayevich Chernousov      (b. 1908 - d. 1978)  AUCP
20 Oct 1952 - 24 Jan 1956  Aleksandr Mikhailovich Puzanov     (b. 1906 - d. 1998)  CPSU
24 Jan 1956 - 19 Dec 1957  Mikhail Alekseyevich Yasnov        (s.a.)               CPSU
19 Dec 1957 - 27 Feb 1958  Frol Stepanovich Kozlov            (b. 1908 - d. 1965)  CPSU
31 Mar 1958 - 23 Nov 1962  Dmitry Stepanovich Polyansky       (b. 1917 - d. 2001)  CPSU
23 Nov 1962 - 23 Jul 1971  Gennady Ivanovich Voronov          (b. 1910 - d. 1994)  CPSU
23 Jul 1971 - 28 Jul 1971  Aleksey Mikhailovich Shkolnikov    (b. 1914 - d. 2003)  CPSU
                           + Nikolay Fyodorovich Vasilyev     (b. 1916 - d. 2011)  CPSU
                           (acting)
28 Jul 1971 - 24 Jun 1983  Mikhail Sergeyevich Solomentsev    (b. 1913 - d. 2008)  CPSU
24 Jun 1983 -  3 Oct 1988  Vitaly Ivanovich Vorotnikov        (s.a.)               CPSU
 3 Oct 1988 - 15 Jun 1990  Aleksandr Vladimirovich Vlasov     (b. 1932 - d. 2002)  CPSU
15 Jun 1990 - 26 Sep 1991  Ivan Stepanovich Silayev           (b. 1930)            Non-party

Party abbreviation: CPSU = Communist Party of the Soviet Union (communist, Marxist-Lennist, authoritarian: From 1898-1918 the Communist Party of the Soviet Union [CPSU] was known as Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party-Bolsheviks [RSDLP-B]; from 1918-1925 as Russian Communist Party of Bolsheviks [RCP]; from 1925-1952 as All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks [AUCP] -only legal party 1922 - 7 Feb 1990, suspended 29 Aug 1991 [Communist Party of Russian S.F.S.R est. 23 Jun 1990, suspended from 23 Aug 1991, dissolved 6 Nov 1991])

Note: Although the U.S.S.R. was "Soviet Socialist" from its founding, all the republics began as "Socialist Soviet" and did not change to the other order until various dates in 1937. In addition, in the national languages of several republics the word "Council/Conciliar" in the respective language was only quite late changed to an adaptation of the Russian "Soviet" - and never in others, e.g., Ukraine.

For the individual Soviet Socialist Republics of the Soviet Union see individual listings:
 

Presidents
10 Jul 1991 - 31 Dec 1999  Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin         (b. 1931 - d. 2007)  Ind
22 Sep 1993 -  4 Oct 1993  Aleksandr Vladimirovich Rutskoy    (b. 1947)
                             (acting; in opposition)
 5 Nov 1996 -  6 Nov 1996  Viktor Stepanovich Chernomyrdin    (b. 1938 - d. 2010)  NDR
                             (acting for Yeltsin) 
31 Dec 1999 -  7 May 2008  Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin       (b. 1952)        Ind;4-15-08 URP
                             (acting to 7 May 2000)
 7 May 2008 -              Dmitry Anatolyevich Medvedev       (b. 1965)            Ind
   

Prime ministers
26 Sep 1991 -  6 Nov 1991  Oleg Ivanovich Lobov (acting)      (b. 1937)            Non-party
 6 Nov 1991 - 15 Jun 1992  Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin         (s.a.)               Non-party
15 Jun 1992 - 14 Dec 1992  Yegor Timurovich Gaidar (acting)   (b. 1956 - d. 2009)  YA
14 Dec 1992 - 23 Mar 1998  Viktor Stepanovich Chernomyrdin    (s.a.)               NDR
                             (1st time)
23 Mar 1998  (hours)       Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin (acting)(s.a.)               Non-party
23 Mar 1998 - 23 Aug 1998  Sergey Vladilenovich Kiriyenko     (b. 1962)            Non-party
                             (acting to 24 Apr 1998) 
23 Aug 1998 - 11 Sep 1998  Viktor Stepanovich Chernomyrdin    (s.a.)               NDR
                             (2nd time)(acting)
11 Sep 1998 - 12 May 1999  Yevgeny Maksimovich Primakov       (b. 1929)            Non-party
12 May 1999 -  9 Aug 1999  Sergey Vadimovich Stepashin        (b. 1952)            Non-party
                             (acting to 19 May 1999)
 9 Aug 1999 -  7 May 2000  Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin       (s.a.)               Non-party
                             (1st time)(acting to 16 Aug 1999)
 7 May 2000 - 24 Feb 2004  Mikhail Mikhailovich Kasyanov      (b. 1957)            Non-party
                             (acting to 17 May 2000)
24 Feb 2004 -  5 Mar 2004  Viktor Borisovich Khristenko       (b. 1957)            Non-party
                             (acting)
 5 Mar 2004 - 14 Sep 2007  Mikhail Yefimovich Fradkov         (b. 1950)            Non-party
                             (acting 7-12 May 2004, from 12 Sep 2007)
14 Sep 2007 -  8 May 2008  Viktor Alekseyevich Zubkov         (b. 1941)            Non-party
 8 May 2008 -              Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin       (s.a.)               URP
                             (2nd time)

Territorial Disputes: China and Russia have demarcated the once disputed islands at the Amur and Ussuri confluence and in the Argun River in accordance with the 2004 Agreement, ending their centuries-long border disputes; the sovereignty dispute over the islands of Etorofu, Kunashiri, Shikotan, and the Habomai group, known in Japan as the "Northern Territories" and in Russia as the "Southern Kurils," occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, now administered by Russia, and claimed by Japan, remains the primary sticking point to signing a peace treaty formally ending World War II hostilities; Russia's military support and subsequent recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia independence in 2008 continue to sour relations with Georgia; Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Russia ratified Caspian seabed delimitation treaties based on equidistance, while Iran continues to insist on a one-fifth slice of the lake; Norway and Russia signed a comprehensive maritime boundary agreement in 2010; various groups in Finland advocate restoration of Karelia (Kareliya) and other areas ceded to the Soviet Union following the Second World War but the Finnish Government asserts no territorial demands; in May 2005, Russia recalled its signatures to the 1996 border agreements with Estonia (1996) and Latvia (1997), when the two Baltic states announced issuance of unilateral declarations referencing Soviet occupation and ensuing territorial losses; Russia demands better treatment of ethnic Russians in Estonia and Latvia; Estonian citizen groups continue to press for realignment of the boundary based on the 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty that would bring the now divided ethnic Setu people and parts of the Narva region within Estonia; Lithuania and Russia committed to demarcating their boundary in 2006 in accordance with the land and maritime treaty ratified by Russia in May 2003 and by Lithuania in 1999; Lithuania operates a simplified transit regime for Russian nationals traveling from the Kaliningrad coastal exclave into Russia, while still conforming, as an EU member state with an EU external border, where strict Schengen border rules apply; preparations for the demarcation delimitation of land boundary with Ukraine have commenced; the dispute over the boundary between Russia and Ukraine through the Kerch Strait and Sea of Azov remains unresolved despite a Dec 2003 framework agreement and on-going expert-level discussions; Kazakhstan and Russia boundary delimitation was ratified on November 2005 and field demarcation should commence in 2007; Russian Duma has not yet ratified 1990 Bering Sea Maritime Boundary Agreement with the US; Denmark (Greenland) and Norway have made submissions to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental shelf (CLCS) and Russia is collecting additional data to augment its 2001 CLCS submission.

Party abbreviations: Ind = Independent; KPRF = Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Rossiiskoi Federatsii (Communist Party of the Russian Federation, communist); NDR = Nash dom Rossiya (Our Home is Russia, centerist, reformist, est.1995); OVR = Otecestvo - Vsja Rossija (Fatherland - All Russia, centrist, est.1999); URP = Yedinaya Rossiya (United Russia Party, Putin personalist, est.2001); YA = Jabloko Alliance (Apple alliance, liberal)

                   12 Nov 1920 - 15 Nov 1922

 7 Mar 1920                Provisional Government of Pribaikalia proclaimed at
                             Verkhneudinsk in part of the Lake Baikal (Transbaikal).
 6 Apr 1920                Independence declared (Far Eastern Republic).
14 May 1920                Recognized by Russian S.F.S.R.
Aug 1920                   Amur and Khabarovsk regions added.
Nov 1920                   Remainder of the Baikal area annexed.
Dec 1920                   Chukotka and Kamchatka ceded to the Russian S.F.S.R.
12 Dec 1920 - 26 May 1921  Primorye (Vladivostok) part of the Far Eastern Republic.
25 Oct 1922                Primorye re-incorporated into Far Eastern Republic.
15 Nov 1922                Incorporated into the Russian S.F.S.R. (see Russian SFSR admin.)

Chairmen of the Government (Heads of State)
 7 Mar 1920 - Dec 1921     Aleksandr Mikhailovich Krasnoshchekov (b. 1880 - d. 1937)  RSDLP
                             (provisional to 6 Apr 1920)
Dec 1921 - 15 Nov 1922     Nikolay Mikhailovich Matveyev         (b. 1877 - d. 1951)  RSDLP

Chairmen of the Council of Ministers (Prime ministers)
 6 Apr 1920 - Nov 1920     Aleksandr Mikhailovich Krasnoshchekov (s.a.)               RSDLP
Nov 1920 - Apr 1921        Boris Zakharovich Shumyatsky          (b. 1886 - d. 1938)  RSDLP
 8 May 1921 - Dec 1921     Pyotr Mikhailovich Nikiforov          (b. 1882 - d. 1974)  RSDLP
Dec 1921 - 14 Nov 1922     Nikolay Mikhailovich Matveyev         (s.a.)               RSDLP
14 Nov 1922 - 15 Nov 1922  Pyotr Alekseyevich Kobozev            (b. 1878 - d. 1941)  RSDLP

Party abbreviation: RSDLP = Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party (communist)

1069                       Part of Novgorod.
1478                       Part of Russia.
Aug 1583 - 28 May 1595     Provisionally ceded to Sweden.
1611                       Occupied by Sweden.
 9 Mar 1617                Ceded by Russia to Sweden in Treaty of Stolbovo; includes the
                             provinces of Ingria and Karelia (Kexholm). The kings of
                             Sweden styled "Dukes of Karelians and Lords over Ingria."
12 May 1703                Occupied by Russia; city of St. Petersburg founded on 27 May.
10 Sep 1721                Formally ceded to Russia by Sweden in Treaty of Nystad.
23 Jan 1920 -  5 Dec 1920  North Ingermanland declares independence.

Governors of Ingermanland
1583 - 1592                ....
1592 - 1597                Arvid Eriksson Stålarm Lindöst ja     (b. c.1549 - d. 1620)
                             Grabbackast (governor of Narva)
1601 - 1607                Samuel Nilsson till Hässle            (b. 15.. - d. 1607) 
1607 - 1613                Philip von Scheiding                  (b. 1578 - d. 1646) 
1613 - 1615                Evert Karlsson Horn af Kanckas        (b. 1585 - d. 1615) 
1615 - 1617                Anders Eriksson Hästehufvud (1st time)(b. 1577 - d. 1657) 
1617 - 1620                Carl Carlsson friherre Gyllenhielm    (b. 1574 - d. 1650) 
1620 - 1622                Henrik Klasson Fleming                (b. 1584 - d. 1650) 
1622 - 1626                Anders Eriksson Hästehufvud (2nd time)(s.a.)
1626 - 1629                Nils Assersson Mannersköld            (b. 1586 - d. 1655)
1629                       Henrik Mattias greve von Thurn        (b. 1580 - d. 1640)
Governors-general of Ingermanland and Livland
29 Nov 1629 - 1634         Johann Bengtson Schroderus friherre   (b. 1577 - d. 1645)
                             Skytte af Duderhof 
16 Oct 1634 - 1642         Bengt Bengtsson friherre              (b. 1591 - d. 1643)
                             Oxenstierna af Eka och Lindö
Governors-general of Ingermanland and County of Kexholm
1642 - 1645                Erik Carlsson friherre                (b. 1602 - d. 1657)
                             Gyllenstierna af Lundholm
1645 - 1651                Carl friherre Mörner                  (b. 1605 - d. 1665)
1651 - 1654                Erik greve Stenbock                   (b. 1612 - d. 1659)
1654 - 1657                Gustaf Evertsson friherre Horn        (b. 1614 - d. 1666)
                             af Marienborg
1657 - 1659                Christer Claesson friherre Horn       (b. 1622 - d. 1692)
                             af Amyne
1659 - 1664                Simon Grundel-Helmfelt (1st time)     (b. 1617 - d. 1677)
1664 - 1668                Jacob Johan Justusson friherre        (b. 1624 - d. 1695)
                             Taube af Kudding (1st time)
1668 - 1673                Simon Grundel-Helmfelt (2nd time)     (s.a.)
1673 - 1678                Jacob Johan Justusson friherre        (s.a.)
                             Taube af Kudding (2nd time)
1678                       Gustaf Adam greve Banér               (b. 1624 - d. 1681)
1678 - 1681                Jacob Johan Justusson friherre        (s.a.)
                             Taube af Kudding (3rd time)
Governors
1681 - 1682                Martin Schultz von Ascheraden         (b. 1660 - d. 1730)
1682 - 1683                Hans friherre von Fersen              (b. 1625 - d. 1684)
1683 - 1687                Göran greve von Sperling              (b. 1630 - d. 1691)
Governors-general
1687 - 1691                Göran greve von Sperling              (s.a.)
1691 - 1698                Otto Wilhelm friherre von Fersen      (b. 1623 - d. 1703)
 4 Jul 1698 - 1703         Otto greve Wellingk                   (b. 1649 - d. 1708)
Chairmen of Governing Council (in Kirjasalo)
 9 Jul 1919 - Sep 1919     Santeri Termonen
14 Sep 1919 - Nov 1919     Juho Pekka Kokko                      (b. 1865 - d. 1939)
16 Nov 1919 - May 1920     Georg (Yrjö) Elfvengren               (b. 1889 - d. 1927)
Jun 1920 -  5 Dec 1920     Jukka Tirranen

Swedish Noble titles: greve = Count; friherre = Baron.

1801                       The Inner Horde (also called Buqei Horde) a nomadic state
                            (under Russian suzerainty) founded in 1801 in territory between 
                             Volga and Yaik (Ural) rivers (to the North from Caspian sea)
                             where 5,000 families of Kazakhs from Younger Kazakh Zhuz tribe
                             settled. 
1812                       Khanate of the Inner Horde.
1845                       Post of Khan was abolished and khanate was ruled by Provisional
                             Council which consisted of Russian government officials.
1876                       Incorporated into Astrakhan province of the Russian Empire.

Sultan
1801 - 1812                Buqei                                (d. 1812)
Khans
1812 - 1815                Buqei                                (s.a.)
1815 - 1823                Shighai                              (d. 1823)
1823 - 1845                Jangher                              (d. 1845)
1836 - 1837                Isatai Tamanov 
                             (in rebellion)
Provisional Council
1845 - 1876                Russian officials

c.1632                     The Torghut branch (known as the Kalmyks) of the Mongolian Oirats 
                             settled along the lower Volga River (in modern day Russia and
                             Kazakhstan).
1664                       Under Russian suzerainty.
 4 Jan 1771                Ubashi and a majority of the Kalmyks return to Dzungaria.
19 Oct 1771                Incorporated into Astrakhan province of Russian Empire.

Khans
1670 - 1713                Ayuka (1st time)        (b. 1642 - d. 1724)
1713 - 171.                Chadurdzab
171. - 1724                Ayuka (2nd time) 
20 Sep 1724 - 17 Mar 1735  Cheren Donduk
1724 - 1737                Dharmapala (f) -Regent
 3 Mar 1737 - 21 Mar 1741  Donduk Ombu             (d. 1741)
1741                       Kandul I                (d. 1781)
1741                       Gan (f) -Regent
1741 - 21 Jan 1761         Donduk Ta'lshi          (d. 1761)
1761 -  4 Jan 1771         Ubashi

1905 - 1945

Map of Karafuto

Capital: Toyohara (Otomari 1905-1908)

Currency: Japanese Yen (JPY)

Population: 415,000 (1940 est.)

1287 - 131.                Mongols garrison Sakhalin.
1616                       Ming dynasty China sends troops to the islands.
1644                       Claimed as a Japanese vassal by Lord Matsumae, 
                             named Kita Ezo (North Hokkaido).
1679                       Japanese establish trading post at Otomari (Korsakov).
 2 Aug 1689                Chinese sovereignty confirmed by Treaty of Nerchnishk. 
1845                       Claimed by Japan.
 1 Aug 1850                Russia claims Sakhalin Island.
 3 Oct 1853                Northern Sakhalin claimed for Russia.
 7 Feb 1867                Sakhalin a joint condominium of Japan and Russia.
 7 May 1875                Sakhalin incorporated into Russia.
24 Jun 1905                Southern Sakhalin occupied by Japan (Russian
                             forces surrender 16 Jul 1905).
 5 Sep 1905                Karafuto (southern Sakhalin Island) ceded to Japan
                             (formally from 25 Nov 1905)(Karafuto department).
 1 Apr 1907                Karafuto prefecture.
1920                       Karafuto designated an external territory of Japan.
22 Apr 1920 - 14 May 1925  Northern Sakhalin (Sakhalinskaya oblast) occupied by Japan.
 1 Nov 1942                Karafuto incorporated into the Japanese home islands.
25 Aug 1945                Soviet occupation.
 2 Feb 1946                Incorporation into U.S.S.R. (part of Khabarovsk kray
                             as Southern Sakhalin oblast).
 2 Jan 1947                Part of Sakhalin oblast (see Russian SFSR Admin.).
 8 Sep 1951                Japan formally renounced sovereignty over southern Sakhalin
                             by the Treaty of San Francisco.

Military governor 
24 Jun 1905 - 31 Mar 1907  Kensai Haraguchi                   (b. 1874 - d. 1919)
Civil governor (Director of Department of Civil Affairs)
28 Jul 1905 - 31 Mar 1907  Kiichiro Kumagai  
Governors 
 1 Apr 1907 - 24 Apr 1908  Yukihiko Konosuke 
24 Apr 1908 - 12 Jun 1908  Takejiro Tokonami                  (b. 1866 - d. 1935)
12 Jun 1908 -  5 Jun 1914  Jotaro Hiraoka                     (b. 1863? - d. 19..)
 5 Jun 1914 -  9 Oct 1916  Bunji Okada                        (b. 1874 - d. 19..)
13 Oct 1916 - 17 Apr 1919  Akira Masaya (1st time)
17 Apr 1919 - 11 Jun 1924  Kinjiro Nagai                      (b. 1873? - d. 1927)
11 Jun 1924 -  5 Aug 1926  Akira Masaya (2nd time)
 5 Aug 1926 - 27 Jul 1927  Katsuzo Toyoda                     (b. 1882 - d. 1939)
27 Jul 1927 -  9 Jul 1929  Koji Kita                          (b. 1878 - d. 1934)
 9 Jul 1929 - 17 Dec 1931  Shinobu Agata                      (b. 1880? - d. 1942)
17 Dec 1931 -  5 Jul 1932  Masao Kishimoto
 5 Jul 1932 -  7 May 1938  Takeshi Imamura
 7 May 1938 -  9 Apr 1940  Munei Toshikazu 
 9 Apr 1940 -  1 Jul 1943  Masayoshi Ogawa  
 1 Jul 1943 - 25 Aug 1945  Toshio Otsu                        (b. 1892 - d. ....)
Military governors
25 Aug 1945 - 194.         I. Alimov
194. - 1946                Maksim Alekseyevich Purkayev       (b. 1894 - d. 1953)

Head of Civil Administration Department of South Sakhalin and Kuril Islands
Sep 1945 -  2 Feb 1946     Dmitry Nikolayevich Kryukov        (b. 1899 - d. 1985)

1207                       Mongol rule.
1400's                     Khanate of Tuva
end 16th-early 17th cent.  Most of the Tuvinian tribes under the dominion of Sholoy
                             Ubashi-huntaiji, the first Altyn-Khan ("the Golden Khan").
Oct 1616 - 1688            Russian protectorate.
1688                       Under the Dörben Oryiad (Dzungarian Kalmyks).
27 Oct 1727                Chinese sovereignty recognized by Russia under Treaty of Bura.
Mar 1756                   Annexed to China (as Tang-nu Wulianghai). 
Jan 1912                   A congress of clan chiefs declares the territory of several
                             districts "independent" and "under Russian protectorate", but
                             this does not lead to emergence of a polity or a Tuvan central
                             authority.
15 Feb 1912                Paramount chief formally requests Russian protection, which
                             is declined.
Mar 1913                   Declared to be part of Mongolia by Mongolian government.
17 Apr 1914                Declared a Russian 'protected' area (Urjanhai [Uryanhay] kray).
 5 Jul 1918 - 15 Jul 1919  Occupied by Kolchak's "White" Russian troops. 
Autumn 1918                Southwestern Tuva occupied by Chinese troops. Southern Tuva is
                             occupied by Mongolian troops under Khatan Bator Maksarzhab
                             (b. 1877 - d. 1927) until Jun 1920.
Jul 1919 - Feb 1920        Occupation by Russian Red Army.
19 Feb 1920 - Jun 1921     Re-incorporated into China.
14 Aug 1921                Independence declared (People's Republic of Tannu Tuva)
                             under Soviet protectorate (the Russian population of Tannu Tuva 
                             is declared a "Russian Soviet autonomous territory"). 
 9 Sep 1921                Soviet Russia declares and end to its protectorate.
Aug 1926                   Independence recognized by Mongolia in the Mongol-Tuvan
                             Treaty of Friendship and Mutual Recognition.
24 Nov 1926                Tuvinian People's Republic
11 Oct 1944                Incorporated into the U.S.S.R. (confirmed 1 Nov 1944).
10 Oct 1961                Tuvinian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic within R.S.F.S.R.
                             (see R.S.F.S.R. admin.)

General Secretaries of the Tuva People's Revolutionary Party 
1921 - 1923                Nimachyan (Nimazhav, Nimazhap) 
1923                       Lobsang-Osur
 9 Jul 1923 - 15 Mar 1924  Oyun Kursedy (president)
First Secretaries of the Tuva People's Revolutionary Party 
Apr 1924 - Jan 1926        Shagdyr (general secretary)
Jan 1926 - Feb 1927        Mongush Buyan-Badyrgy              (b. 1892 - d. 1932) 
Feb 1927 - Jan 1929        Sodnam Balchir Ambyn-noyon 
Jan 1929 - Mar 1932        Irgit Shagdyrzhap                  (d. 1932)
 6 Mar 1932 - 11 Oct 1944  Salchak Kolbakkhorekovich Toka     (b. 1901 - d. 1973)

Paramount chiefs (title Ambyn-noyon)
(from 1729, subordinated to the Chinese military governors at Uliasutai [Uliastai])
1686 - 1696                Gendun Dayishin Altan Khan
1696 - 1703                Sanchin Senge Altan Khan
1717 - 1720                Qurulmei
c.1720                     Erinchin
c.1722                     Lobsang Shirap
c.1754                     Chilun
1754 - 1757                Tsengumchab
1757 - 17..                .... (3 names not known)
17.. - 1789                Dazhi
1789 - 1794                Danzin
1794 - 1807                Sedenbal
1807 - 1826                Badizhap
1826 - 1861                Lamazhap
1861 - 1862                Shindazin
1862 - 1868                Olzey-Ochur
1868 - 1912                Kombu-Dorzhu (Gombodorchzhy)
1912 - 1913                Agbaan-Demchy
1914 - 1921                Sodnam Balchir                     (d. 1924) 
Chinese Military governors in Uliasutai (Uliastai)
1729 - 1733                Prince Xibao Shucheng
1733 - 1750                Prince Tsereng Chaoyang            (d. 1750)
1750 - 1754                Prince Cenggu Jabu Chaoyang        (d. 1771) 
                             (1st time)
1754                       Bandi
1754 - 1756                Monadzab
1756 - 1771                Prince Cenggu Jabu Chaoyang        (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
1771 - 1780                Prince Lavan Dorji Chaoyang        (d. 1816)
1780 - 1781                Qinggui (1st time)
1781 - 1789                ....
1789 - 1791                Qinggui (2nd time)
1791 - 1795                ....
1795 - 1799                Yongkun                            (d. 1802)
1799 - 1801                Tusang'a
1801 - 1803                ....
1803 - 1807                Chengkuan                          (d. 1807)
1808 - 1810                Dalu  
1810 - 1811                Changling
1812 - 1814                Yuning
1814 - 1818                ....
1818 - 1828                Teyishunbao
1828 - 1839                ....
14 Sep 1839 - 1840         Lianjing               
21 Sep 1840 - 22 Nov 1840  Delenge
22 Nov 1840 - 10 Dec 1840  Lupu (1st time)
10 Dec 1840 - 1843         Yixiang (1st time)                 (d. 1881)
26 Mar 1843 - 28 Mar 1843  Lupu (2nd time)
28 Mar 1843 - 21 Apr 1843  Yixing (1st time)  
21 Apr 1843 - 1846         Guilun
21 Dec 1846 -  6 Feb 1849  Teyishun                           (d. 1849)
 6 Feb 1849 - 1852         Yige
12 Aug 1852 - 1854         Zhalafentai
12 Dec 1854 - 1855         Yixing (2nd time)
15 Oct 1855 - 1856         Yixiang (2nd time)                 (s.a.)
23 Jan 1856 - 1859         Qingru
20 Nov 1859 - 1866         Mingyi
 2 Aug 1866 - 1867         Delekeduorji
26 May 1867 - 1869         Linxing
14 May 1869 - 1871         Fuji                               (d. 1875)
13 Jun 1871 - 1872         Jinshun
23 Sep 1872 - 1874         Changshun
 4 Jun 1874 - 1877         Olohubu                            (b. c.1830 - d. 1901)
20 Aug 1877 - 14 Sep 1877  Hengxun
Sep 1877 - 1879            Chunfu
23 Dec 1879 - 1880         Jihe
16 Jul 1880 - 1889         Dukar                              (d. 1889)
 3 May 1889 - 1891         Tuoketuan
27 Aug 1891 - 1894         Yongde
 4 Dec 1894 - 1897         Chonghuan
 6 Dec 1897 - 1898         Guiheng
27 Oct 1898 - 1905         Lianshun
10 Jan 1905 - 10 Jul 1905  Kuishun
10 Jul 1905 - 1908         Maliang
24 May 1908 - 1910         Kunxiu
 8 Oct 1910 - 1911         Kuifang
Russian Commissioners for the Affairs of Urjanhai kray
Apr 1914 - 1915            A.P. Cererin (Tsererin)
1915 - 1917                Yu.V. Grigoryev
Commissar of the Provisional Government 
Oct 1917 - 16 Mar 1918     Aleksey Aleksandrovich Turchaninov (d. 1919)
Chairmen of the Central Executive Soviet
18 Mar 1918 -  2 May 1918  S.K. Bespalov                      (d. 1918)
 7 May 1918 -  7 Jul 1918  M.M. Terentyev                     (d. 1918)
"White" Russian Governor 
 5 Jul 1918 - 15 Jul 1919  Pyotr Ivanovich Turchaninov  
Leader of the Siberian-Soviet Partisan Army
Jul 1919 - Feb 1920        Aleksey Aleksandrovich Turchaninov (s.a.)
Chinese Governor 
Jan 1920 - Jun 1921        Yan Shichao (Yan Shi-chao)
Chairman of the Constituent Khural
14 Aug 1921 - 15 Aug 1921  Mongush Buyan-Badyrgy              (s.a.)               TPRP 
Chairmen of the Presidium of the Little Hural
18 Sep 1924 -  4 Feb 1929  Nimachyan (Nimazhav)                                    TPRP 
 5 Feb 1929 -  5 Nov 1936  Chuldum Lopsakovi                                       TPRP
 6 Nov 1936 - Feb 1938     Adyg-Tulush Khemchik-ool           (b. 1893 - d. 1938)  TPRP
 2 Mar 1938 -  4 Apr 1940  Oyun Polat                         (b. 1906 - d. 1992)  TPRP 
 6 Apr 1940 - 11 Oct 1944  Khertek Amyrbitovna Anchimaa-      (b. 1912 - d. 2008)  TPRP 
                             Toka (f)

Chairman of the Central Council
15 Aug 1921 - 28 Feb 1922  Sodnam Balchir Ambyn-noyon         (s.a.)               TPRP
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers
 1 Mar 1922 - 15 Aug 1922  Lobsang-Osur                                            TPRP
15 Aug 1922 - 19 Sep 1923  Idam-Syurun (Sürun)                                     TPRP
20 Sep 1923 - 18 Sep 1924  Mongush Buyan-Badyrgy              (s.a.)               TPRP
18 Sep 1924 - 1925         Soyan Oruygu                       (b. 1876 - d. 19..)  TPRP
1925 - Jan 1929            Kuular Donduk                      (b. 1888 - d. 1932)  TPRP
Jan 1929 -  6 Nov 1936     Adyg-Tulush Khemchik-ool           (s.a.)               TPRP 
 6 Nov 1936 - Feb 1938     Sat Churmit-Dazhi                  (b. 1894 - d. 1938)  TPRP
1938 - 1940                Bair Ondar                         (b. 1904 - d. 1986)  TPRP
                             (Aleksey Shirinmeyevich Bair)              
 6 Apr 1940 - 11 Oct 1944  Saryg-Dongak Chymba                (b. 1906 - d. 1985)  TPRP 
                             (Aleksandr Mangeyevich Chimba) 

Party abbreviation: TPRP = Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party (communist, 1921-1944 only legal party)

23 Nov 1990 - 2 Nov 1991

2 Nov 1991 - 11 Oct 2007

Adopted 11 Oct 2007

12 Oct 1813                Sovereignty ceded by Iran to Russia by Treaty of Gulistan.
1818                       Grozny founded by the Russians.
1834                       Imamate of Ichkeria (capital Vedeno)
1859                       Annexed by Russia.
 2 Dec 1917                Independence declared (Emirate of Chechenia).
11 May 1918 -  7 Mar 1920  Part of Republic of North Caucasus Federation
                             (from Sep 1919, North Caucasian Emirate).
 4 Feb 1919 -  7 Mar 1920  Grozny occupied by "White" Russian army under Denikin.
 7 Mar 1920                Part of Russian S.F.S.R.
1921                       Part of Mountain People's Republic.
30 Nov 1922                Chechen autonomous oblast within R.S.F.S.R.
                             (not including Grozny)(see R.S.F.S.R. admin.).
1929                       Grozny added to the Chechen A.O.
15 Jan 1934                Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Region.
 5 Dec 1936                Checheno-Ingush A.S.S.R.
1940 - 1944                Chechen nationalist Khasan Israilov forms an anti-Soviet 
                             Caucasus Provisional Revolutionary People's Government
                             in rebellion.
 7 Mar 1944                Abolished (Grozny oblast).
 5 Jan 1957                Checheno-Ingush A.S.S.R. re-established.
27 Nov 1990                Declaration of state sovereignty.
15 Sep 1991                Ingushetia approves declaration on formation of 
                             Ingush Republic within the R.S.F.S.R.
 1 Nov 1991                Independence declared (Republic of Chechnya)
                             (not recognized).
 1 Dec 1991                Referendum approves creation of an Ingush Republic 
                             within Russia.
10 Dec 1992                Checheno-Ingush A.S.S.R. formally abolished by Russia.
16 Jan 1994                Chechen Republic of Ichkeria
19 Jan 1995 -  6 Aug 1996  Capital Grozny occupied by Russian forces.
12 May 1997                Peace Treaty signed with Russia; Russians withdraw.
30 Sep 1999                Russia begins re-occupation.
 6 Feb 2000                Grozny again captured by Russian forces.
11 Oct 2007                Caucasian Emirate proclaimed, to encompass Chechnya,
                             Ingushetia, Dagestan, Ossetia, Kabardino-Balkariya, Karachayevo
                             -Cherkisiya (Chechen Republic of Ichkeria abolished and converted
                             into vilayat Ichkeria [Nohchiycho] of the Caucasian Emirate).

Rulers
1822 - 1829                Kadir Abdul
                           + Beibulat Tamazov (from 1825)
1830 - 1832                Gazimulla (Ghazi Muhammed)
1832 - 1834                Hamzad Bei (Hamza Beg)
1834 - 1838                Hadzhi Tasho
1838 - 1840                Bulat Mirza
Imams
1834 - 1859                Shamil bin Muhammed
1859 - 1861                Boiskhar Beno                      (b. 1794 - d. 1861)
Emir
 2 Dec 1917 - Mar 1920     Sheikh Uzum Hadji                  (d. 1920)
Chairman of the Supreme Soviet
Mar 1990 - 15 Sep 1991     Doku Gapurovich Zavgayev           (b. 1940)
Chairman of the Supreme Provisional Council 
15 Sep 1991 - 17 Sep 1991  Lecha Dobachevich Magomadov        (b. 1938 - d. 2005)
Chairman of the Provisional Council of Chechen Republic
17 Sep 1991 -  5 Oct 1991  Huseyn Saydaliyevich Akhmadov      (b. 1950)
Chairman of the Executive Committee of the All-National Congress of the Chechen People
 5 Oct 1991 -  7 Oct 1991  Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudayev        (b. 1944 - d. 1996)
                             (1st time)
Chairman of the Supreme Provisional Council of the Chechen-Ingush Republic 
 7 Oct 1991 -  2 Nov 1991  Bagauddin Bakhmadov
                             (in opposition from 8 Oct 1991)
Chairman of the Executive Committee of the All-National Congress of the Chechen People
 8 Oct 1991 -  9 Nov 1991  Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudayev        (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
Presidents
 9 Nov 1991 - 21 Apr 1996  Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudayev        (s.a.)
21 Apr 1996 - 12 Feb 1997  Zelimkhan Abdumuslimovich          (b. 1952 - d. 2004)
                             Yandarbiyev 
12 Feb 1997 -  8 Mar 2005  Aslan Alievich Maskhadov           (b. 1951 - d. 2005)
                             (abandoned Grozny 1 Feb 2000)
 9 Mar 2005 - 17 Jun 2006  Abdul-Khalim Abu-Salamovich        (b. 1967 - d. 2006)
                             Sadulayev
17 Jun 2006 - 11 Oct 2007  Doku Khamadovich Umarov            (b. 1964)
Emir
11 Oct 2007 -              Abu Usman (Doku Umarov)            (s.a.)
23 Nov 2007 -              Akhmed Khalidovich Zakayev         (b. 1956)
                             (chairman of the cabinet of Chechen
                             Republic of Ichkeria, in opposition)
 7 Oct 2010 - Jul 2011     Huseyn Gakayev "Emir Mansur"       (b. 1970)
                             (chairman of the State Committee of Defence
                             of Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, in opposition)

Prime ministers (chairmen of the cabinet of ministers)
Sep 1991 - 22 Nov 1991     Sergey Mazhitovich Bekov           (b. 1939)
Nov 1991 - 16 Jan 1992     Yaragy Mamodayev                   (b. 1953) 
                             (chairman of the Committee on Operative 
                             Management of the National Economy of
                             the Chechen Republic)
16 Jan 1992 - 17 Apr 1993  Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudayev        (s.a.)
17 Apr 1993 - 16 Oct 1996  Post abolished
16 Oct 1996 -  1 Jan 1997  Aslan Alievich Maskhadov (1st time)(s.a.)
 1 Jan 1998 -  3 Jul 1998  Shamil Salmanovich Basayev         (b. 1965 - d. 2006)
                             (acting)
 3 Jul 1998 -  8 Mar 2005  Aslan Alievich Maskhadov (2nd time)(s.a.)
23 Aug 2005 - 17 Jun 2006  Abdul-Khalim Abu-Salamovich        (s.a.)
                             Sadulayev
17 Jun 2006 - 11 Oct 2007  Doku Khamadovich Umarov            (s.a.)

Pro-Moscow Leaders: Republic of Chechnya
 

3 Jan 1995 - 23 Oct 1996

29 Jun 2000 - 25 May 2004

25 May 2004 - 22 Jun  2004

Adopted 22 Jun 2004

Chairman of the Chechen Republic Provisional Council
 2 Aug 1994 -  3 Jan 1995  Umar Dzhunitovich Avturkhanov      (b. 1946)            MP
Chairman of the Government of National Revival
 3 Jan 1995 - 23 Oct 1995  Salambek Khadzhiyev                (b. 1941)
Head of State
24 Oct 1995 -  9 Dec 1996  Doku Gapurovich Zavgayev           (s.a.)
Representative of the Federal Government in Chechnya
15 Oct 1999 - 28 Jun 2000  Nikolay Pavlovich Koshman          (b. 1944)
Head of the Administration
20 Jun 2000 - 27 Mar 2003  Akhmat Abdulhamidovich Kadyrov     (b. 1951 - d. 2004)
Presidents
27 Mar 2003 -  9 May 2004  Akhmat Abdulhamidovich Kadyrov     (s.a.)
                             (acting to 19 Oct 2003)
 5 Aug 2003 - 18 Oct 2003  Anatoly Aleksandrovich Popov       (b. 1960)
                             (acting for Kadyrov)
 9 May 2004 -  5 Oct 2004  Sergey Borisovich Abramov (acting) (b. 1972)
 5 Oct 2004 - 15 Feb 2007  Alu Dadashevich Alkhanov           (b. 1957)
15 Feb 2007 -  2 Sep 2010  Ramzan Akhmatovich Kadyrov         (b. 1976)
                             (acting to 5 Apr 2007)
Head of the Republic
 2 Sep 2010 -              Ramzan Akhmatovich Kadyrov         (s.a.)

Prime ministers
13 Apr 1996 - 17 Nov 1996  Nikolay Pavlovich Koshman          (s.a.)
19 Jan 2001 - 15 Nov 2002  Stanislav Valentinovich Ilyasov    (b. 1953)
15 Nov 2002 - 10 Feb 2003  Mikhail Viktorovich Babich         (b. 1969)
10 Feb 2003 - 17 Mar 2004  Anatoly Aleksandrovich Popov       (s.a.)
 3 Dec 2003 - 17 Mar 2004  Eli Abubakarovich Isayev           (b. 1964)
                             (acting for Popov) 
17 Mar 2004 -  2 Mar 2006  Sergey Borisovich Abramov          (s.a.)
                             (acting 5-15 Oct 2004)
17 Nov 2005 - 10 Apr 2007  Ramzan Akhmatovich Kadyrov         (s.a.)
                             (acting to 4 Mar 2006 [for Abramov to 2 Mar 2006])
10 Apr 2007 -              Odes Khasayevich Baisultanov       (b. 1966)

Party abbreviations: MP = Marsho Party (anti-Dzhokhar Dudayev)