Italy
 

17 Mar 1861 - 18 Jun 1946              17 Mar 1861 - 18 Jun 1946                      Naval Ensign                   Adopted 18 Jun 1946      Map of Italy Hear National Anthem "Il Canto degli Italiani" (The Song of the Italians a.k.a "Inno di Mameli" [Mameli's Hymn])  Text of  National Anthem Adopted Oct 1946  Constitution    (1 Jan 1948) Map of Administrative Divisions Royal 1861-1946 Anthem "Marcia Reale d'Ordinanza"  (Royal March of Ordinance) Fascist Anthem 1922-1943 "Giovinezza" (The Youth)  Constitution ("Statuto") (4 Mar 1848 - 2  Jun 1946) Capital: Rome (Brindisi 9 Sep 1943-Feb 1944; Florence 1865-31 Dec 1870; Turin 1861-1865) Currency: Euro (EUR); 1862 - 1 Jan 2002 Lira (ITL) National Holiday: 2 Jun (1946)  Republic Day ------------------------------------------ Former Holiday: 11 Nov (1869) Birthday of King Vittorio  Emanuele III Population: 58,145,320 (20078) 45,387,000 (1942) GDP: $1.82 trillion (2008) Exports: $566.1 billion (2008) Imports: $566.8 billion (2008) Ethnic groups: Italian 96%, North African Arab 0.9%, Italo-Albanian 0.8%, Albanian 0.5%, German 0.4%, Austrian 0.4%, Italo-Greek, French and other 1% (2000) Total Acive Armed Forces: 191,152 (2006) U.S. Military Forces: 11,400 (2006) Merchant marine: 609 ships (2008) Religions: Roman Catholic 79.6%, nonreligious 13.2%, Muslim 1.2%, Protestant, Jewish and other  6% (2000) International Organizations/Treaties: AC (observer), ACS (observer), ADB (nonregional), AfDB (nonregional), AG, ANT, APM, BIS, BSEC (observer), BTWC, CBSS (observer), CDB (nonregional), CE, CEI, CERN, CFE, CTBT, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EMU, ENMOD, ESA, EU, FAO, G- 7, G- 8, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, IRENA (signatory), ISA, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, KP, LAIA (observer), LU, MIGA, MTCR, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NPT, NSG, NTBT, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, PAM, PCA, SECI (observer), SEGIB (observer), SICA (observer), UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC Italy Index Chronology 508 BC                     Roman Republic 27 BC                      Roman Empire 17 Jan 395                 Divided de jure into Eastern Roman Empire                               (Byzantium) and Western Roman Empire.  23 Aug 476 - 493           Odocader, a Germanic barbarian king in Italy.  from 493                   Conquered by Byzantines, Lombards, Franks,                               Normans, Spanish, Austrians, and French. 26 Jun 1802                Italian Republic (Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna),                               with French First Consul Napoléon Bonaparte as                              President (see under Lombardy). 18 Mar 1805                Kingdom of Italy (Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna and                              Venetia), with Napoléon I, Emperor of the French                              as King of Italy (see under Lombardy). Apr 1814                   Restoration of the independent states. 17 Mar 1861                Kingdom of Italy 20 Sep 1870                Rome annexed from the Papal State.  7 Jun 1929                State of Vatican City established.  9 May 1936 - 19 May 1941  Ethiopia annexed.  6 Apr 1939 -  3 Sep 1943  Albania in personal union with (de facto                              annexation) Italy.  1 May 1943 - 17 Sep 1947  Allied Military occupation. 10 Sep 1943 -  2 May 1945  Northern Italy occupied by Germany                               (Italian Social Republic; in opposition). 10 Sep 1943 -  2 May 1945  Northern Italy occupied by Germany; Trento,                               Bolzano, Belluno, Gorizia, Trieste, and Istria                              administered by Germany (see Tirol                               and Carinthia). 23 Sep 1943 - 28 Apr 1945  Italian Social Republic in opposition to kingdom. 18 Jun 1946                Italian Republic 10 Feb 1947                Peace treaty cedes Fiume and Zadar to Yugoslavia;                               Tende, La Brigue, and other villages to France;                              restores Sazan Island to Albania; and cedes                              Free Territory of Trieste to the Allies. Regions States before 1861 A- N and P -V Allied Military Govt. (AMGOT)  (1943-1947)  Italian Social Republic (Salo) (1943-1945) Partisan Republics (1944) Trieste (1382-1954)  Maps of Italy (c.1400) and (1860-1924) Historic Maps of Italy

Kings¹

17 Mar 1861 -  9 Jan 1878  Vittorio Emanuele II               (b. 1820 - d. 1878) 

 9 Jan 1878 - 29 Jul 1900  Umberto I                          (b. 1844 - d. 1900)

29 Jul 1900 -  9 May 1946  Vittorio Emanuele III              (b. 1869 - d. 1947)

 5 Jul 1944 -  9 May 1946  Prince Umberto di Savoie -Regent   (b. 1904 - d. 1983)

                            (Lieutenant General of the Realm)

 9 May 1946 - 18 Jun 1946  Umberto II                         (s.a.)

Provisional Heads of State 

18 Jun 1946 -  1 Jul 1946  Alcide De Gasperi (acting)         (b. 1881 - d. 1954)  DC

 1 Jul 1946 -  1 Jan 1948  Enrico De Nicola                   (b. 1877 - d. 1959)  PLI

Presidents

 1 Jan 1948 - 12 May 1948  Enrico De Nicola                   (s.a.)               PLI

12 May 1948 - 11 May 1955  Luigi Einaudi                      (b. 1874 - d. 1961)  PLI

11 May 1955 - 11 May 1962  Giovanni Gronchi                   (b. 1887 - d. 1978)  DC

11 May 1962 -  6 Dec 1964  Antonio Segni                      (b. 1891 - d. 1972)  DC

 6 Dec 1964 - 29 Dec 1964  Cesare Merzagora (acting)          (b. 1898 - d. 1991)  DC

29 Dec 1964 - 29 Dec 1971  Giuseppe Saragat                   (b. 1898 - d. 1988)  PSDI

29 Dec 1971 - 15 Jun 1978  Giovanni Leone                     (b. 1908 - d. 2001)  DC

15 Jun 1978 -  9 Jul 1978  Amintore Fanfani (acting)          (b. 1908 - d. 1999)  DC

 9 Jul 1978 - 29 Jun 1985  Alessandro "Sandro" Pertini        (b. 1896 - d. 1990)  PSI

29 Jun 1985 - 28 Apr 1992  Francesco Cossiga                  (b. 1928 - d. 2010)  DC

                             (acting to 3 Jul 1985)

28 Apr 1992 - 28 May 1992  Giovanni Spadolini (acting)        (b. 1925 - d. 1994)  PRI

28 May 1992 - 15 May 1999  Oscar Luigi Scalfaro               (b. 1918 - d. 2012) DC/Non-party

15 May 1999 - 18 May 1999  Nicola Mancino (acting)            (b. 1931)            DS

18 May 1999 - 15 May 2006  Carlo Azeglio Ciampi               (b. 1920)            Non-party

15 May 2006 -              Giorgio Napolitano                 (b. 1925)            DS

 

 

Prime ministers (presidents of the Council of Ministers)

17 Mar 1861 -  6 Jun 1861  Camillo Benso, conte di Cavour     (b. 1810 - d. 1861) Non-party/CD

 6 Jun 1861 -  4 Mar 1862  Bettino Ricasoli,                  (b. 1809 - d. 1880)  Non-party

                             conte Brolio (1st time) 

 4 Mar 1862 -  9 Dec 1862  Urbano Rattazzi (1st time)         (b. 1808 - d. 1873)  CS

 9 Dec 1862 - 24 Mar 1863  Luigi Carlo Farini                 (b. 1812 - d. 1866)  CS

24 Mar 1863 - 23 Sep 1864  Marco Minghetti (1st time)         (b. 1818 - d. 1886)  Des

23 Sep 1864 - 17 Jun 1866  Alfonso Ferrero,                   (b. 1804 - d. 1878)  Des

                             marchese di La Marmora

17 Jun 1866 - 11 Apr 1867  Bettino Ricasoli,                  (s.a.)               CS

                             conte Brolio (2nd time)

11 Apr 1867 - 27 Oct 1867  Urbano Rattazzi (2nd time)         (s.a.)               CS

27 Oct 1867 - 12 Dec 1869  Conte Luigi Federico Menabrea      (b. 1809 - d. 1896)  CD

12 Dec 1869 - 10 Aug 1873  Giovanni Lanza                     (b. 1810 - d. 1882)  Des

10 Aug 1873 - 25 Mar 1876  Marco Minghetti (2nd time)         (s.a.)               Des

25 Mar 1876 - 23 Mar 1878  Agostino Depretis (1st time)       (b. 1813 - d. 1887)  CS

23 Mar 1878 - 18 Dec 1878  Benedetto Cairoli (1st time)       (b. 1825 - d. 1889)  Sin

18 Dec 1878 - 12 Jul 1879  Agostino Depretis (2nd  time)      (s.a.)               CS

12 Jul 1879 - 28 May 1881  Benedetto Cairoli (2nd time)       (s.a.)               Sin

28 May 1881 - 29 Jul 1887  Agostino Depretis (3rd time)       (s.a.)               CS

 8 Aug 1887 -  9 Feb 1891  Francesco Crispi (1st time)        (b. 1819 - d. 1901)  Sin

 9 Feb 1891 - 15 May 1892  Antonio Starabba,                  (b. 1839 - d. 1908)  Des

                             marchese di Rudinì (1st time)

15 May 1892 - 10 Dec 1893  Giovanni Giolitti (1st time)       (b. 1842 - d. 1928)  PL

10 Dec 1893 - 10 Mar 1896  Francesco Crispi (2nd time)        (s.a.)               Sin

10 Mar 1896 - 29 Jun 1898  Antonio Starabba,                  (s.a.)               Des

                             marchese di Rudinì (2nd time)

29 Jun 1898 - 24 Jun 1900  Luigi Pelloux                      (b. 1839 - d. 1924)  Des

24 Jun 1900 - 15 Feb 1901  Giuseppe Saracco                   (b. 1821 - d. 1907)  CS

15 Feb 1901 -  3 Nov 1903  Giuseppe Zanardelli                (b. 1826 - d. 1903)  Sin

 3 Nov 1903 - 27 Mar 1905  Giovanni Giolitti (2nd time)       (s.a.)               PL

27 Mar 1905 -  8 Feb 1906  Alessandro Fortis                  (b. 1842 - d. 1909)  CS

 8 Feb 1906 - 29 May 1906  Barone Sidney Sonnino (1st time)   (b. 1847 - d. 1922)  CD

29 May 1906 - 10 Dec 1909  Giovanni Giolitti (3rd time)       (s.a.)               PL

10 Dec 1909 - 30 Mar 1910  Barone Sidney Sonnino (2nd time)   (s.a.)               CD

30 Mar 1910 - 27 Mar 1911  Luigi Luzzatti                     (b. 1841 - d. 1927)  CD

27 Mar 1911 - 21 Mar 1914  Giovanni Giolitti (4th time)       (s.a.)               PL

21 Mar 1914 - 19 Jun 1916  Antonio Salandra                   (b. 1853 - d. 1931)  Des

19 Jun 1916 - 30 Oct 1917  Paolo Boselli                      (b. 1838 - d. 1932)  CD

30 Oct 1917 - 23 Jun 1919  Vittorio Emanuele Orlando          (b. 1860 - d. 1952)  Des

23 Jun 1919 - 16 Jun 1920  Francesco Saverio Nitti            (b. 1868 - d. 1953)  Rad

16 Jun 1920 -  4 Jul 1921  Giovanni Giolitti (5th time)       (s.a.)               PL

 4 Jul 1921 - 25 Feb 1922  Ivanoe Bonomi (1st time)           (b. 1873 - d. 1951)  PSRI

25 Feb 1922 - 31 Oct 1922  Luigi Facta                        (b. 1861 - d. 1930)  PL

31 Oct 1922 - 25 Jul 1943  Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini   (b. 1883 - d. 1945)  PNF

                             (self-styled Il Duce ["the Leader"])

27 Jul 1943 -  9 Jun 1944  Pietro Badoglio                    (b. 1871 - d. 1956)  Mil

 9 Jun 1944 - 25 Jun 1945  Ivanoe Bonomi (2nd time)           (s.a.)               Non-party

25 Jun 1945 - 10 Dec 1945  Ferruccio Parri                    (b. 1890 - d. 1981)  AP

10 Dec 1945 - 17 Aug 1953  Alcide De Gasperi                  (s.a.)               DC

17 Aug 1953 - 18 Jan 1954  Giuseppe Pella                     (b. 1902 - d. 1981)  DC

18 Jan 1954 -  9 Feb 1954  Amintore Fanfani (1st time)        (s.a.)               DC

 9 Feb 1954 -  6 Jul 1955  Mario Scelba                       (b. 1901 - d. 1991)  DC

 6 Jul 1955 - 19 May 1957  Antonio Segni (1st time)           (s.a.)               DC

19 May 1957 -  2 Jul 1958  Adone Zoli                         (b. 1887 - d. 1960)  DC

 2 Jul 1958 - 15 Feb 1959  Amintore Fanfani (2nd time)        (s.a.)               DC

15 Feb 1959 - 25 Mar 1960  Antonio Segni (2nd time)           (s.a.)               DC

25 Mar 1960 - 26 Jul 1960  Fernando Tambroni-Armaroli         (b. 1901 - d. 1963)  DC

26 Jul 1960 - 21 Jun 1963  Amintore Fanfani (3rd time)        (s.a.)               DC

21 Jun 1963 -  5 Dec 1963  Giovanni Leone (1st time)          (s.a.)               DC

 5 Dec 1963 - 25 Jun 1968  Aldo Moro (1st time)               (b. 1916 - d. 1978)  DC

25 Jun 1968 - 13 Dec 1968  Giovanni Leone (2nd time)          (s.a.)               DC

13 Dec 1968 -  7 Aug 1970  Mariano Rumor (1st time)           (b. 1915 - d. 1990)  DC

 7 Aug 1970 - 18 Feb 1972  Emilio Colombo                     (b. 1920)            DC

18 Feb 1972 -  4 Jul 1973  Giulio Andreotti (1st time)        (b. 1919)            DC

 4 Jul 1973 -  2 Nov 1974  Mariano Rumor (2nd time)           (s.a.)               DC

 2 Nov 1974 - 29 Jul 1976  Aldo Moro (2nd time)               (s.a.)               DC

29 Jul 1976 -  5 Aug 1979  Giulio Andreotti (2nd time)        (s.a.)               DC

 5 Aug 1979 - 18 Oct 1980  Francesco Cossiga                  (s.a.)               DC

18 Oct 1980 - 28 Jun 1981  Arnaldo Forlani                    (b. 1925)            DC

28 Jun 1981 - 30 Nov 1982  Giovanni Spadolini                 (s.a.)               PRI

30 Nov 1982 -  4 Aug 1983  Amintore Fanfani (4th time)        (s.a.)               DC

 4 Aug 1983 - 18 Apr 1987  Bettino Craxi                      (b. 1934 - d. 2000)  PSI

18 Apr 1987 - 29 Jul 1987  Amintore Fanfani (5th time)        (s.a.)               DC

29 Jul 1987 - 13 Apr 1988  Giovanni Goria                     (b. 1943 - d. 1994)  DC

13 Apr 1988 - 23 Jul 1989  Ciriaco De Mita                    (b. 1928)            DC

23 Jul 1989 - 28 Jun 1992  Giulio Andreotti (3rd time)        (s.a.)               DC

28 Jun 1992 - 29 Apr 1993  Giuliano Amato (1st time)          (b. 1938)            PSI

29 Apr 1993 - 11 May 1994  Carlo Azeglio Ciampi               (s.a.)               Non-party

11 May 1994 - 17 Jan 1995  Silvio Berlusconi (1st time)       (b. 1936)            FI/LU

17 Jan 1995 - 18 May 1996  Lamberto Dini                      (b. 1931)            Non-party

18 May 1996 - 23 Oct 1998  Romano Prodi (1st time)            (b. 1939)           Non-party/OT

21 Oct 1998 - 26 Apr 2000  Massimo D'Alema                    (b. 1949)            PDS/DS

26 Apr 2000 - 11 Jun 2001  Giuliano Amato (2nd time)          (s.a.)               Non-party

11 Jun 2001 - 17 May 2006  Silvio Berlusconi (2nd time)       (s.a.)               FI/CdL

17 May 2006 -  8 May 2008  Romano Prodi (2nd time)            (b. 1939)            OT/LU

 8 May 2008 - 16 Nov 2011  Silvio Berlusconi (3rd time)       (s.a.)               FI/PdL

16 Nov 2011 -              Mario Monti                        (b. 1943)            Non-party

 

Minister of Occupied Italy²

12 Dec 1944 - 21 Jun 1945  Mauro Scoccimarro                  (b. 1895 - d. 1972)  PCI

 ² The Ministry of Occupied Italy was responsible for the reconstruction of liberated northern Italy and for the relations with the various resistance movements.

Noble titles: conte = count; marchese = marquis; principe = prince

Party abbreviations: CdL = Casa delle Libertà (House of Freedoms, center-right coalition, [incl. Alleanza Nazionale (National Alliance), Union of Christian and Centre Democrats (Unione dei Democratici Cristiani e dei Democratici di Centro), Lega Nord (Northern League-Movement for Autonomy), Christian Democracy-New PSI (DC-Nuovo PSI)], est. 1994 as Polo delle Liberta [Poles of Liberty]); DS = Democratici di Sinistra (Democrats of the Left, social-democratic, formerly Partito Democratico della Sinistra [Democratic Party of the Left] former PCI); FI = Forza Italia (Forwards Italy, Berlusconi personalist, conservative); LU = L'Unione (The Union, center-left, coalition [incl. OT, Rifondazione Comunista (Communist Refoundation Party), Popolari-UDEUR (Popular-UDEUR), Partito dei Comunisti Italiani (Party of Italian Communists), Rosa nel Pugno [Rose in the Fist], est.2005); PdL = Popolo della Libertà (People of Freedom, center-right, est. by FI and allies Nov 2007); Mil = Military;
- Former parties: AP = Action Party; CD = Centro-Destra (Center-Right Party, conservative-liberal); CS = Centro-Sinistra (Center-Left Party, moderate-liberal); 
Des = Destra (Right, conservative-liberal party); DC = Partito Democratico del Cristiano (Christian Democratic Party, conservative, 1943-1993, successor PPI); OT = L'Ulivo (Olive tree, [incl. Federazione dei Verdi [Green Federation], DS, Partito Popolare Italiano, PRI, Rinnovamento Italiano [Lista Dini], Unione Democratica, Party of the Left [main partner of the Olivo Tree coalition] 1994-2005); PCI = Partito Comunista Italiano (Italian Communist Party, communist, 1921-1991); PL = Partito Liberale (Liberal party, later re-emerged as PRI); PLI = Italiano Liberale Partito (Italian Liberal Party); PNF = Partito Nazionale Fascista (National Fascist Party, conservative, authoritarian, -only legal party 7 Oct 1926-25 Jul 1943, successor at Saló PFR 1943-45); PRI = Partito Repubblicano Italiano (Italian Republican Party, liberal); PSDI = Italiano Sociale Democratico Partito Italian Social Democratic Party (social-democratic); PSI = Italiano Socialista Partito (Italian Socialist Party, 1892-1994); PSRI = Partito Socialista Reformista Italiano (Italian Social Reform Party); Rad = Radical Party; Sin = Sinistra (Left, moderate-liberal socialist party)

11 Jun 1943                Allied forces occupy island of Pantelleria.
10 Jul 1943                Allied Military Government (AMG) begins in Sicily.
 3 Sep 1943                Allied military government begins on Italian mainland
                            (the King's government takes over as allied forces move  
                             up the peninsula).
31 Dec 1945                End of allied military government, except in Udine and Venezia
                             Gulia provinces.
31 Jan 1947                Formal end of allied commission.

Heads of the Allied Military Government (AMGOT)
10 Jul 1943 - Jan 1944     Dwight D. Eisenhower (U.S.)        (b. 1890 - d. 1969)
Jan 1944 - 1944            Sir Henry Maitland Wilson (U.K.)   (b. 1881 - d. 1964)
12 Dec 1944 - 29 Sep 1945  Sir Harold Alexander (U.K.)        (b. 1891 - d. 1969)
Sep 1945 - 1945            Joseph Taggart McNarney (U.S.)     (b. 1893 - d. 1972)
                             (acting)
1945 - 1947                Sir William Duthie Morgan (U.K.)   (b. 1891 - d. 1977)
1947                       John Clifford Hodges Lee (U.S.)    (b. 1887 - d. 1958)
                             (acting)
Chief commissioners of the Allied Control Commission
(from 24 Oct 1944, Allied Commission)
10 Nov 1943 - Jan 1944     Kenyon A. Joyce (U.S.)             (b. 1879 - d. 1960)
Jan 1944 - Jun 1944        Sir Noel Mason-Macfarlane (U.K.)   (b. 1889 - d. 1953)
Jun 1944 - 31 Jan 1947     Ellery W. Stone (U.S.)             (b. 1894 - d. 1981)

Military Governors of the Occupied Territories
10 Jul 1943 - 11 Dec 1944  Sir Harold Alexander (U.K.)        (s.a.)
Dec 1944 - 1945            Mark Wayne Clark (U.S.)            (b. 1896 – d. 1984)

23 Sep 1943 - 29 Apr 1945 State flag     28 Jan 1944 - 29 Apr 1945 War flag   Map of Italian Social Republic Hear National Anthem "Giovinezza" (The Youth)  Text of National Anthem (1943-1945) Constitution (1943 draft; in Italian) Capital: Saló4 Currency: Lira (ITLM) National Holiday: 29 Jul (1883)  Birthday of Il Duce  Population: N/A (1943) GDP: $N/A Exports: $N/A Imports: $N/A Ethnic groups: Italian, German, Slovene, Croat,  French Total Armed Forces: 150,000 (1944) German Forces: N/A Merchant marine: N/A Religions: Roman Catholic, Protestant, Jewish International Organizations: None

Head of State and Head of government⁵
23 Sep 1943 - 28 Apr 1945  Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (b. 1883 - d. 1945)  PFR

German Plenipotentiary (de facto ruler)
23 Sep 1943 - 28 Apr 1945  Rudolf Rahn                      (b. 1900 - d. 1975)  NSDAP

Head of the Military Administration
1944 - 1945                Karl Otto Gustav Wächler         (b. 1901 - d. 1949)
Commanders in Chief of the South Western War Zone (German Army in Italy)
 8 Sep 1943 - 20 Nov 1943  Erwin Johannes Eugen Romel       (b. 1891 - d. 1944)
                            - jointly with -
 8 Sep 1943 -  9 Mar 1945  Albert Kesselring                (b. 1885 - d. 1960)
10 Mar 1945 - 30 Apr 1945  Heinrich Gottfried von           (b. 1887 - d. 1952)
                             Vietinghoff-Scheel 
30 Apr 1945                Hans Röttiger (acting)           (b. 1896 - d. 1960)
30 Apr 1945 -  2 May 1945  Friedrich "Fritz" Schulz         (b. 1897 - d. 1945)

 ⁴The formal capital was Rome, but Saló was the seat of government and location of the ministries of Foreign Affairs, Interior, and Popular Culture; other ministries were scattered throughout northern Italy: ministry of Defense in Soiano; ministry of Justice in Cremona later Bresica; ministry of Finance in Bresica; ministry of Corporate Economy in Bergamo later Milan; ministry of Agriculture in Treviso; ministry of National Education in Padova; ministry of Public Jobs in Venice; ministry of Communications in Verona; ministry of Labor in Milan; and 
offices of the House and Senate in Venice.

 ⁵Full style of ruler:
  (a) 23 Sep 1943 - 1 Dec 1943: Duce del Fascismo, Capo dello Stato Nazionale Repubblicano d'Italia ("Leader of Fascism, Head of the Republican National State of Italy") and
  (b) Duce dello Stato Nazionale Repubblicano d'Italia ("Leader of the Republican National State of Italy");
  (c) 1 Dec 1943 - 28 Apr 1945: Duce della Repubblica Sociale Italiana ("Leader of the Italian Social Republic").

Terriorial Dispute: Italy's long coastline and developed economy entices tens of thousands of illegal immigrants from southeastern Europe and northern Africa.

Party abbreviations: PFR = Partito Fascista Repubblicano (Republican Fascist Party, former PNF, only legal party of RSI 1943-45); NSDAP = National Socialist German Worker's Party (German Nazi party, fascist)

In 1943, delegates of non-Fascist parties assembled in Rome and founded the Anti-Fascist United Freedom Front, renamed Committee of National Liberation/Comitato di Liberazione Nationale (CLN) after the German occupation of Italy. Similar committees were also set up in most other cities. In the course of  the following months they regrouped into three regional committees, acting independently of the Italian government. 

President of the Central Committee of National Liberation (CCLN)
Sep 1943 - Jun 1944        Ivanoe Bonomi                           (s.a.)
                             (formerly president of the Anti Fascist United Freedom Front) 
President of the Committee of National Liberation of Toscania (CTLN)
Sep 1943 - Aug 1944        Carlo Ludovico Ragghianti               (b. 1910 - d. 1987)
Presidents of the Committee of National Liberation of Upper Italy (CLNAI)
Sep 1943 - Apr 1945        Alfredo Pizzoni "Longhi"                (b. 1894 - d. 1958)
Apr 1945                   Rodolfo Morandi                         (b. 1903 - d. 1955)

In 1944 the Committee of National Liberation of Upper Italy staged a revolt that resulted in the establishment of a number of "partisan republics." Within the same year, however, they were reconquered by the occupying Germans. They were: Alto Monferrato (Sep - 2 Dec), Alto Tortonese⁶(Sep-Dec), Bobbio e Torriglia⁶ (7 Jul - 27 Aug), Cansiglio (Jul-Sep), Carnia (Jul-Oct), Friuli Orientale (30 Jun - Sep), Imperia (Aug-Oct), Langhe (Sep-Nov), Montefiorino (17 Jun - 1 Aug), Ossola (10 Sep - 23 Oct), Val Ceno (10 Jun - 11 Jul), Val d'Enza e Val Parma (Jun-Jul), Val Maira e Val Varaita (Jun - 21 Aug), Val Taro (15 Jun - 24 Jul), Valli di Lanzo (25 Jun - Sep), Valsesia (11 Jun - 10 Jul), and Varzi⁶ (Sep - 29 Nov). Ossola was the only republic which received some recognition both by Swiss officials and by local Allied representatives.

Ossola (Domodossola)

10 Sep 1944                Italian partisans establish Free Republic of Ossola near the 
                             on the shore of Lake Maggiore (incl. Cannoba, Intra, Verbania,
                             Omegna, and Domodossola) comprised 35 municipalities situated
                             along the Swiss frontier.
23 Oct 1944                Germans reoccupy the area, end of the partisan republic.

President of the Provisional Junta of Government of Ossola
10 Sep 1944 - 23 Oct 1944  Ettore Tibaldi                   (b. 1887 - d. 1968)

 ⁶The partisan republics of Alto Tortonese, Bobbio e Torriglia and Varzi were adjacent, forming in this way one vast liberated territory.

752                        Duchy of Trieste
788                        Part of Frankish Empire.
790                        Bishopric of Trieste founded.
933 - 948                  Occupied by Margravite of Istria. 
948                        Under rule of Patriarch of Aquileia.
952                        Part of Holy Roman Empire.
1202                       Autonomous Commune of Trieste.
1202 - 1236                Occupied by Venetian Republic.
1291 - 1381                Under Venetian rule.
1299                       Imperial Free City of Trieste.
1304                       Patriarchate of Aquileia renounces claim to Trieste.
Nov 1369 - 26 Jun 1380     Part of the Venetian Republic.
Oct 1382                   Trieste's agreement cessation to Austria signed.
1463 - 1469                Trieste overthrows Austrian rule.
1507 - 1508                Occupied by Venetian Republic.
27 Apr 1766                Empress Maria Teresa confirms Trieste independence 
                             within the crown territories of Austria.
23 Mar 1797 - 23 May 1797  French occupation.
19 Nov 1805 -  4 Mar 1806  French occupation.
 1 May 1806                Istria annexed to Kingdom of Italy (département of Istrie).
 9 Apr 1809 - 16 May 1809  Austrian occupation of Trieste.
14 Oct 1809                Trieste annexed to France as part of Illyrian Provinces
                             (province of Trieste).
15 Apr 1811                Province fused with Gorz to form the intendance of Istrie.
30 Jun 1811 - 18 Sep 1811  Division between two military subdivisions: Capo-d'Istria
                             and Rovigno.
16/30 Oct 1813             Austrian occupation.
30 May 1814                Formally restored to Austrian.
25 Dec 1814                Re-incorporated into Austria (1816-1849 as part of Illyria).
 4 Mar 1849                Crownland of City and Land of Trieste (Stadt und Gebiet Triest)
                             part of Küstenland (see Austrian Crownlands).
12 Apr 1850                Reichsumittelbare Stadt und Gebiet Trieste
21 Dec 1867                Part of the "Austrian" half of the Austro-Hungarian 
                             Monarchy (i.e. of the "kingdoms and Lands Represented in
                             the Imperial Diet").
1915 - Oct 1918            Municipal government dissolved by Austrian governor of Küstenland.
 3 Nov 1918                Occupied by Italy.
10 Sep 1919                Trieste formally ceded Italy by Austria.
10 Sep 1943 -  2 May 1945  German occupation (from 1 Oct 1943 part of Adriatisches Küstenland
                             Zone [see Austrian States under Carinthia])
23 Sep 1943                Nominally part of the Italian Social Republic.
 1 May 1945 - 12 Jun 1945  Yugoslav military forces control the city.
 2 May 1945                Joint Anglo-American occupation begun (Allied Military
                             Government of Venezia Giulia).
15 Sep 1947                Free Territory of Trieste (United Nations mandate), Anglo-American
                             occupation of Zone A, Zone B occupied by Yugoslavia.
11 May 1952                Italian civil administration of Zone A restored.
26 Oct 1954                Divided between Italy and Yugoslavia.
10 Nov 1975                by Treaty of Osimo Italy formally ends claims to former Zone B.

Lords (title Herr zu Triest)
Oct 1382 - 14 Oct 1809     the archdukes of Austria
1814 - 11 Nov 1918         the archdukes of Austria
Captains and mayors (capitano e podesta)
1381                       Simon von Pramperg
1382                       Nicolo Colalto
1383                       Ugo von Duino
1385                       Popolin von Wuertenstang
1395                       Rudolf von Walsee
1409                       Jakob Trab (Traub? or  Trob?)
1411                       Conrad von Leisch
1420                       Pancraz Burggraf von Lienz
1429                       Johann Welsegger
1435                       Johann Bluscher
1437                       Franz von Strassoldo
1453                       Kaspar von Lamberg
1466                       Albrecht Dyer (Durrer)
1468                       Niklas Lueger (Luogar)
1469                       Georg Tschernembl (Cernomel?)
1473                       Nikolaus Rauber
1483                       Kaspar Rauber
1486                       Balthasar Dyer (Durrer)
1490                       Simon von Ungerspach
1498                       Erasmo Brasca
1506                       Georg Moisevic (Moscovich?)
1509                       Francesco Capello for Venice
1509                       Nikolaus Rauber
1533                       Bartolomeo Rizonio (Rizanio)
1536                       Nikolaus Rauber
1537                       Leonardo Nogarola
1546                       Hans von Hoyos
1558                       Anton von Thurn (Antonio della Torre)
1569                       Christoph Siegmund Römer (Renner?)
                             von Maretsch
1582                       Veit von Dornberg
1590                       Giorgio Nogarola
1610                       Ascanio Valmerana
1618                       Franz von Thurn
                             (Francesco demlla Torre)
1630                       Benvenuto Petazzi Freiherr von
                             Schwarzenegg
1636                       Giorgio Barbo
1637                       Georg von Herberstein
1652                       Franz Kaspar von Brenner
1659                       Nicolo Petazzi
1664                       Johann Jakob von Raunach
1666                       Karl von Thurn (Carlo della Torre)
1666                       Johann Vincenz Graf Coronini
1673                       Johann Philipp Graf Cobenzl
1698                       Veit von Strassoldo
1707 - 1724                Marzio von Strassoldo
1724 - 1736                Andreas Freiherr de Fin
1736 - 1739                Franz Graf Firmian
1739 - 21 Sep 1740         Wolf Sigmund Graf Wallenberg
Intendancy Presidents
1740 - 1741                Sigismund Freiherr Hohenberg
1741 - 1746                Johann Siegfried Graf von Herberstein
1746 - 1748                Antonio Rudolfo de Marenzi de          (d. 1771)
                             Mahrenzenfeld (substitute)
1748 - 1749                Christoph Freiherr von Flachenberg
1749 - 1750                Franz Freiherr von Wiesenhütten
                             (or Weissenhütten)
1750 - 1764                Nikolaus Graf von Hamilton             (b. 1715 - d. 1769)
1764 - 1765                Johann Karl Graf Lichnowsky            (b. 1730 - d. 1788)
1765 - 1766                Heinrich Graf von Auersperg            (b. 1721 - d. 1773)
1766 - 1773                Giuseppe Barone Ceschi a Santa Croce
1773 - 1774                Adolf Graf von Wagensberg   
1774 - 1776                Franz Adam Graf Lamberg zu Stein       (b. 1730 - d. 1803)
Governors
1776                       Franz Xaver von Königsbrunn
1776 - 1782                Karl Johann Christian Graf von         (b. 1739 - d. 1813) 
                             Zinzedorf 
1783 - 1797                Pompeo Graf von Brigido und Bresowitz  (b. 1729 - d. 1811)
1797                       Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte               (b. 1763 - d. 1844)
                             (French Commander)
May 1797 - Nov 1801        Raimund Graf von Thurn-Hofer und       (b. 1734 - d. 18..)
                             Valsassina 
                             (commissioner plenipotentiary for Istria,
                             Dalmatia and Albania)
Nov 1801 -  6 Mar 1804     Francesco Maria di Carnea Steffaneo
                             (commissioner plenipotentiary for Istria,
                             Dalmatia and Albania)
Mar 1804 - 1808            Sigismund Graf Lovacz
Mar 1804 -  3 Apr 1804     Franz Philipp von Roth
                             (acting for Lovacz)
Apr 1804 - Jun 1804        Alexander Nemet (1st time)
Jun 1804 - 1805?           Giuseppe conte Castiglioni
                             (Provincial Captain)
1808 - 1809                Peter Goess
 9 Apr 1806 - 16 May 1809  Anton Freiherr von Zach                (b. 1747 - d. 1826)
                             (miliary commander)
 9 Apr 1809 - 16 May 1809  Alexander Nemet (2nd time)
Military governors
19 Nov 1805 -  2 Dec 1805  Jean-Baptiste Solignac                 (b. 1773 - d. 1850)
 2/6 Dec 1805 - Jan 1806   Jean-Mathieu Séras                     (b. 1765 - d. 1815)
Heads of provisional government
 2 Dec 1805 -  5 Dec 1805  Ignazio de Capuano 
 6 Dec 1805 - 29 Apr 1806  Angelo Calafati                        (b. 1765 - d. 1822) 
Prefect
29 Apr 1806 -  7 Sep 1810  Angelo Calafati                        (s.a.)
Intendants of Trieste
Jul 1809 - Nov 1809        Adrien Louis Cochelet                  (b. 1788 - d. 1858)
26 Nov 1809 -  3 May 1813  Lucien Émile Arnault                   (b. 1787 - d. 1863)
1813 - May 1814            Angelo Calafati                        (s.a.) 
Governors
May 1814 - 1815            Paul von Lederer
1815                       Bernhard Freiherr von Rossetti
1815 - 1817                Anton von Spiegelfeld (1st time)
1817 - 1819                Karl Graf Chotek von Cholkowa          (b. 1783 - d. 1868)
1819 - 1823                Anton von Spiegelfeld (2nd time)
1823 - 1835                Alfons Anton Prinz Porcia 
1835 - 1841                Joseph Freiherr von Weingarten         (b. 1786 - d. 1855)
1841 - 1847                Franz Stadion Graf von Warthausen      (b. 1806 - d. 1853)
1848 -  1 Nov 1848         Robert Altgraf zu Salm-Reifferscheidt  (b. 1804 - d. 1875)
 1 Nov 1848 - 1848         Franz Gyulai von Maros-Német und       (b. 1798 - d. 1868)
                             Nádaska
1848 - 1850                Johann Freiherr von Grimschitz         (b. 1796 - d. 18..)
1850 - 1854                Franz Graf von Wimpfen                 (b. 1797 - d. 1870) 
1854 - 1859                Karl Freiherr von Mertens              (b. 1790 - d. 1863) 
1859 - 1861                Friedrich Moritz Freiherr von Burger   (b. 1804 - d. 1873) 
Statthalter (also the Statthalter of Küstenland)
1861 - 1862                Friedrich Moritz Freiherr von Burger   (s.a.)
1863 - 1867                Ernst Freiherr von Kellersperg         (b. 1822 - d. 1879)
1867 - 1868                Eduard Freiherr von Bach               (b. 1815 - d. 1884)
1868 - 26 Dec 1870         Karl Moering                           (b. 1810 - d. 1870)
1871 - 12 Jan 1872         Sisinio Freiherr von Pretis-Cagnodo    (b. 1828 - d. 1890)
                             (1st time)
1872 - 1874                Alois Freiherr von Ceschi a            (b. 1825 - d. 1905) 
                             Santa Croce
1874 - 1879                Felix Pino Freiherr von                (b. 1826 - d. 1906)
                             Friedenthal
12 Aug 1879 - 1890         Sisinio Freiherr von Pretis-Cagnodo    (s.a.) 
                             (2nd time)
1890 - 1897                Teodoro Ritter von Rinaldini           (b. 1839 - d. 1911)
                             (from 1892, Teodoro Freiherr von Rinaldini)
1897 - 1904                Leopold Graf von Goëss                 (b. 1848 - d. 1922)
1904 - 1906                Konrad Maria Eusebius Prinz zu         (b. 1863 - d. 1918)
                             Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-
                             Schillingsfürst (1st time)
1906                       .... (acting)
1906 - 1915                Konrad Maria Eusebius Prinz zu         (s.a.)
                             Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-
                             Schillingsfürst (2nd time)
1915 - 31 Oct 1918         Alfred Freiherr von Fries-Skene        (b. 1870 - d. 1947)
Mayors (Podestàs)
17 Oct 1850 - 1861         Muzio de Tommasini                     (b. 1794 - d. 1879) 
1861 - 1865                Stefano de Conti
1865 - 1869                Carlo de Porenta    
1869 - May 1879            Massimiliano D'Angeli                  (b. 1815 - d. 1881)
12 May 1879 - 1891         Ricardo Bazzoni                        (b. 1827 - d. 1891) 
1891 - 1897                Ferdinando Pitteri
1897 - 1900                Alfonso Dompieri
1900 - 1909                Luigi Ritter von Sandrinelli           (b. 1846 - d. 1922)
1909 - May 1915            Alfonso Valerio                        (b. 1852 - d. 1942)
1915 - Oct 1918            municipal government dissolved
President of Committee of Public Safety
30 Oct 1918 - 1919         Alfonso Valerio                        (s.a.)
Italian Military Governor
 3 Nov 1918 - 1919         Carlo Petitti di Roreto                (b. 1862 - d. 1933) 
Extraordinary Commissioner for Venezia Giulia
1919                       Augusto Ciuffelli                      (b. 1856 - d. 1921)
General Civil Commissioner
 8 Dec 1919 - 30 Oct 1922  Antonio Mosconi                        (b. 1866 - d. 1955)
Prefects
 1 Nov 1922 - 18 Jun 1924  Francesco Crispo Moncada               (b. 1867 - d. 1952) 
22 Jun 1924 - 11 Dec 1925  Amadeo Moroni                          (b. 1876 - d. 1926) 
11 Dec 1925 - 15 Dec 1926  Giovanni Gasti                         (b. 1852 - d. 1927) 
16 Dec 1926 - 16 Jul 1929  Bruno Fornaciari                       (b. 1881 - d. 1959) 
16 Jul 1929 - 16 Jan 1933  Ettore Porro                           (b. 1874 - d. 1947) 
16 Jan 1933 -  1 Aug 1936  Carlo Tiengo                           (b. 1892 - d. 1945) 
 1 Aug 1936 - 21 Aug 1939  Eolo Rebua                             (b. 1878 - d. 1959) 
21 Aug 1939 -  7 Jun 1941  Dino Borri                             (b. 1885 - d. 1970) 
 7 Jun 1941 -  1 Aug 1943  Tullio Tamburini (1st time)            (b. 1892 - d. 1957) 
 1 Aug 1943 - 11 Sep 1943  Giuseppe Cocuzza                       (b. 1882 - d. 1974) 
12 Sep 1943 -  1 Oct 1943  Tullio Tamburini (2nd time)            (s.a.) 
22 Oct 1943 - 28 Apr 1945  Bruno Coceani                          (b. 1893 - d. 1978)  PFR
28 Apr 1945 - 1945         Antonio De Berti
Military governors⁷
- Zone A (British-U.S.) -
 2 May 1945 - Jul 1945     Bernard Cyril Freyberg (New Zealand)   (b. 1889 - d. 1963)
Jul 1945 - Jul 1947        Alfred Connor Bowman (U.S.)            (b. 1904 - d. c.1982)
Jul 1947 - 16 Sep 1947     James J. Carnes (U.S.)
16 Sep 1947 - 31 Mar 1951  Sir Terence Sydney Airey (U.K.)        (b. 1900 - d. 1983)
 1 Apr 1951 - 26 Oct 1954  Sir Thomas Willoughby Winterton (U.K.) (b. 1898 - d. 1987)
- Zone B (Yugoslav) -
 1 May 1945 - Sep 1947     Dusan Kveder                           (b. 1915 - d. 1966)
15 Sep 1947 - Mar 1951     Mirko Lenac                            (b. 1919 - d. 1956)
Mar 1951 - 25 Oct 1954     Milos Stamatovic                       (b. 1914)

Landeshauptleute (and Presidents of the Diet)
1848 - 1861                Friedrich Freiherr von und zu          (b. 1793 - d. 18..)
                             Grimschitz
 6 Apr 1861 - Sep 1861     Gian Paolo, marchese Polesini          (b. 1818 - d. 1882)
25 Sep 1861 - 16 Apr 1868  Francesco, marchese Polesini
1868 - 23 Jan 1889         Francesco Vidulich                     (b. 1819 - d. 1889) 
1889 - 24 Oct 1903         Matteo Campitelli                      (b. 1828 - d. 1906)
1903 -  9 Nov 1918         Lodovico Rizzi 
Mayor
18 Jul 1949 - 17 Sep 1957  Gianni Bartoli                         (b. 1900 - d. 1973)  DC

 ⁷The provisional military administration was continued 1947 - 1954 because of the inability
of the United Nations Security Council to agree upon the selection of a civil governor. 

Party abbreviations: DC = Partito Democratico del Cristiano (Christian Democratic Party, conservative, 1943-1993, successor PPI); PFR = Partito Fascista Repubblicano (Republican Fascist Party, former PNF, only legal party of Italian Social Republic 1943-45)