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![[Star of India]](in-bu.gif)
![[Star of India Red Ensign]](in-bre.gif)
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- Emperors (title Padshah, sometimes Padshah-i Hind - emperor of India)
- 31 Jul 1658 - 2 Mar 1707 Mohyi ad-Din Abu'l Mozaffar (b. 1618 - d. 1707)
- Mohammad Awrangzib Bahadur
- `Alamgir Padshah-e Ghazi
- 14 Mar 1707 - 27 Apr 1707 Qotb ad-Din Abu'l Fayaz (b. 1653 - d. 1707)
- Mohammad A`zam Shah Padshah-e
- Ghazi
- (continues in rebellion to 18 Jun 1707)
- 27 Apr 1707 - 27 Feb 1712 Qotb ad-Din Abu'n Nasr Sayyed (b. 1643 - d. 1712)
- Mohammad Shah `Alam I Bahadur
- Shah Padshah-e Ghazi (b. 1643 - d. 1712)
- (retroactive to 23 Mar 1707)
- 27 Apr 1707 - 13 Jan 1709 Mohammad Kam Bakhsh-e Dinpanah
- ebn Awrangzib `Alamgir Padshah (b. 1666 - d. 1709)
- (in rebellion)
- 29 Feb 1712 - 17 Mar 1712 Mohammad `Azim ash-Shan ebn
- Bahadur Shah Padshah (b. 16.. - d. 1712)
- 29 Feb 1712 - 28 Mar 1712 Mohammad Rafi` ash-Shan ebn (b. 16.. - d. 1712)
- Bahadur Shah Padshah
- (in rebellion)
- 29 Feb 1712 - 27 Mar 1712 Jahan Shah ebn Bahadur Shah (b. 16.. - d. 1712)
- Padshah "Khojestan Akhtar"
- (in rebellion)
- 30 Mar 1712 - 11 Jan 1713 Mo`ezz ad-Din Abu'l Fath (b. 1661 - d. 1713)
- Mohammad Jahandar Shah Padshah
- 11 Jan 1713 - 1 Mar 1719 Mo`in ad-Din (or Jalal ad-Din) (b. 1687 - d. 1719)
- Abu'l Mozaffar Mohammad
- Farrokhsiyar Padshah
- 1 Mar 1719 - 7 Jun 1719 Shams ad-Din Abu'l Barakat (b. c.1699 - d. 1719)
- Soltan Mohammad Rafi` ad-Darjat
- Padshah-e Ghazi
- 30 Mar 1719 - 13 Aug 1719 Mohammad Shah Nikusiyar
- (in rebellion)
- 8 Jun 1719 - 6 Sep 1719 Mohammad Shah Jahan II Sani (b. c.1700 - d. 1719)
- Padshah (Mohammad Rafi` ad-Dawla)
- 28 Sep 1719 - 26 Apr 1748 Naser ad-Din Abu'l Fath (b. 1702 - d. 1748)
- (from 1722 Abu'l-Mozaffar)
- Mohammad Shah Padshah-e Ghazi
- "Rawshan Akhtar"
- 12 Oct 1720 - 19 Nov 1720 Zahir ad-Din Abu'l Fath Mohammad (d. 1720)
- Ebrahim Shah Padshah
- (in rebellion)
- 29 Apr 1748 - 3 Jun 1754 Mojahed ad-Din Abu'n Nasr Ahmad (b. 1725 - d. 1775)
- Shah Bahadur Padshah-e Ghazi
- 3 Jun 1754 - 29 Nov 1759 `Aziz ad-Din Abu'l-`Adl Mohammad (b. 1699 - d. 1759)
- `Alamgir Padhsh-e Ghazi
- 11 Dec 1759 - 25 Dec 1759 Mohyi-e Millat (or Mohyi ad-Din)
- Shah Jahan III Sani ebn Mohyi-e
- Sannat Mohammad
- 25 Dec 1759 - 1 Aug 1788 Jalal ad-Din Abu´l Mozaffar
- Mohammad Shah `Alam II Padshah
- "Ham-e Din" (1st time) (b. 1728 - d. 1806)
- 1 Aug 1788 - 9 Oct 1788 Mohammad Bidarbakht ebn Ahmad Shah
- 16 Oct 1788 - 10 Nov 1806 Jalal ad-Din Abu´l Mozaffar
- Mohammad Shah `Alam II Padshah
- "Ham-e Din" (2nd time) (s.a.)
- 18 Nov 1806 - 28 Sep 1837 Mo`in ad-Din Abu´n Nasr Mohammad (b. 1759 - d. 1837)
- Akbar Padshah Saheb Qiran-e Sani
- 29 Sep 1837 - 29 Mar 1858 Seraj ad-Din Abu´l Mozaffar (b. 1775 - d. 1862)
- Mohammad Bahadur Shah Padshah II
- (10 May 1857 - 22 Mar 1858, in
- in rebellion against British rule)
- Emperors¹ (also monarchs of Great Britain)
- 1 Jan 1877 - 22 Jan 1901 Victoria -Empress (b. 1819 - d. 1901)
- 22 Jan 1901 - 6 May 1910 Edward VII (b. 1841 - d. 1910)
- 6 May 1910 - 20 Jan 1936 George V (b. 1865 - d. 1936)
- 20 Jan 1936 - 10 Dec 1936 Edward VIII (b. 1894 - d. 1972)
- 12 Dec 1936 - 22 Jun 1948 George VI (b. 1895 - d. 1952)
- Governors-general (of the British East India Company)
- 20 Oct 1774 - 1 Feb 1785 Warren Hastings (b. 1732 - d. 1818)
- 1 Feb 1785 - 12 Sep 1786 John Macpherson (acting) (b. 1745 - d. 1821)
- 12 Sep 1786 - 28 Oct 1793 Charles Mann Cornwallis, (b. 1738 - d. 1805)
- Earl of Cornwallis (1st time)
- 28 Oct 1793 - Mar 1798 Sir John Shore (b. 1751 - d. 1834)
- Mar 1798 - 18 May 1798 Sir Alured Clarke (acting) (b. 1745 - d. 1832)
- 18 May 1798 - 30 Jul 1805 Richard Colley Wellesley, (b. 1760 - d. 1842)
- Baron Wellesley (from 1799, Richard
- Colley Wellesley, Marquess Wellesley)
- 30 Jul 1805 - 5 Oct 1805 Charles Cornwallis, (s.a.)
- Marquess Cornwallis (2nd time)
- 10 Oct 1805 - 31 Jul 1807 Sir George Hilario Barlow (acting) (b. 1762 - d. 1846)
- 31 Jul 1807 - 4 Oct 1813 Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound,
- Baron Minto (b. 1751 - d. 1814)
- 4 Oct 1813 - 9 Jan 1823 Francis Rawdon-Hastings, (b. 1754 - d. 1826)
- Earl of Moira (from 1817, Francis
- Rawdon-Hastings, Marquess of Hastings)
- 9 Jan 1823 - 1 Aug 1823 John Adam (acting) (b. 1779 - d. 1825)
- 1 Aug 1823 - 13 Mar 1828 William Pitt Amherst, (b. 1773 - d. 1857)
- Baron Amherst (from 1826, William
- Pitt Amherst, Earl Amherst)
- 13 Mar 1828 - 4 Jul 1828 William Butterworth Bayley (b. 1782 - d. 1860)
- (acting)
- 4 Jul 1828 - 20 Mar 1835 William Henry Cavendish-Bentinck, (b. 1774 - d. 1839)
- Lord Bentinck
- 20 Mar 1835 - 4 Mar 1836 Sir Charles Theophilus Metcalfe (b. 1785 - d. 1846)
- (acting)
- 4 Mar 1836 - 28 Feb 1842 George Eden, Baron Auckland (b. 1784 - d. 1849)
- (from 11 Dec 1839, George Eden, Earl of Auckland)
- 28 Feb 1842 - Jun 1844 Edward Law, Baron Ellenborough (b. 1790 - d. 1871)
- Jun 1844 - 23 Jul 1844 William Wilberforce Bird (acting) (b. 1784 - d. 1857)
- 23 Jul 1844 - 12 Jan 1848 Henry Hardinge, (from 21 Apr 1846) (b. 1785 - d. 1856)
- Viscount Hardinge
- 12 Jan 1848 - 28 Feb 1856 James Andrew Broun Ramsay, (b. 1812 - d. 1860)
- (from 4 Jun 1849, Marquess and)
- Earl of Dalhousie
- 28 Feb 1856 - 1 Nov 1858 Charles John Canning, (b. 1812 - d. 1862)
- Viscount Canning
- Viceroys and Governors-general
- 1 Nov 1858 - 21 Mar 1862 Charles John Canning, (s.a.)
- Viscount Canning (from 12 May 1859,
- Charles John Canning, Earl Canning)
- 21 Mar 1862 - 20 Nov 1863 James Bruce, Earl of Elgin (b. 1811 - d. 1863)
- 21 Nov 1863 - 2 Dec 1863 Sir Robert Cornelis Napier (b. 1810 - d. 1890)
- (acting)
- 2 Dec 1863 - 12 Jan 1864 Sir William Thomas Denison (b. 1804 - d. 1871)
- (acting)
- 12 Jan 1864 - 12 Jan 1869 Sir John Laird Mair Lawrence (b. 1811 - d. 1879)
- 12 Jan 1869 - 8 Feb 1872 Richard Southwell Bourke, (b. 1822 - d. 1872)
- Earl of Mayo
- 9 Feb 1872 - 23 Feb 1872 Sir John Strachey (acting) (b. 1823 - d. 1907)
- 24 Feb 1872 - 3 May 1872 Francis Napier, Baron of Ettrick (b. 1819 - d. 1898)
- (acting)
- 3 May 1872 - 12 Apr 1876 Thomas George Baring, (b. 1826 - d. 1904)
- Viscount Baring of Lee
- 12 Apr 1876 - 8 Jun 1880 Robert Bulwer-Lytton, Baron Lytton (b. 1831 - d. 1891)
- 8 Jun 1880 - 13 Dec 1884 George Frederick Samuel Robinson, (b. 1827 - d. 1909)
- Marquess of Ripon
- 13 Dec 1884 - 10 Dec 1888 Frederick Temple Hamilton-Temple- (b. 1826 - d. 1902)
- Blackwood, Earl of Dufferin
- 10 Dec 1888 - 11 Oct 1894 Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, (b. 1845 - d. 1927)
- Marquess of Lansdowne
- 11 Oct 1894 - 6 Jan 1899 Victor Alexander Bruce, (b. 1849 - d. 1917)
- Earl of Elgin
- 6 Jan 1899 - 18 Nov 1905 George Nathaniel Curzon (b. 1859 - d. 1925)
- 18 Nov 1905 - 23 Nov 1910 Gilbert John Elliot-Murray- (b. 1845 - d. 1914)
- Kynynmound, Earl of Minto
- 23 Nov 1910 - 4 Apr 1916 Charles Hardinge, Baron Hardinge (b. 1858 - d. 1944)
- of Penshurst
- 4 Apr 1916 - 2 Apr 1921 Frederic John Napier Thesiger, (b. 1868 - d. 1933)
- Baron Chelmsford
- 2 Apr 1921 - 3 Apr 1926 Rufus Daniel Isaacs, (b. 1860 - d. 1935)
- Baron Reading of Erleigh
- 10 Apr 1925 - 8 Aug 1925 Victor Alexander George Robert (b. 1876 - d. 1947)
- Bulwer-Lytton, Earl of Lytton
- (viceroy and acting governor-general)
- 3 Apr 1926 - 29 Jun 1929 Edward Frederick Lindley Wood, (b. 1881 - d. 1959)
- Baron Irwin
- 29 Jun 1929 - 18 Apr 1931 George Joachim Goschen, (b. 1866 - d. 1952)
- Viscount Goschen of Hawkhurst
- 18 Apr 1931 - 18 Apr 1936 George Freeman Freeman-Thomas, (b. 1866 - d. 1941)
- Earl of Willingdon
- 18 Apr 1936 - 1 Oct 1943 Victor Alexander John Hope, (b. 1887 - d. 1952)
- Marquess of Linlithgow
- 1 Oct 1943 - 21 Feb 1947 Archibald Percival Wavell, (b. 1883 - d. 1950)
- Viscount Wavell
- 21 Feb 1947 - 15 Aug 1947 Louis Francis Mountbatten, (b. 1900 - d. 1979)
- Viscount Mountbatten of Burma
- Governors-general (representing the British monarch as head of state)
- 15 Aug 1947 - 21 Jun 1948 Louis Francis Mountbatten, (s.a.)
- Earl Mountbatten of Burma
- 21 Jun 1948 - 26 Jan 1950 Chakravarti Rajagopalachari (b. 1878 - d. 1972)
- Presidents
- 26 Jan 1950 - 13 May 1962 Rajendra Prasad (b. 1884 - d. 1963)INC/Non-party
- 13 May 1962 - 13 May 1967 Sir Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (b. 1888 - d. 1975) Non-party
- 13 May 1967 - 3 May 1969 Zakir Husain (b. 1897 - d. 1969) Non-party
- 3 May 1969 - 20 Jul 1969 Varahagiri Venkata Giri (1st time) (b. 1894 - d. 1980) Non-party
- (acting)
- 20 Jul 1969 - 24 Aug 1969 Muhammad Hidayat Ullah (acting) (b. 1905 - d. 1992) Non-party
- 24 Aug 1969 - 24 Aug 1974 Varahagiri Venkata Giri (2nd time) (s.a.) Non-party
- 24 Aug 1974 - 11 Feb 1977 Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed (b. 1905 - d. 1977)INC/Non-party
- 11 Feb 1977 - 25 Jul 1977 Basappa Danappa Jatti (acting) (b. 1912 - d. 2002) Non-party
- 25 Jul 1977 - 25 Jul 1982 Neelam Sanjiva Reddy (b. 1913 - d. 1996)INc/Non-party
- 25 Jul 1982 - 25 Jul 1987 Giani Zail Singh (b. 1916 - d. 1994)INC/Non-party
- 25 Jul 1987 - 25 Jul 1992 Ramaswamy Venkataraman (b. 1910 - d. 2009)INC/Non-party
- 25 Jul 1992 - 25 Jul 1997 Shankar Dayal Sharma (b. 1918 - d. 1999)INC/Non-party
- 25 Jul 1997 - 25 Jul 2002 Kocheril Raman Narayanan (b. 1920 - d. 2005) Non-party
- 25 Jul 2002 - 25 Jul 2007 Aavul Pakkiri Jainulabidin (A.P.J.)(b. 1931) Non-party
Abdul Kalam
25 Jul 2007 - Pratibha Devisingh Patil (f) (b. 1934) INC/Non-party
- Secretaries of State for India (and from 1937, for Burma)(in London)
- 2 Sep 1858 - 18 Jun 1859 Edward Henry Stanley, (b. 1826 - d. 1893)
- Lord Stanley
- 18 Jun 1859 - 16 Feb 1866 Sir Charles Wood (b. 1800 - d. 1885)
- 16 Feb 1866 - 6 Jul 1866 George Frederick Samuel Robinson,
- Earl of Ripon
- 6 Jul 1866 - 8 Mar 1867
Robert Arthur Talbot
(b. 1830 - d. 1903)
Gascoyne-Cecil, - Viscount Cranborne (1st time)
- 8 Mar 1867 - 9 Dec 1868 Sir Stafford Henry Northcote (b. 1818 - d. 1887)
- 9 Dec 1868 - 21 Feb 1874 George Douglas Campbell, (b. 1823 - d. 1900)
- Duke of Argyll
- 21 Feb 1874 - 2 Apr 1878 Robert
Arthur Talbot
(s.a.)
Gascoyne-Cecil, - Marquess of Salisbury (2nd time)
- 2 Apr 1878 - 28 Apr 1880 Gathorne Hardy, Viscount Cranbrook (b. 1814 - d. 1906)
- 28 Apr 1880 - 16 Dec 1882 Spencer Compton Cavendish, (b. 1833 - d. 1908)
- Marquess of Hartington
- 16 Dec 1882 - 24 Jun 1885 John Woodhouse, Earl of Kimberley (b. 1826 - d. 1902)
- (1st time)
- 24 Jun 1885 - 6 Feb 1886 Randolph Henry Spencher Churchill (b. 1849 - d. 1895)
- 6 Feb 1886 - 3 Aug 1886 John Woodhouse, Earl of Kimberley (s.a.)
- (2nd time)
- 3 Aug 1886 - 18 Aug 1892 Sir Richard Assheton, Viscount (b. 1823 - d. 1914)
- Cross
- (from 18 Aug 1886, Richard Assheton
- Cross, Viscount Cross)
- 18 Aug 1892 - 10 Mar 1894 John Woodhouse, Earl of Kimberley (s.a.)
- (3rd time)
- 10 Mar 1894 - 4 Jul 1895 Henry Hartley Fowler (b. 1830 - d. 1911)
- 4 Jul 1895 - 9 Oct 1903 Lord George Francis Hamilton (b. 1845 - d. 1927)
- 9 Oct 1903 - 11 Dec 1905 William St.John Fremantle Brodrick (b. 1856 - d. 1942)
- 11 Dec 1905 - 3 Nov 1910 John Morley, (from 5 May 1908) (b. 1838 - d. 1923)
- Viscount Morley of Blackburn
- 7 Nov 1910 - 27 May 1915 Robert Crewe-Milnes, Earl of Crewe (b. 1858 - d. 1945)
- (from 20 Jun 1911, Robert
- Crewe-Milnes, Marquess of Crewe)
- 7 Mar 1911 - 25 May 1911 John Morley, Viscount Morley
- of Blackburn (acting for Crewe) (s.a.)
- 25 May 1915 - 17 Jul 1917 Joseph Austen Chamberlain (b. 1863 - d. 1937)
- 17 Jul 1917 - 10 Mar 1922 Edwin Samuel Montagu (b. 1879 - d. 1924)
- 21 Mar 1922 - 23 Jan 1924 William Robert Wellesley Peel, (b. 1867 - d. 1937)
- Viscount Peel (1st time)
- 23 Jan 1924 - 7 Nov 1924 Sir Sydney Haldane Olivier, (b. 1859 - d. 1943)
- (from 12 Feb 1924, Sydney Haldane
- Olivier, Baron Olivier)
- 7 Nov 1924 - 22 Oct 1928 Frederick Edwin Smith, (b. 1872 - d. 1930)
- Earl of Birkenhead
- 1 Nov 1928 - 7 Jun 1929 William Robert Wellesley Peel, (s.a.)
- Viscount Peel (2nd time)
- 8 Jun 1929 - 26 Aug 1931 William Wedgwood Benn (b. 1877 - d. 1966)
- 26 Aug 1931 - 7 Jun 1935 Sir Samuel John Gurney Hoare (b. 1880 - d. 1958)
- 7 Jun 1935 - 15 May 1940 Lawrence John Lumbey Dundas, (b. 1876 - d. 1961)
- Marquess of Zetland
- 15 May 1940 - 3 Aug 1945 Leopold Charles Maurice Stennett (b. 1873 - d. 1955)
- Amery
- 3 Aug 1945 - 23 Apr 1947 Frederick William Pethick-Lawrence,(b. 1871 - d. 1961)
- Baron Pentick-Lawrence of Peaslake
- 23 Apr 1947 - 15 Aug 1947 William Francis Hare, (b. 1906 - d. 1967)
- Earl of Listowel (to 4 Jan 1948 for Burma)
- Prime ministers
- 25 Aug 1946 - 27 May 1964 Jawaharlal Nehru (b. 1889 - d. 1964) INC
- 27 May 1964 - 9 Jun 1964 Gulzarilal Nanda (1st time) (b. 1898 - d. 1998) INC
- 9 Jun 1964 - 11 Jan 1966 Lal Bahadur Shastri (b. 1904 - d. 1966) INC
- 11 Jan 1966 - 19 Jan 1966 Gulzarilal Nanda (2nd time) (s.a.) INC
- 19 Jan 1966 - 24 Mar 1977 Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi (f) (b. 1917 - d. 1984) INC
- (1st time)
- 24 Mar 1977 - 28 Jul 1979 Morarji Ranchhodji Desai (b. 1896 - d. 1995) JP
- 28 Jul 1979 - 14 Jan 1980 Choudhary Charan Singh (b. 1902 - d. 1987) JP/BLD
- 14 Jan 1980 - 31 Oct 1984 Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi (f) (s.a.) INC-I
- (2nd time)
- 31 Oct 1984 - 2 Dec 1989 Rajiv Gandhi (b. 1944 - d. 1991) INC-I
- 2 Dec 1989 - 10 Nov 1990 Vishwanath Pratap Singh (b. 1931 - d. 2008) JD
- 10 Nov 1990 - 21 Jun 1991 Chandra Shekhar (b. 1927 - d. 2007) JD-S
- 21 Jun 1991 - 16 May 1996 Pamulaparthi Venkata Narasimha Rao (b. 1921 - d. 2004) INC-I
- 16 May 1996 - 1 Jun 1996 Atal Bihari Vajpayee (1st time) (b. 1924) BJP
- 1 Jun 1996 - 21 Apr 1997 Haradanahalli Dodde Gowda Deve (b. 1933) JD-NF
- Gowda
- 21 Apr 1997 - 19 Mar 1998 Inder Kumar Gujral (b. 1919) JD-NF
- 19 Mar 1998 - 22 May 2004 Atal Bihari Vajpayee (2nd time) (s.a.) BJP
- 22 May 2004 - Manmohan Singh (b. 1932) INC
- Provisional Government of Free India
-
![[Provisional Govt. of Free India 1943-1945]](in-congp.gif)
- 21 Oct 1943 - 18 Aug 1945
-
- Head of State and Prime minister of Provisional Government of Free India²
- 21 Oct 1943 - 18 Aug 1945 Subhas Chandra Bose (b. 1897 - d. 1945) AIFB
- (styled Netaji [the leader], recognized by Axis powers;
-
in exile 21 Oct 1943 - 18 Aug 1945 [in Singapore
to Nov 1943, Nov 1944 - 10 Jan 1945; Nov
1943 - - Nov 1944, Jan 1945 - 24 Apr 1945 in Rangoon, Burma;
- Apr - May 1945 in Bangkok, Thailand; Kuala Lumpur,
- Malaya May - 12 Aug 1945; then in Singapore])
- ¹Full style of the ruler:
- (a) 28 Apr 1876 - 22 Jan 1901: "By the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Queen, Defender of the Faith, Empress of India";
- (b) 4 Nov 1901 - 13 May 1927: "By the Grace of God of the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of the British Dominions
beyond the Seas King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India";
- (c) 13 May 1927 - 22 Jun 1948: "By the Grace of God of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India";
- (d) 22 Jun 1948 - 26 Jan 1950: "By the Grace of God of Great
Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas King, Defender
of the Faith."
- ²the Provisional Government of Free India was eventually recognized by nine Axis powers: Germany, Japan, Italy (Mussolini), Croatia, China (Wang Jing Wei), Thailand, Burma (Ba Maw), Manchukuo, and The Philippines (José Laurel).
- Territorial Disputes: since China and India launched a security and foreign policy dialogue in 2005, consolidated discussions related to the dispute over most of their rugged, militarized boundary, regional nuclear proliferation, Indian claims that China transferred missiles to Pakistan, and other matters continue; various talks and confidence-building measures have cautiously begun to defuse tensions over Kashmir, particularly since the Oct 2005 earthquake in the region; Kashmir nevertheless remains the site of the world's largest and most militarized territorial dispute with portions under the de facto administration of China (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas); India and Pakistan have maintained the 2004 cease fire in Kashmir and initiated discussions on defusing the armed stand-off in the Siachen glacier region; Pakistan protests India's fencing the highly militarized Line of Control and construction of the Baglihar Dam on the Chenab River in Jammu and Kashmir, which is part of the larger dispute on water sharing of the Indus River and its tributaries; UN Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) has maintained a small group of peacekeepers since 1949; India does not recognize Pakistan's ceding historic Kashmir lands to China in 1964; to defuse tensions and prepare for discussions on a maritime boundary, India and Pakistan seek technical resolution of the disputed boundary in Sir Creek estuary at the mouth of the Rann of Kutch in the Arabian Sea; Pakistani maps continue to show its Junagadh claim in Indian Gujarat State; discussions with Bangladesh remain stalled to delimit a small section of river boundary, to exchange territory for 51 Bangladeshi exclaves in India and 111 Indian exclaves in Bangladesh, to allocate divided villages, and to stop illegal cross-border trade, migration, violence, and transit of terrorists through the porous border; Bangladesh protests India's attempts to fence off high-traffic sections of the border; dispute with Bangladesh over New Moore/South Talpatty/Purbasha Island in the Bay of Bengal deters maritime boundary delimitation; India seeks cooperation from Bhutan and Burma to keep Indian Nagaland and Assam separatists from hiding in remote areas along the borders; Joint Border Committee with Nepal continues to examine contested boundary sections, including the 400 square kilometer dispute over the source of the Kalapani River; India maintains a strict border regime to keep out Maoist insurgents and control illegal cross-border activities from Nepal.
-
British East India Company
British Residents to the Mughal Empire (in Delhi)
1803 - 25 Jun 1806 David Ochterlony (1st time) (b. 1758 - d. 1825)
25 Jun 1806 - 1811 Archibald Seton (b. 1758 - d. 1818)
25 Feb 1811 - 1818 Charles Theophilus Metcalfe (s.a.)
(1st time)
1818 - 1820 Sir David Ochterlony (2nd time) (s.a.)
1820 - 1823 Alexander Ross (b. 1777 - d. 18..)
1823 William Fraser (1st time)(acting) (b. 1784 - d. 1835)
1823 - Oct 1825 C. Elliott
26 Aug 1825 - 31 Jul 1827 Sir Charles Theophilus Metcalfe (s.a.)
(2nd time)
31 Jul 1827 - 1828 Edward Colebrooke
1828 - 1829 William Fraser (2nd time)(acting) (s.a.)
18 Sep 1829 - Nov 1830 Francis James Hawkins (b. 1806 - d. 1860)
25 Nov 1830 - 1832 W.B. Martin
1832 - 22 Mar 1835 William Fraser (3rd time) (s.a.)
1835 - 1853 Sir Thomas Theophilus Metcalfe (b. 1795 - d. 1853)
Nov 1853 - 11 May 1857 Simon Fraser (d. 1857)
|
"Jana-Gana-Mana" (Thou Art the Ruler of the Minds of All People) |
(Nicobar Islands) |
40,000 est. |
Party abbreviations: BJP = Bharatiya Janata Party
(Indian People's Party, extreme Hinduist);
INC = Indian National Congress ("Congress Party", populist,
socialist, est.1885); JD = Janata Dal (People's Party, social-democratic); JD-S = Janata Dal-Shekhar (People's Party-Chandra Shekhar faction, social-democratic, split from JD); NF = National Front (formerly National
Front-Left Front, leftist coalition inludes CPI, CPI-M, DMK, JD, JKNC,
Socialist Party, Telugu Desam, DMK, et.al.);
- Former parties: AIFB = All India Forward
Bloc (left-wing Indian nationalist, est.1939, bySubhas Chandra Bose [formerly of INC], pro-independence, pro-Japan); BLD = Bharatiya Lok Dal (Indian People's Party); INC-I
= Congress Party-Indira (INC Indira Ghandi faction, personalist, populist,
socialist, 1980s-1990s)
|
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![[East India Company, 1707]](gb-h1707.gif)
![[East India Company, 1801]](gb-h1801.gif)
Chairmen of the British East India Company (in London)
Apr 1783 - Nov 1783 Sir
Henry Fletcher (1st time) (b. 1727 - d. 1807)
Nov 1783 - Apr 1785 Nathaniel
Smith (1st time) (b. 1730
- d. 1794)
Apr 1785 - Apr 1786 William
Devaynes (1st time) (b. 1730
- d. 1809)
Apr 1786 - Apr 1787 John
Michie
(d. 1788)
Apr 1787 - Apr 1788 John
Motteux
Apr 1788 - Dec 1788 Nathaniel
Smith (2nd time) (s.a.)
Dec 1788 - Apr 1790 William
Devaynes (2nd time) (s.a.)
Apr 1790 - Apr 1791 Stephen
Lushington (1st time) (b. 1744 - d. 1804)
Apr 1791 - Apr 1792 John
Smith Burgess
Apr 1792 - Apr 1793 Francis
Baring
(b. 1740 - d. 1810)
Apr 1793 - Apr 1795 William
Devaynes (3rd time) (s.a.)
Apr 1795 - Apr 1796 Stephen
Lushington (2nd time) (s.a.)
Apr 1796 - Apr 1797 David
Scott (1st time)
(b. 1746 - d. 1805)
Apr 1797 - Apr 1798 Hugh
Inglis (1st time)
(b. 1744 - d. 1822)
Apr 1798 - Apr 1799 Jacob
Bosanquet (1st time) (b.
1758 - d. 1828)
Apr 1799 - Apr 1800 Stephen
Lushington (3rd time) (s.a.)
Apr 1800 - Apr 1801 Hugh
Inglis (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Apr 1801 - Sep 1801 David
Scott (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Sep 1801 - Apr 1802 Charles
Mills
Apr 1802 - Apr 1803 John
Roberts
Apr 1803 - Apr 1804 William
Fullerton Elphinstone (b. 1740 - d. 1834)
(1st time)
Apr 1804 - Apr 1805 Charles
Grant (1st time)
(b. 1778 - d. 1866)
Apr 1805 - Apr 1806 William
Fullerton Elphinstone (s.a.)
(2nd time)
Apr 1806 - Apr 1809 Edward
Parry
Apr 1809 - Apr 1810 Charles
Grant (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Apr 1810 - Apr 1811 William
Astell (1st time)
(b. 1774 - d. 1847)
Apr 1811 - Apr 1812 Jacob
Bosanquet (2nd time) (s.a.)
Apr 1812 - Apr 1813 Jacob
Inglis (3rd time)
(s.a.)
Apr 1813 - Apr 1814 Robert
Thornton
Apr 1814 - Apr 1815 William
Fullerton Elphinstone (s.a.)
(3rd time)
Apr 1815 - Apr 1816 Charles
Grant (3rd time)
(s.a.)
Apr 1816 - Apr 1817 Thomas
Reid (1st time)
Apr 1817 - Apr 1818 John
Bebb
Apr 1818 - Apr 1819 James
Pattison (1st time)
Apr 1819 - Apr 1820 Campbell
Majoribanks (1st time) (b. 1769 - d. 1840)
Apr 1820 - Apr 1821 George
Abercrombie Robinson (b. 1758
- d. 1832)
(1st time)
Apr 1821 - Apr 1822 Thomas
Reid (2nd time)
Apr 1822 - Apr 1823 James
Pattison (2nd time)
Apr 1823 - Apr 1824 William
Wigram
Apr 1824 - Apr 1825 William
Astell (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Apr 1825 - Apr 1826 Campbell
Majoribanks (2nd time) (s.a.)
Apr 1826 - Apr 1827 George
Abercrombie Robinson (s.a.)
(2nd time)
Apr 1827 - Apr 1828 Hugh
Lindsay
(b. 1765 - d. 1844)
Apr 1828 - Apr 1829 William
Astell (3rd time)
(s.a.)
Apr 1829 - Apr 1830 John
Loch
(b. 1781 - d. 1868)
Apr 1830 - Apr 1831 William
Astell (4th time)
(s.a.)
1831
Robert Campbell
(d. 1858)
1832
John Goldsborough Ravenshaw (d. 1840)
1833
Campbell Marjoribanks
(d. 1840)
1833 John Loch
1834
Henry St.George Tucker (1st time) (d. 1851)
1835
William Stanley Clarke
(d. 1844)
1836 - 1838 James
Rivett Carnac (b.
1784 - d. 1846)
1838 James Law Lushington (1st time)
1839
Richard Jenkins
(d. 1853)
1840
William Butterworth Bayley (d. 1860)
1841 George Lyall
1842 James Law Lushington
1843
John Cotton
(d. 1860)
1844
John Shepherd (1st time) (d.
1859)
1845 Henry Willock
1846
James Weir Hogg (1st time) (d. 1876)
1847 Henry St. George Tucker (2nd time) (s.a.)
1848 John Law Lushington (2nd time)
1849
Archibald Galloway
(d. 1850)
1850 - 1852 John Shepherd
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1852
James Weir Hogg (2nd time) (s.a.)
1853 Russell Ellice
1854 James Oliphant
1855 Elliot Macnaghten
1856
William Henry Sykes
(d. 1872)
1857
Ross Donnelly Mangles
(d. 1877)
1858
Sir Frederick Currie
(d. 1875)
Presidents of the Board of Control of the East India Company
(in
London)
3 Sep 1784 - 12 Mar 1790 Thomas Townshend, Baron Sydney
(b. 1733 - d. 1800)
12 Mar 1790 - 28 Jun 1793 William Wyndham Grenville,
(b. 1759 - d. 1834)
Baron Grenville of
Wotton-under-Bernewood
28 Jun 1793 - 19 May 1801 Henry Dundas
(b. 1742 - d. 1811)
19 May 1801 - 12 Jul 1802 George Legge, Earl of Dartmouth
(b. 1755 - d. 1810)
12 Jul 1802 - 12 Feb 1806 Robert Stewart, Viscount
(b. 1769 - d. 1822)
Castlereagh
12 Feb 1806 - 16 Jul 1806 Gilbert Elliot
16 Jul 1806 - 1 Oct 1806 Thomas Grenville
(b. 1755 - d. 1846)
1 Oct 1806 - 6 Apr 1807 George Tierney
(b. 1761 - d. 1830)
6 Apr 1807 - 17 Jul 1809 Robert Saunders-Dundas (1st
time) (b. 1771 - d. 1851)
17 Jul 1809 - 13 Nov 1809 Dudley Ryder, Earl of Harrowby
(b. 1762 - d. 1847)
13 Nov 1809 - 7 Apr 1812 Robert Saunders-Dundas,
(s.a.)
Viscount Melville (2nd time)
7 Apr 1812 - 20 Jun 1816 Robert Hobart,
(b. 1760 - d. 1816)
Earl of Buckinghamshire
20 Jun 1816 - 16 Jan 1821 George Canning
(b. 1770 - d. 1827)
16 Jan 1821 - 8 Feb 1822 Charles Bragge Bathurst
(b. 1751 - d. 1831)
8 Feb 1822 - 31 Jul 1828 Charles Watkin Williams Wynn
(b. 1775 - d. 1850)
31 Jul 1828 - 24 Sep 1828 Robert Saunders-Dundas,
(s.a.)
Viscount Melville (3rd time)
24 Sep 1828 - 1 Dec 1830 Edward Law, Lord Ellenborough
(b. 1790 - d. 1871)
(1st time)
1 Dec 1830 - 18 Dec 1834 Charles Grant
(b. 1778 - d. 1866)
18 Dec 1834 - 23 Apr 1835 Edward Law, Lord Ellenborough
(2nd time)
23 Apr 1835 - 4 Sep 1841 Sir John Cam Hobhouse (1st
time) (b. 1786 - d. 1869)
4 Sep 1841 - 23 Oct 1841 Edward Law, Lord Ellenborough
(s.a.)
(3rd time)
23 Oct 1841 - 17 May 1843 William Vesey-FitzGerald,
(b. 1783 - d. 1857)
Lord Fitzgerald
17 May 1843 - 8 Jul 1846 Frederick John Robinson,
(b. 1782 - d. 1859)
Earl of Ripon
8 Jul 1846 - 5 Feb 1852 Sir John Cam Hobhouse
(2nd time) (s.a.)
5 Feb 1852 - 28 Feb 1852 Fox Maule-Ramsey, Baron Panmure
(b. 1801 - d. 1874)
28 Feb 1852 - 30 Dec 1852 John Charles Herries
(b. 1778 - d. 1855)
30 Dec 1852 - 3 Mar 1855 Sir Charles Wood
(b. 1800 - d. 1885)
3 Mar 1855 - 6 Mar 1858 Robert Vernon Smith
6 Mar 1858 - 5 Jun 1858 Edward Law, Earl of Ellenborough
(s.a.)
(4th time)
5 Jun 1858 - 2 Sep 1858 Edward Henry Stanley,
(b. 1826 - d. 1893)
Earl of Derby
Jammu and Kashmir
|
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![[Jammu and Kashmir Flag 1846-1936]](in-gwali.gif)
![[Jammu and Kashmir Maharaja's flag]](in-jandk.gif)
![[Jammu and Kashmir Flag 1936-1953]](ind_cac4.gif)
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Jammu (winter) |
(INR) |
4,021,600 (1941) |
....
Kingdom of Kashmir established in remote
(legendary) antiquity.
Early Middle Ages
State of Jammu established.
28 Jul 1589
Kashmir incorporated into (Mughal) Empire of Hind.
May 1752
Kashmir conquered by the newly founded Afghan
kingdom.
1816
Jammu annexed to the Punjab.
5 Jul 1819
Kashmir annexed to the Punjab.
17 Jun 1822
Independence of Jammu restored.
15 Mar 1846
U.K. government cedes Kashmir to the ruler of Jammu,
thus creating the state of Jammu and Kashmir.
16 Mar 1846 - 15 Aug 1947 Jammu and Kashmir a British protectorate.
27 Oct 1947
The ruler of Jammu and Kashmir declares the accession of the
state to India in the face of tribal invasion
from Pakistan
(Azad Kashmir annexed to Pakistan).
26 Jan 1957
The incorporation of Jammu and Kashmir into India is
declared to be complete.
21 Nov 1962
China occupies Aksai Chin region of Ladakh.
Rajas
1675 - 1703
Gujai Dev
(d. 1703)
1703 - 1725
Dhruv Dev
(d. 1725)
1725 - 4 Apr 1782
Ranjit Dev
(d. 1782)
4 Apr 1782 - 1787
Brij Raj Dev
(d. 1787)
1787 - Jun 1797
Sampuran
Singh
(b. 1786
- d. 1797)
1787 - Jun 1797 Mian Mota -Regent
Jun 1797 - 1816
Jit Singh
(d. 1816)
1816 - 1820 Interregnum
1820
- 4 May
1822
Kishore Singh
(d. 1822)
4 May 1822 - 15 Mar 1846 Gulab Singh
(b. 1792 - d. 1857)
Kashmir
Afghan Governors
1753 (5 months) Ishak Aqasi
1753 Abdullah Khan Kabuli
1753 - 1762 Raja Sukh Jiwan Mal
1762 (3 months) Nur-ud-din Khan Bamzai (1st time)
1762 - 1764 Buland Khan Bamzai
1764 - 1765 Nur-ud-din Khan Bamzai (2nd time)
1765 - 1766 Jan Muhammad Khan
1766 Lal Khan Khatak (1st time)
1766 - 1767 Khurram Khan
1767 Faqir Ullah Kanth
1767 - 1770 Nur-ud-din Khan Bamzai (3rd time)
1770 - 1771 Lal Khan Khatak (2nd time)
1771 (6 months) Khurram Khan
1771 - 1776 Amir Khan Jawansher
1778 - 1783 Haji Karimdad Khan
1783 - 1785 Azad Khan
(d. 1785)
1785 - 1786 Madad Khan
1786 - 1788 Mirdad Khan
1788 Mulla Ghafar Khan
1788 - 1792 Juma Khan Alokzai
1792 - 1793 Mirza Khan
1793 - 1794 Mir Hazar Khan
1794 Rahmatullah Khan
1794 - 1795 Kifayat Khan
1795 Muhammad Khan Jawansher
29 Sep 1795 - Dec 1795 Sher Muhammad Khan
1795 - 1801 Abdullah Khan Alokzai (1st time)
1801 Vakil Khan
1801 - 1812 Abdullah Khan Alokzai (2nd time)
1812 (5 months) Sher Muhammad Khan
1813 - 1819 Atta Muhammad Khan
Jammu and Kashmir
Raja
15 Mar 1846 - 9 Nov 1846 Gulab Singh
(s.a.)
Maharajas
9 Nov 1846 - 20 Feb 1856 Gulab Singh
(s.a.)
20 Feb 1856 - 12 Sep 1885 Ranbir Singh
(b. 1830 - d. 1885)
12 Sep 1885 - 17 Apr 1889 Pratap Singh (1st time)
(b. 1848 - d. 1925)
17 Apr 1889 - 1898
Amar Singh
(b. 1864 - d. 1909)
(chairman regency council)
1898 - 7 Sep 1925
Pratap Singh (2nd time)
(s.a.)
(chairman regency council to Oct
1905)
7 Sep 1925 - 17 Nov 1952 Hari Singh
(b. 1895 - d. 1961)
20 Jun 1949 - 17 Nov 1952 Karan Singh -Regent
(b. 1931)
Sadr-e Riyasat (roughly, "head of state")
17 Nov 1952 - 30 Mar 1965 Karan Singh
(s.a.)
Governors
30 Mar 1965 - 15 May 1967 Karan Singh
(s.a.)
15 May 1967 - 3 Jul 1973 Bhagwan Sahay
(b. 1905)
3 Jul 1973 - 22 Feb 1981 Lakshmi Kant Jha
(b. 1913 - d. 1988)
22 Feb 1981 - 26 Apr 1984 Braj Kumar Nehru
(b. 1909 - d. 2001)
26 Apr 1984 - Jul 1989 Jagmohan (1st time)
(b. 1927)
Jul 1989 - 19 Jan 1990 K.V. Krishna Rao
(1st time) (b. 1923)
19 Jan 1990 - 26 May 1990 Jagmohan (2nd time)
(s.a.)
26 May 1990 - 12 Mar 1993 Girish Chandra Saxena (1st time)
(b. 1928)
12 Mar 1993 - 2 May 1998 K.V. Krishna Rao (2nd time)
(s.a.)
2 May 1998 - 4 Jun 2003 Girish Chandra Saxena
(2nd time) (s.a.)
4 Jun 2003 - 25 Jun 2008 S.K. Sinha
(b. 1926)
25 Jun 2008 - Narinder Nath Vohra (b. 1936)
Chief ministers (Dewan)
1823 - 1836 Amir Chand (in Jammu)
1836 - 1865 Jawala (Jwala) Sahai
1865 - 1875/76 Kirpa Ram
1875/76 - c.1879 Wazir Punnu
18.. - 1885 Anant Ram
1885 - 1886 Gobind Sahai
1886 - 1889 Lachman Das
1889 - 1909 Raja Amar
Singh
(s.a.)
1909 - 1917 Amar Nath
1917 - 1921 Raja Daljit Singh
Mar 1921 - Apr 1922 Bishandas
1922
- 1926 Raja Hari Singh
(s.a.)
1926 - 1927
Jagat Dev Singh
(b. 1903 - d. 1940)
1927 Padam Deo Singh
1927 - Mar 1929 Sir Albion Banerjee
(b. 1871 - d. 1950)
1929 - 25 Jul 1931 G.E.C. Wakefield
(b. 1883 - d. 1950)
1931 - 1933 Sir Hari
Kishan Kaul (b. 1881 - d.
1949)
Prime ministers
1933 - 1936
Elliot James Dowell Colvin
(b. 1885 - d. 1950)
1936 Sir Barjor J. Dalal (acting) (b. 1871 - d. 19..)
1936 - Jul 1943
N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar
(b. 1882 - d. 1953)
(from 1 Jan 1941, Sir N. Gopalaswami
Ayyangar)
Jul 1943 - Feb 1944 Kailas
Narain Haksar
(b. 1878 - d. 1953)
Feb 1944 - 28 Jun 1945 Sir Benegal Narsing
Rau (b.
1887 - d. 1953)
28 Jun 1945 - 11 Aug 1947 Ram Chandra Kak
(b. 1893 - d. 1983)
11 Aug 1947 - 15 Oct 1947 Janak Singh (acting)
15 Oct 1947 - 5 Mar 1948 Mehr Chand Mahajan
(b. 1889 - d. 1967)
30 Oct 1947 - 9 Aug 1953 Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah
(b. 1905 - d. 1982) JKNC
"the Lion of Kashmir"
(to 5 Mar 1948, head of the emergency administration)
9 Aug 1953 - 12 Oct 1963 Bakshi Ghulam Muhammad
(b. 1907 - d. 1972) JKNC
12 Oct 1963 - 29 Feb 1964 Khwaja Shams-ud-Din
(b. 1922 - d. 1999) INC
29 Feb 1964 - 30 Mar 1965 Ghulam Muhammad Sadiq
(b. 1912 - d. 1971) INC
Chief ministers
30 Mar 1965 - 12 Dec 1971 Ghulam Muhammad Sadiq
(s.a.)
INC
12 Dec 1971 - 25 Feb 1975 Seyd Mir Qasim
(b. 1921 - d. 2004) INC
25 Feb 1975 - 26 Mar 1977 Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah
(s.a.)
JKNC
(1st time)
26 Mar 1977 - 9 Jul 1977 President's Rule
9 Jul 1977 - 8 Sep 1982 Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah
(s.a.)
JKNC
(2nd time)
8 Sep 1982 - 2 Jul 1984 Farooq Abdullah (1st time)
(b. 1936)
JKNC
2 Jul 1984 - 6 Mar 1986 Ghulam Mohammad Shah
(b. 1920 - d. 2009) ANC
6 Mar 1986 - 7 Nov 1986 President's Rule
7 Nov 1986 - 19 Jan 1990 Farooq Abdullah (2nd time)
(s.a.)
JKNC
19 Jan 1990 - 9 Oct 1996 President's Rule
9 Oct 1996 - 18 Oct 2002 Farooq Abdullah (3rd time)
(s.a.)
JKNC
18 Oct 2002 - 2 Nov 2002 President's Rule
2 Nov 2002 - 2 Nov 2005 Mufti Mohammad Sayeed
(b. 1936)
PDP
2 Nov 2005 - 10 Jul 2008 Ghulam Nabi Azad
(b. 1949)
CLP
10 Jul 2008 - 5 Jan 2009 President's Rule
5 Jan 2009 -
Omar Abdullah
(b. 1970)
JKNC
British Residents (to 1885 in Hunza, then in Srinagar)
15 Mar 1846 - 1877
None
1877 - 1880
John Biddulph
(b. 1840 - d. 1922)
1880 - 1883
Vacant
1883 - 1886
Sir Oliver Beauchamp Coventry (b. 1837 -
d. 1891)
St. John
1886 - Jan 1889
Trevor John Chichele
(b. 1846 - d. 1905)
Chichele-Plowden
1889 - 1892
Robert Parry Nisbet
(b. 1839 - d. 1916)
1892 - 1894
David William Keith Barr
(b. 1846 - d. 1916)
1894 - 1896
Hugh Shakespear Barnes
(b. 1853 - d. 1940)
1896 - 1900
Sir Adelbert Cecil Talbot
(b. 1845 - d. 1920)
1900 - 1901
Harold Arthur Deane
(b. 1854 - d. 1908)
1901 - 1903
Louis William Dane
(b. 1856 - d. 1946)
1903 - 1905
Elliot Graham Colvin
(b. 1861 - d. 1940)
1906 - 1909
Sir Francis Edward Younghusband (b. 1863 - d. 1942)
1910 - 1911
John Ramsay
(b. 1862 - d. 1942)
1911 - 1914
Stuart Mitford Fraser
(b. 1864 - d. 1963)
1914 - 1915
Henry Venn
Cobb
(b. 1864 -
d. 1949)
1916 - 1917
John Manners Smith
(b. 1864 - d. 1920)
1917 - 1921
Arthur D'Arcy Gordon Bannerman (b. 1866 - d. 1955)
1921 - 1923
Charles Joseph Windham
(b. 1867 - d. 1941)
1923 - 1927
Sir John Barry Wood
(b. 1870 - d. 1933)
1927 - 1929
Evelyn Berkeley Howell
(b. 1877 - d. 1971)
1929 - 1931
George Drummond Ogilvie
(b. 1882 - d. 1966)
1931 - 1932
Courtenay Latimer
(b. 1880 - d. 1944)
Jul 1932 - 1935
Frederick Marshman Bailey
(b. 1882 - d. 1967)
1925 - 1938
Lionel Edward Lang
(b. 1885 - d. 1956)
1938 - 1941
Denholm
Fraser
(b. 1889
- d. 1956)
1941 - 1943
Leslie Eric Barton
(b. 1889 - d. 1952)
1943 - 1945
James Glasgow Acheson
(b. 1889 - d. 1973)
1945 - 1947
Wilfred Francis Webb
(b. 1897 - d. 1973)
Party abbreviations: ANC = Jammu and Kashmir Awami National Conference; CLP = Congress Legislature Party;
INC
= Indian National Congress Party; JKNC = All Jammu and Kashmir National
Conference (Kasmir unity, pro-autonomy, est.1939, formerly All All Jammu and Kashmir
Muslim Conference 1932-39); PDP = People's Democratic Party
Ladakh
-
![[Jammu and Kashmir Flag 1953]](in-jakas.gif)
- Adopted 1995
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c.900
Mnga'-ris-skor-gsum (Ladakh) established
by a
West-Tibetan branch of the Yar-lung dynasty.
1200's - 1300's
Under Mongol suzerainty.
1644 - 1685
Tributary of the (Mughal) Empire of Hind.
1690's - 1700's
Vassal state of Kashmir.
1783 - 17 Sep 1842
Tributary of Tibet (which itself is under suzerainty of China).
17 Sep 1842
Ladakh incorporated into the Jammu state, succeeded
by Jammu and Kashmir (with some nominal
autonomy).
21 Nov 1962
China occupies Aksai Chin region.
28 Aug 1995
Ladakh Hill Area Development Council established.
Kings (title Chos-rgyal-chen-po)¹
1694 - 1729
Nyi-ma rNam-rgyal
1729 - 20 Mar 1739
bDe-skyong rNam-rgyal
1739 - 1753
Phun-tshogs rNam-rgyal
1753 - 1782
Tshe-dbang rNam-rgyal II
1782 - 1802
Mi-jigs-tshe-brtan rNam-rgyal
1802 - 1837
Tshe-dpal-mi-'gyur-don-grub (d.
1840)
rNam-rgyal (1st time)
1837 - 1839
dNgos-grub-bstan-'dzin -Regent
(styled rGyal-tsab or sRid-skyong)
1839 - 1840
Tshe-dpal-mi-'gyur-don-grub (s.a.)
rNam-rgyal (2nd time)
Jun 1840 - Jul 1840 'Jigs-med
rNam-rgyal (1st time) (b. 1833 - d. c.1873)
1840 - 1842
Kun-dga' rNam-rgyal II
(b. c.1832 - d. ....)
1842 - 17 Sep 1842
'Jigs-med rNam-rgyal (2nd time) (s.a.)
Chairmen and Chief Executive Councillors of the Ladakh Hill Area
Development Council
3 Sep 1995 - 2003
Thupstan Chhewang
(b. 1947)
Non-party
2003 - 2005
Tsering Dorjay (1st time)
LUTF
(Chering Dorjey)
2005 - 2007
Rigzin Spalbar (1st time)
INC
2007 - 2008 Tsering
Dorjay (2nd time)
LUTF
Sep 2008 - 2010 Kacho Ahmad Ali Khan (b. 1947)
Non-party
2010 - Rigzin
Spalbar (2nd time)
INC
¹From 1683 every ruler also used the name Aqibat Mahmud Khan.
Party abbreviations: INC = Indian National Congress ("Congress Party", populist,
socialist); LUTF = Ladakh Union Territory Front (pro-Ladakh as separate
Union Territory, est.2002)
Danish India
-
- 19 Nov 1620 - 7 Nov 1845
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19 Nov 1620
Tranquebar (Dansborg) a Danish possession.
1636 - 1643
Balasore a Danish possession.
1696 - 1722
Oddeway Torre (on Malabar coast) a Danish possession.
1698 - 1714
Gondalpara (Dannemarksnagore) southeast of Chandernagore
a Danish possession.
1752 - 1791
Calicut a Danish possession.
1755 - 1824
Colachel (on Malabar coast) a Danish possession.
1 Jan 1846
Frederik Islands (Nicobar
Islands) a Danish colony.
(subordinated to Tranquebar).
8 Oct 1755
Serampore (Frederiksnagore) a Danish possession.
1763
Balasore a Danish possession.
1779
Danish crown colony.
1784 - 1807/09
Nicobar islands abandoned.
12 May 1801 - 17 Aug 1802 British occupy Danish India.
1807 - 1814
British occupy Nicobar Islands.
13 Feb 1808 - 20 Sep 1815 British occupy Danish India.
20 Sep 1815
Restored to Denmark.
11 Oct 1845
Frederiksnagore sold to Britain.
7 Nov 1845
Tranquebar and remaining Danish India settlements
sold to Britain, part of British India.
16 Oct 1868
Danish rights to the Nicobar Islands sold to Britain,
which become part of British India.
Governors (of the Danish East India Company to 1779)
11 Oct 1620 - 13 Feb 1621 Ove Gedde
(b. 1594 - d. 1660)
14 Feb 1621 - 9 Nov 1636 Roland Crappè
(d.
1645)
9 Nov 1636 - 5 Sep 1643 Bernt Pessart
5 Sep 1643 - 1648
Willem Leyel
(b c.1593 - d. 1654)
1648 - 7 Sep 1655
Poul Hansen Korsør (d. 1655)
7 Sep 1655 - 1669
Eskild Andersen Kongsbakke (b. 1615 - d. 1674)
1669 - 1673
Henrik Eggers
1673 - Oct 1682
Sivart Adeler (b. 1647 - d. 1683)
Oct 1682 - 9 Jul 1686 Axel Juel
(b. 1655 - d. 1720)
9 Jul 1686 - Oct 1687 Wolf Henrik von Kalnein (d. 1690)
Oct 1687 - 1689
Christian Porck (1st time)
1689 - 1690
Moritz
Hartmann
(b. 1656
- d. 1695)
1690 - 1694
Christian Porck (2nd time)
1694 - 19 May 1701
Claus Vogdt
19 May 1701 - 1701
Andreas Andreæ
(d. 1701)
1701 - 1702
Mikkel Knudsen Crone
(d. 1716)
Jul 1702 - 1704
Jørgen Hermansen Bjørn
(b. 1652 - d. 1704)
1 Jul 1704 - 20 Oct 1716 Johan Sigismund Hassius
(b. 1664 - d. 1729)
20 Oct 1716 - 21 Jan 1720 Christen Brun-Lundegaard
(d. 1724)
23 Jan 1720 - 12 Oct 1726 Christian Ulrich von Nissen
(b. 1691 - d. 1756)
12 Oct 1726 - 8 Aug 1730 Rasmus Hansen Attrup
(d. 1745)
8 Aug 1730 - 1 Aug 1733 Diderich Mühlenport
(d. 1746)
1 Aug 1733 - 13 Jul 1741 Poul Krisk Panck
(b. 1690 - d. 1747)
13 Jul 1741 - 17 Sep 1744 Ivar Bonsack
(d. 1748)
17 Sep 1744 - 5 Sep 1754 Hans Ernst Bonsack
5 Sep 1754 - 10 Aug 1759 Hans Georg Krog
(b. 1720 - d. 1796)
9 May 1759 - 4 Jul 1760 Christian Frederik Høyer
(d. 1763)
4 Jul 1760 - 27 Apr 1761 Herman Jacob Forck
(d. 1761)
29 Apr 1761 - 14 Feb 1775 Peter Hermann Abbestee (1st time)
(b. 1728 - d. 1794)
14 Feb 1775 - 17 Jan 1779 David Brown
(d. 1784)
17 Jan 1779 - 17 May 1788 Peter Hermann Abbestee (2nd time)
(s.a.)
17 May 1788 - 7 Feb 1806 Peter Anker
(b. 1744 - d. 1832)
7 Feb 1806 - 13 Feb 1808 Johan Peter Hermannson (1st
time) (d. 1822)
13 Feb 1808 - 20 Sep 1815 British occupation
20 Sep 1815 - 19 Nov 1816 Gerhard Sievers Bille
(b. 1765 - d. 1816)
19 Nov 1816 - 15 Feb 1822 Johan Peter Hermannson (2nd time)
(s.a.)
16 Feb 1822 - 7 May 1823 Jens Kofoed
(b. 1775 - d. 1833)
7 May 1823 - 7 Mar 1825 Ulrich Anton Schönheyder
(b. 1775 - d. 1858)
7 Mar 1825 - 26 Mar 1829 Hans Diderich Brinck-Seidelin
(b. 1779 - d. 1859)
26 Mar 1829 - 14 May 1832 Lauritz Christensen
(b. 1793 - d. 1832)
17 May 1832 - 1 May 1838 Conrad Emil Mourier
(b. 1795 - d. 1865)
1 May 1838 - 18 Jun 1841 Johannes von Rehling
(b. 1775 - d. 1841)
18 Jun 1841 - 15 Sep 1841 Christian Tiemroth
(b. 1799 - d. 1888)
16 Oct 1841 - 7 Nov 1845 Peder Hansen
(b. 1798 - d. 1880)
Dutch India
-
![[National flag of the Netherlands]](nl.gif)
- 1608 - 1 Mar 1825
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1608
Dutch rule
1610 - 20 May 1784
Pulicat a Dutch possession.
1658 - 20 Oct 1795
Tuticorin a Dutch possession.
23 Jul 1658 - 1781
Negapatnam a Dutch possession.
1780 - 20 May 1784
Coromandel Coast occupied by Britain.
20 Oct 1795 - 1818
British occupation of Dutch India settlements.
20 Sep 1817
Coromandel settlements restored to Netherlands,
Malabar annexed to British India.
1 Mar 1825
Dutch Coromandel ceded to Britain, part of British India.
Governors
1608 - 1610
Pieter Issack Eyloff
1610 - 1612
Johan van Wesicke
1612 - 1615
Wemmer van Berchem (d. 1653)
1616
Hans de Haze (1st time)
1616 - 1617
Samuel Kint
1617 - 1619
Adolf Thomassen
1619 - 1620
Hans de Haze (2nd time)
1620 - 1622
Andries Soury (1st time)
1622 - 1624
Abraham van Uffelen
1624 - 1626
Andries Soury (2nd time)
1626 - 1632
Maerten Isbrantszoon (1st time)
1632
Arent Gardenijs (1st time)
1632 - 1633
David Pieterszoon
1633 - 1636
Maerten Isbrantszoon (2nd time)
1636 - 1638
Carel
Reyniersz
(b. 1604 - d. 1653)
1638 - 1643
Arent Gardenijs (2nd time)
1643 - 1650
Arnold Heussen (b. c.1605 - d. 1660)
1650 - 1651
Laurens Pit (1st time)
1651
Jacob de With
1652 - 1663
Laurens Pit (2nd time)
12 Jun 1663 - 1665
Cornelis Speelman (b. 1628 - d. 1684)
1665 - 1676
Anthonie Paviljoen
1676 - 1679
Jacques Caulier
1679 - 1681
Willem Carel Hartsinck (d. 1695)
1681 - 1686
Jacob Joriszoon Pits
1686 - 1698
Laurens Pits de jonge
1698 - 1705
Dirk Coomans
1705 - 1710
Johannes van Steelandt
1710 - 1716
Daniel Bernard Guilliams
1716 - 1719
Adriaan de Visscher
1719 - 1723
Gerard van Westrenen
1723 - 1729
Dirck van
Cloon
(b. 1688 -
d. 1735)
1729 - 1733
Adriaan Pla
1733 - 1737
Elias Guillot
1738 - 1743
Jacob Mossel
(b. 1704 - d. 1761)
1743 - 1747
Galenus Mersen
1747 - 1753
Librecht Hooreman (b. 1708 - d. 1774)
1753 - 1758
Steven Vermont
1758 - 1761
Lubbert Jan van Eck
(b. 1719 - d. 1765)
1761 - 1765
Christiaan van Teylingen
1765 - 1773
Pieter Haksteen
1773 - 1780
Reynier van Vlissingen
1780 - 1784
British occupation
1784 - 1789
Willem Blauwkamer
1790 - 20 Oct 1795
Jacob Eilbracht
1795 - 1818
British occupation
1818 - 1824
F.C. Regel
1824 - 1 Mar 1825
Henry Francis von Söhsten (b. 1792 - d. 1866)
Malabar Coast
29 Dec 1658 - 14 Apr 1659 Quilon occupied by Dutch.
24 Dec 1661
Quilon a Dutch possession.
15 Jan 1662
Cranganore a Dutch possession.
8 Jan 1663
Cochin a Dutch possession.
15 Feb 1663
Cannanore a Dutch possession.
20 Oct 1795 - 1818
British occupation.
1818
Annexed to British India.
Commanders
1663 - 1665
Ludolph van Coulster
1665 - 1667 Ijsbrand
Goske
(b. c.1626 - d. 1689)
1667 - 1669
Lucas van der Dussen
1669 - 1676
Hendrik Adriaan van Reede (b. 1636 - d. 1691)
tot Drakestein
1677 - 1678
Jacob Lobs
1678 - 1683
Marten Huysman
1683 - 1687
Gelmer Vosburgh
1688 - 1693
Issack van Dielen
1693 - 1694 Alexander Wigman
1694 - 1697
Adriaan van Ommen
1697 - 1701
Magnus Wichelman
1701 - 1704
Abraham Vink
1704 - 1708
Willem
Moerman
(b. 16.. - d. 1717)
1708 - 1709
Adam van der Duyn
1709 - 1716
Barend Ketel
(b. c.1670 - d. 1719)
1716 - 1723
Johannes Hertenberg
1723 - 1731
Jacob de Jong
1731 Wouter Hendriks
1731 - 1734
Adriaan Maten
1734 - 1742 Julius Valentyn Stein van
Gollonesse
1742 - 1747
Reinierus Siersma
1747 - 1751
Corijn Stevens
1751
Abraham Cornelis de la Haye
1751 - 1756
Frederik Cunes
1756 - 1761
Casparus de Jong
1761 - 1765
Godefried Weyerman
1765 - 1768
Cornelis Breekpot
1768 - 1770
Christiaan Lodewijk Senff
1770 - 1781
Adriaan Moens (b. 1728 - d. 1792)
1781 - 1793
Johan Gerard van Angelbeek (b. 1727 - d. 1799)
1793 - 20 Oct 1795
Jan Lambertus van Spall (b. 1748 - d. 1816)
20 Oct 1795 - 1818
British occupation
Dutch Bengal
1635
Dutch factories at Pipley and Hougli (to
1676).
1635 - 1655
Administered by Coromandel.
1676
Dutch factories at Patna and Baleshwar
(Bellasoor).
1710 - 1759
Dutch post at Murshidabad.
1781 - 20 May 1784
British occupation.
1795
Annexed to British India.
Directors
1635 - 1655
the governors of Coromandel
1655 - 1658
Pieter Sterthemius
1658 - 1663
Mattheus van den Broucke (b. 1620 - d. 1685)
1663 - 1665
Rogier van Heyningen
1665 - 1669
Vacant
1669 - 1673
Constantijn Ranst de jonge
1673 - 1676
François de Haze
1677 - 1678
Willem Volger
1678 - 1680
Jacob Verburgh
1681 - 1683
Nicolaas Baukes
1683 - 1685
Marten Huysman
1685 - 1688
Nicolaas Schaghen
1688
Pieter Willeboorts
1688 - 1696
Arnoldus Muykens
1696 - 1701
Pieter van Dishoeck
1701 - 1705
Jacob Pelgrom
1705 - 1710
Willem de Roo
1710 - 1716
Anthony Huysman
1717 - 1722
Ewout van Dishoeck
1722 - 1724
Pieter Vuyst
1724 - 1727
Abraham Patras (b. 1671 - d. 1737)
1727 - 1731
Jacob Sadelijn
1731 - 1733
Rogier Beernards
1734 - 1744
Jan Albert Sichterman
1744 - 1750
Jan Huyghens
1750 - 1755
Jan Kersseboom
1755
Louis Taillefert (1st time)
1755 - 1760
Adriaan Bisdom
1760 - 1763
Louis Taillefert (2d time)
1763 - 1769
George Lodewijk Vernet
1769 - 6 May 1770
Boudewijn Versewel Faure (b. 1734 - d. 1770)
1771 - 1776
Johannes Bacheracht
1776 - 1781
Johannes Mattheus Ross
1781 - 1784
British occupation
1784 - 1785
Gregorius Herklots (acting)
1785 - 1792
Isaac Titsing
1792 - 1795
Cornelis van Citters Aarnoutszoon
1795
Johan Willem Salomon von Haugwitz
(acting)
French India
-
- 26 Sep 1816 - 1 Nov 1954
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Roupiah (INFR) |
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1688 - 1720
French factory at Surat.
4 Feb 1673
Chandernagor (Chandernagore) a French possession.
1674
Pondicherry (Pondichéry) a French
possession.
6 Sep 1693 - Sep 1699 Dutch
occupation (see Dutch Coromandel).
2 Apr 1721 - Feb 1725 Mahe (Mahé)
a French possession.
1731
Yanam (Yanaon) a French possession (confirmed
1750).
Dec 1725
Mahé a French possession.
14 Feb 1739
Karikal a French possession.
10 Sep 1746 - Aug 1749 French occupy Madras.
1750 - 22 Jan 1760
Masulipatam a French possession.
16 Jan 1761 - May 1765 British occupation (Changernagor
from 23 Mar 1757); French
Pondichéry is leveled, Mahé is given to rueler of Cannanore.
18 Sep 1778 - 10 Mar 1783
British occupation (Changernagor from 6 Jul 1778,
Mahe from 19 Mar 1779).
23 Aug 1793 - 11 Jul 1803 British occupation, administered
as part of Madras.
25 Oct 1797 - 19 Apr 1801 French India nominally organized
as Indes-Orientales département
of France (not effected because of British
occupation).
11 Jul 1803 - 11 Sep 1803 Brief restoration of French rule according to Treaty of Amiens.
1 Oct 1803 - 26 Sep 1816 British occupation (s.a.).
26 Sep 1816
Chandernagore, Pondicherry, Karikal, Yanaon, and Mahé
restored to France (Établissements Français dans l'Inde).
16 Jun 1940 - 9 Sep 1940 Administration loyal to Vichy
France (from 9 Sep 1940, under
Free French; Chandernagore separately from 20 Jun 1940).
2 May 1950
Chandernagor transferred to India (formally on 11 Apr 1952)
(see under Indian states).
13 Jun 1954
Yanaon taken by Indian military police.
15 Jul 1954
Mahé taken by pro-Indian groups.
1 Nov 1954
Remaining territories (Pondichéry and Karikal) transferred
to India de facto (see under Indian
states).
16 Aug 1962
De jure transfer of French India to India.
Commissioners
1668 - 1672
François Caron (b. 1600 - d. 1673)
1672 - 1681
François Baron
1681 - 6 Sep 1693
François Martin
(b. 1634 - d. 1706)
6 Sep 1693 - Sep 1699 Dutch
occupation
Governors
Sep 1699 - 30 Dec 1706 François
Martin (governor-general) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1707 - Jul 1708 Pierre
Dulivier (1st time)
(acting for Martin from 15 Jun 1705)
Jul 1708 - 1712
Guillaume André d'Hébert
(1st time)
7 Oct 1713 - 1715
Pierre Dulivier (2nd time)
Aug 1715 - 1718 Guillaume André d'Hébert
(2nd time)
19 Aug 1718 - 11 Oct 1721 Pierre André
Prévost de La
(d. 1721)
Prévostière
11 Oct 1721 - 1723
Pierre Christoph Le Noir
(1st time)(acting)
6 Oct 1723 - 1726
Joseph Beauvollier de Courchant
4 Sep 1726 - 1735
Pierre Christoph Le Noir
(2nd time)
19 Sep 1735 - 1741
Pierre Benoît Dumas
(b. 1668 - d. 1745)
14 Jan 1742 - 1754 Joseph François
Dupleix
(b. 1697 - d. 1763)
2 Aug 1754 - 1755
Charles Robert Godeheu de Zaimont
(acting)
10 Feb 1755 - 1758
Georges Duval de Leyrit
28 Apr 1758 - 16 Jan 1761 Thomas
Arthur,
(b. 1702 - d. 1766)
comte de Lally-Tollendal
16 Jan 1761 - May 1765 Vacant
May 1765 - 1766 François Nicolas (acting)
May 1766 - 1767
Antoine Boyelleau (acting)
Mar 1767 - 1778
Jean Law de Lauriston (b. 1719 - d. 1797)
Jan 1777 - 1778
Guillaume Léonard de Bellecombe, (b. 1728 - d. 1792)
seigneur de Teirac (1st time)
28 Jan 1778 - 1778 Louis Alexandre d'Albignac,
(b. 1739 - d. 1825)
baron d'Albignac d'Arre (acting)
Jul 1778 - 18 Sep 1778
Guillaume Léonard de Bellecombe, (s.a.)
seigneur de Teirac (2nd time)
18 Sep 1778 - 10 Mar 1783 British occupation
10 Mar 1783 - 7 Jan 1785 Charles Joseph Pâtissier,
marquis de Bussy-Castelnau
(b. 1718 - d. 1785)
8 Jan 1775 - May 1785 Nicolas Coutanceau des Algrains
(acting)
21 May 1785 - 1785
François, vicomte de Souillac
(b. 1732 - d. 1803)
24 Sep 1785 - 1787
David Charpentier de Cossigny (b. 1740 -
d. 1801)
20 Sep 1787 - 1789
Thomas, comte de Conway
(b. 1733 - d. c.1800)
Oct 1789 - 1793
Camille Charles Leclerc,
chevalier de Fresne
5 Feb 1793 - 1793
L. Leroux de Touffreville (acting)
18 Feb 1793 - Aug 1793 Dominique Prosper de Chermont (b. 1741 -
d. 1798)
British military governors
1793 - 1794 Floyer
1794 - 1795 Nixon
1795 - 1803 John Braithwaite
Governors
11 Jul 1803 - 1 Oct 1803 Charles Matthieu
Isidore, (b. 1769
- d. 1832)
comte Decaen
(appointed 18 Jun 1802)
Aug 1803 - 1 Oct 1803 Binot (acting for comte Decaen)
13 Jul 1803 - 1 Oct 1803 Benoît Mottet de La (b. 1745 - d. 1820)
Fontaine -Prefect
British military governors
1803 - 1804 St. John
1804 - 1805 Keith
1805 - 1810 E.W. Fallowfield
1810 - 1812 Lockhart
1812 - 1813 Hugh Fraser
1812 - 26 Sep 1816 James Stuart Fraser -Commissioner (b. 1783 - d. 1869)
Governors
26 Sep 1816 - Oct 1825 André
Julien, comte Dupuy
(b. 1753? - d. 18..)
15 Oct 1825 - 19 Jun 1826 Joseph Cordier (1st
time) (acting) (b. 1773 - d. 18..)
19 Jun 1826 - 2 Aug 1828 Eugène Panon, comte
(b. 1800 - d. 1859)
Desbassayns de Richemont
12 Aug 1828 - 14 Aug 1828 Scipion (acting)
14 Aug 1828 - 10 Apr 1829 Joseph Cordier (2nd time)
(acting) (s.a.)
10 Apr 1829 - 3 May 1835 Auguste Jacques Nicolas Peureux
de Mélay
3 May 1835 - Apr 1840 Henri Jean
Victor,
(b. 1782 - d. 1865)
marquis de Saint-Simon
27 Apr 1840 - 1844
Paul de Nourquer du Camper
10 Nov 1844 - 1849 Louis Pujol
5 Jan 1849 - 14 Jun 1850 Hyacinth Marie de Lalande de Calan (b. 1802 - d. 1850)
14 Jun 1850 - 6 Jan 1851 Malassis (1st time)(acting)
6 Jan 1851 - 1851
Philippe Achille Bédier
(b. 1791 - d. 1865)
1 Dec 1851 - 1852 Malassis (2nd time)(acting)
29 Jul 1852 - Apr 1857 Raymond
Jean Baptiste de Verninac (b. 1794 - d. 1873)
de Saint-Maur
1 Apr 1857 - Jan 1863 Alexandre
Jean Baptiste Joseph
Jacques de Verninac Durand d'Ubraye
18 Jan 1863 - Jun 1871 Napoléon
Joseph Louis Bontemps (b. 1813 - d. 1872)
Jun 1871 - Nov 1871 Michaux
Nov 1871 - 1875
Pierre Aristide Faron
(b. 1814 - d. 1879)
1875 - 1878
Adolphe Joseph Antoine Trillard (b. 1826 - d. ....)
1878 - Feb 1879 .... (acting)
Feb 1879 - Apr 1881 Léonce
Laugier
(b. 1829 - d. ....)
1881 - Oct 1884
Julien Théodore Drouet
(b. 1817 - d. 1904)
Oct 1884 - 1886
Étienne Antoine Guillaume Richaud (b. 1841 - d. 1889)
1886 - 1888
Louis Evenor Édouard Manès
1888 - 1889
Georges Jules Piquet
(b. 1839 - d. 1923)
1889 - 1891
Louis Hippolyte Marie Nouet (b.
1844 - d. 1933)
1891 - 1896
Léon Émile Clément-Thomas
1896 - Feb 1898
Louis Jean Girod
Feb 1898 - 11 Jan 1902 François
Pierre Rodier
(b. 1854 - d. 1913)
11 Jan 1902 - 1902
Pelletan (acting)
1902 - 1904
Victor Louis Marie Lanrezac (b.
1854 - d. 19..)
Aug 1904 - Apr 1905 Philema
Lemaire
(b. 1856 - d. 1932)
Apr 1905 - Oct 1906 Joseph
Pascal François
(b. 1853 - d. 19..)
Oct 1906 - 3 Dec 1907 Gabriel Louis
Angoulvant
(b. 1872 - d. 1932)
1908 - 1909
Adrien Jules Jean Bonhoure
(b. 1860 - d. 1929)
1909 - 9 Jul 1910
Ernest Fernand Lévecque
(b. 1852 - d. 19..)
9 Jul 1910 - Jul 1911 Alfred Albert
Martineau (1st time) (b. 1857 - d. 1941)
Jul 1910 - Nov 1913 Pierre
Louis Alfred Duprat (b. 1880 - d. 1953)
Nov 1913 - 29 Jun 1918 Alfred Albert Martineau
(2nd time) (s.a.)
29 Jun 1918 - 21 Feb 1919 Maurice Pierre Lapalud (acting) (b. 1868 - d. 19..)
21 Feb 1919 - 11 Feb 1926 Louis Martial Innocent Gerbinis
(b. 1871 - d. 1954)
1926 - 1928
Pierre Jean Henri Didelot
(b. 1870 - d. 1941)
1928 - 1931
Robert Paul Marie de Guise
1931 - 1934
François Adrien Juvanon
(b. 1875 - d. 19..)
Aug 1934 - 1936
Léon Solomiac
(b. 1884 - d. 1960)
1936 - 1938
Horace Valentin Crocicchia
26 Sep 1938 - 1945
Louis Alexis Étienne Bonvin
(b. 1886 - d. 1946)
1945 - 1946
Nicolas Ernest Marie Maurice (b. 1886 - d. 19..)
Jeandin
20 Mar 1946 - 20 Aug 1947 Charles François Henri Baron (b. 1900 - d. 1980)
Commissioners
20 Aug 1947 - 1949
Charles François Marie Baron (s.a.)
May
1949 -
1950
Charles
Chambon
(b.
1896 - d. 1965)
31 Jul 1950 - Oct 1954 André Ménard
(b.
1907 - d. 1988)
Oct 1954 - 1 Nov 1954 Georges Escargueil (acting)
(b. 1907 - d. 1990)
Ostend
East India Company
![[Austrian War Ensign]](ah-wens.gif)
23 Aug 1719
Cabelon post (on Coromandel coast) acquired.
19 Dec 1722
Ostend East India Company, an association of Flemish merchants
from the Austrian Netherlands (Belgium)
trading in the east
is granted a charter by Holy Roman Emperor
Charles VI.
Jul 1723
Banquibazar factory (in Bengal) opened.
May 1727
Charter of Otsend Company suspended by the Emperor.
5 Jul 1727
Banquibazar officially ceded to Austria.
16 Mar 1731
Ostend Company dissolved by (Second) Treaty of Vienna.
Nov? 1744
Banquibazar factory lost.
Governors-general
Jul 1723 - 27 Jun 1724 Jacques André
Cobbé
(d. 1724)
27 Jun 1724 - 30 Jun 1724 Martin van Snaer
+ Pierre Sneyers
(acting)
30 Jun 1724 - 6 Feb 1726 Commanders
- T. Kint (to 18 Jul 1724)
- Vincent Parraber
(from 18 Jul 1724)
6 Feb 1726 - 29 Aug 1726 Commanders
- Jean Bos
- François de Schonamille
(d. 1745)
(1st time)
- Jean Ray
29 Aug 1726 - Dec 1730 Alexandre Hume
Commander
Dec 1730 - 9 Nov 1744 François
de Schonamille
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
13 Aug 1719
Cabelon factory on Coromandel coast opened.
1750?
Cabelon lost.
Commanders
13 Aug 1719 - 1719
Godefroid de la Merveille
1719 - 23 Jul 1726
Louis de la Peña
23 Jul 1726 - 17..
Joseph Merat
c.1730
Cointrel
Portuguese India (Goa)
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20 May 1498
Vasco da Gama arrives in India.
27 Sep 1503 - 7 Jan 1663 Cochin a Portuguese possession.
1502 – 15 Feb 1663
Cannanore a Portuguese possession.
1502 – 24 Dec 1661
Quilon a Portuguese possession
(Dutch occupation 29 Dec 1658 - 14 Apr 1659).
13 Sep 1505 Anjediva (Angediva) acquired by Portugal.
15 Feb 1510 - 30 May 1510 Portuguese occupy Goa.
30 May 1510 - 25 Nov 1510 Bijapur occupies Goa.
25 Nov 1510
Goa a Portuguese colony.
1523 – 15 Jan 1662
Cranganore (Kottappuram) a Portuguese possession.
1523 - 1662
Portuguese settlement of São Tomé de Meliapore.
23 Dec 1534
Baçaim (Bassein) and its dependencies ceded to Portugal;
organized as the Northern
Provinces.
21 Dec 1535
Diu acquired by Portugal.
2 Feb 1559
Damão
(Daman) acquired by Portugal .
15 Jul 1580 - 1 Dec 1640 Portuguese India along with Portugal a Spanish possession.
23 Jun 1661
Bombaim (Bombay) and its dependencies (s.a.) ceded to England.
18 Feb 1665
Final cession of Bombay to England (without its dependencies).
1687 - 21 Oct 1749
São Tomé de Meliapore re-occupied by Portuguese.
23 May 1739
Baçaim lost.
17 Dec 1779
Dadra, Nagar and Haveli acquired by Portugal.
7 Sep 1799 - Nov 1802 British troops garrison Goa, Portuguese rule continues.
3 Sep 1803 - 2 Apr 1813 British troops garrison Goa, Portuguese rule continues.
18 Dec 1946
Overseas province of Portugal.
21 Jul 1954
Dadra then Nagar and Haveli (2 Aug 1954) occupied
by Indian nationalists (Aug 1961 annexed
by India).
19 Dec 1961
Goa, Damão, and Diu occupied by India.
16 Mar 1962
Annexed by India (see under Indian states).
31 Dec 1974
Annexation recognized by Portugal.
Viceroy
24
Oct 1505 - 4 Sep 1509 Francisco de Almeida
(b. c.1450 - d. 1510)
Governors-general
4 Sep 1509 – 8 Sep 1515 Afonso de Albuquerque
(b. 1453 - d. 1515)
8 Sep 1515 – 20 Dec 1518 Lopo Soares de Albergaria (b. c.1450 - d. 15..)
20 Dec 1518 – 22 Jan 1522 Diogo Lopes de Sequeira (b. 1466 - d. 15..)
22 Jan 1522 – 4 Dec 1524 Duarte de Meneses
4 Dec 1524 - 24 Dec 1524 Vasco da Gama, conde de
(b. 1460 - d. 1524)
Vidigueira -Viceroy
25 Dec 1524 - 2 Feb 1526 Henrique de Meneses
(b. 1496 - d. 1526)
2 Feb 1526 – 18 Nov 1529 Lopo Vaz de Sampaio
(b. c.1480 - d. 1538)
18 Nov 1529 - 14 Sep 1538 Nuno da Cunha
(b. 1487 - d. 1539)
14 Sep 1538 - 3 Apr 1540 Garcia de Noronha -Viceroy (b. 1480 - d. 1540)
4 Apr 1540 – 7 May 1542 Estevão da
Gama
(b. c.1510 - d. 1575)
7 May 1542 – 12 Sep 1545 Martim Afonso
de Sousa
(b. 1500 - d. 1564)
12 Sep 1545 - 6 Jun 1548 João de Castro -Viceroy (b. 1500 - d. 1548)
7 Jun 1548 - 13 Jun 1549 Garcia de
Sá
(b. c.1460 - d. 1549)
13 Jun 1549 – Nov 1550
Jorge Cabral
(b. c.1500 - d. 15..)
Viceroys
Nov 1550 – 16 Sep 1554
Afonso de Noronha
(b. c.1510 - d. c.1586)
16 Sep 1554 - 23 Jun 1555 Pedro Mascarenhas
(b. c.1480 - d. 1555)
23 Jun 1555 – 8 Sep 1558 Francisco Barreto -Governor (b. 1520 - d. 1575)
8 Sep 1558 – 7 Sep 1561 Constantino de
Bragança
(b. 1532 - d. 1575)
7 Sep 1561 – 29 Feb 1564 Francisco Coutinho, conde do (b. 1517 - d. 1564)
Redondo
29 Feb 1564 – 3 Sep 1564 João de Mendonça -Governor (b. c.1530 - d. ....)
3 Sep 1564 – 10 Sep 1568 Antão de
Noronha
(b. c.1520 - d. 1569)
10 Sep 1568 – 6 Sep 1571 Luís
de Ataíde, conde
(b. 1517 - d. 1580)
de Atouguia (1st time)
6 Sep 1571 – 9 Dec 1573 António
de Noronha
(b. c.1510 - d. c.1574)
Governors
9 Dec 1573 – Sep 1577 António Moniz
Barreto
(d. 1600)
Sep 1577 – 31 Aug 1578 Diogo de
Meneses
(b. c.1540 - d. 1580)
Viceroys
31 Aug 1578 - 10 Mar 1580 Luís de Ataíde,
conde
(s.a.)
de Atouguia (2nd time)
10 Mar 1581 – 17 Sep 1581 Fernão Teles de Meneses, conde (b. c.1530 - d. 1605)
de Vilar Maior -Governor
17 Sep 1581 – Nov 1584 Francisco Mascarenhas, conde
(b. c.1530 - d. 1608)
de Santa Cruz
Nov 1584 - 4 May 1588 Duarte de Meneses, conde
de (b. 1537 - d. 1588)
Tarouca
4 May 1588 – 15 May 1591 Manuel de Sousa Coutinho -Governor (d. 1592)
15 May 1591 – 25 May 1597 Matias de Albuquerque
(d. 1609)
25 May 1597 – 25 Dec 1600 Francisco da Gama, conde de (b. 1565 - d. 1632)
Vidigueira (1st time)
25 Dec 1600 – 20 May 1605 Aires de
Saldanha
(b. 1542 - d. 1605)
20 May 1605 – 4 Jun 1607 Martim Afonso de Castro
(b. c.1560 - d. 1649)
4 Jun 1607 – 27 May 1609 Aleixo de Menezes, arcebispo (b. 1559 - d. 1617)
de Braga -Governor
27 May 1609 – 5 Sep 1609 André Furtado de Mendonça -Governor(d. 1610)
5 Sep 1609 – 25 Dec 1612 Rui Lourenço de
Távora
(b. 1566 - d. 1616)
25 Dec 1612 – 18 Nov 1617 Jerônimo
de Azevedo
(d. 1625)
18 Nov 1617 – 11 Nov 1619 João Coutinho, conde de Redondo (d. 1619)
11 Nov 1619 – 19 Dec 1622 Fernão de Albuquerque -Governor (b. c.1540 - d. 1632)
19 Dec 1622 – 8 Mar 1627 Francisco da Gama, conde de (s.a.)
Vidigueira (2nd time)
8 Mar 1627 – 29 Jul 1629 Frei
Luis de Brito e
(b. c.1570 - d. 1629)
Meneses -Governor
29 Jul 1629 – 21 Oct 1629 Governing Commission
- Nuno Álvares Botelho
(d. 1629)
- Lourenço da Cunha
(d. 1633)
- Gonçalo Pinto da Fonseca
21 Oct 1629 – 9 Dec 1635 Miguel de Noronha, conde de
(b. c.1585 - d. 1647)
Linhares
9 Dec 1635 - 24 Jun 1639 Pedro da
Silva
(b. c.1580 - d. 1639)
24 Jun 1639 – 24 Sep 1640 António Teles de Menezes, conde (b. c.1600 - d. 1657)
de Vila Pouca de Aguiar -Governor
24 Sep 1640 – 30 Dec 1645 João da Silva Telo de Meneses, (b. c.1600 - d. 1650)
conde de Aveiras
30 Dec 1645 – 31 May 1651 Filipe
Mascarenhas
(d. 1652)
31 May 1651 – 6 Sep 1652 Governing Commission
- Frei Francisco dos Mártires
(b. 1583 - d. 1652)
- Francisco de Melo de Castro
(d. 1664)
(1st time)
- António de Sousa Coutinho
(d. 1668)
(1st time)
6 Sep 1652 – 22 Oct 1653 Vasco Mascarenhas, conde
(b. c.1605 - d. 1678)
de Óbidos
22 Oct 1653 – 23 Aug 1655 Brás de Castro -Governor (d. 1655)
23 Aug 1655 - 14 Jan 1656 Rodrigo Lobo da Silveira, conde (b. c.1600 - d. 1656)
de Sarzedas
14 Jan 1656 – 22 May 1656 Manoel Mascarenhas Homem (d. 1657)
22 May 1656 – 14 Jun 1661 Governing Commission
- Manoel Mascarenhas Homem
(s.a.)
(1st time)
- Francisco de Melo de Castro (s.a.)
(2nd time)
- António de Sousa Coutinho (s.a.)
(2nd time)
14 Jun 1661 – 14 Dec 1662 Governing Commission
- Luis de Mendonça Furtado e
Albuquerque
- Pedro de Lancastre
(d. 1663)
- Manoel Mascarenhas Homem
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
14 Dec 1662 – 17 Oct 1666
António de Melo Castro
(b. c.1640 - d. ....)
17 Oct 1666 – 6 Nov 1668 João Nunes da Castro, conde de (b. 1619 - d. 1668)
São Vicente
6 Nov 1668 – 22 May 1671 Governing Commission
- António de Melo e Castro (s.a.)
- Luis de Miranda Henriques
(d. 1669)
(to Mar 1669)
- Manoel Corte-Real de Sampaio
22 May 1671 – 30 Oct 1677 Luís de Mendonça Furtado e
(b. c.1610 - d. 1677)
Albuquerque, conde de Lavradio
30 Oct 1677 – 24 Jan 1678 Pedro de Almeida, conde de Assumar (b. 1630 - d. 1679)
24 Jan 1678 – 12 Sep 1681 Governing Commission
- Frei António Brandão (b. 1620 - d. 1678)
- António Paes de Sande (d. 1695)
- Francisco Cabral de Almada
12 Sep 1681 – 13 Dec 1686 Francisco de Távora, conde de (b. 1646 - d. 1710)
Alvor
13 Dec 1686 - 23 Jun 1690 Rodrigo da Costa -Governor (b. c.1640 - d. 1690)
23 Jun 1690 – 9 Jan 1691 Miguel de Almeida -Governor (d. 1691)
9 Jan 1691 – 28 May 1693 Governing Commisison
- Fernando Martins Mascarenhas de
Lancastre
- Frei Agostinho de Annunciação
(b. 1652 - d. 1713)
(1st time)
- Luis Gonçalves Cotta (to 1691)
(d. 1691)
28 May 1693 – 20 Sep 1698 Pedro António de Noronha
(b. 1661 - d. 1731)
Albuquerque e Sousa, marquês
de Angeja
20 Sep 1698 – 17 Sep 1701 António Luís Gonçalves da Câmara (b. 1638 - d. 1702)
Coutinho
17 Sep 1701 - 2 Oct 1702 Governing Commission
- Frei Agostinho da Annunciação
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
- Vasco Luís Coutinho da Costa
2 Oct 1702 - 28 Oct 1707 Caetano de Melo e Castro
(b. c.1680 - d. 1718)
28 Oct 1707 - 21 Sep 1712 Rodrigo da Costa
(b. 1657 - d. 1722)
21 Sep 1712 - 13 Jan 1717 Vasco Fernandes César de Meneses (b. 1673 - d. 1743)
13 Jan 1717 - 16 Oct 1717 Sebastião de Andrade Pessanha (b. c.1670 - d. 1737)
arcebispo primaz de Goa -Governor
16 Oct 1717 - 14 Sep 1720 Luís Carlos Inácio Xavier
(b. 1689 - d. 1742)
de Meneses, marquês de Louriçal
(1st time)
14 Sep 1720 - 13 Jul 1723 Francisco José de Sampaio e Castro (b. c.1675 - d. 1723)
13 Jul 1723 - 13 Sep 1723 Cristóvão de
Melo
(b. 1672 - d. 1734)
13 Sep 1723 - 28 Oct 1725 Governing Commission
- Cristóvão de Melo (1st time)
(s.a.)
- Frei Ignácio de Santa Theresa
(b. 1682 - d. 1751)
(1st time)
- Cristóvão Luís de Andrade
28 Oct 1725 – 23 Jan 1732 João de Saldanha da Gama
(b. 1674 - d. 1752)
23 Jan 1732 - 7 Nov 1732 Governing Commission
- Cristóvão de Melo (2nd time)
(s.a.)
- Frei Ignácio de Santa Theresa (s.a.)
(2nd time)
- Tomé Gomes Moreira
(b. 1684 - d. 17..)
7 Nov 1732 - 18 May 1741 Pedro Mascarenhas, conde de (b. 1670 - d. 1745)
Sandomil
18 May 1741 - 14 Jun 1742 Luís Carlos Inácio Xavier
(s.a.)
de Meneses, marquês de Louriçal
(2nd time)
14 Jun 1742 - 24 Sep 1744 Governing Commission
- Francisco de Vasconcellos
(b. 1673 - d. 1743)
(to 30 Mar 1743)
- Luís Caetano de Meneses
(b. 1708 - d. 17..)
- Lourenço de Noronha
(from 18 May 1743)
24 Sep 1744 - 27 Sep 1750 Pedro Miguel de Almeida e Portugal,(b. 1688 - d. 1756)
conde de Assumar, marquês de
Castelo Novo, marquês de Alorna
27 Sep 1750 - 18 Sep 1754 Francisco de Assis da Tavora, (b. 1703 - d. 1759)
marquês de Tavora
18 Sep 1754 - 28 Jun 1756 Luís Mascarenhas, conde de Alva (b. c.1685 - d. 1756)
28 Jun 1756 - 23 Sep 1756 Governing Commission
- António Taveira da Neiva Brum
(d. 1775)
da Silveira (1st time)
- João de Mesquita Matos Teixeira
- Filippe de Valladares Souto
(b. 1691 - d. 1775)
Maior
23 Sep 1756 - 19 Oct 1765 Manuel de Saldanha de Albuquerque (b. 1712 - d. 1771)
e Castro, conde da Ega
19 Oct 1765 - 12 Mar 1768 Governing Commission
- António Taveira da Neiva Brum
(s.a.)
da Silveira (2nd time)
- João Baptista Vaz Pereira
- João José de Melo
(b. c.1700 - d. 1774)
Governors
12 Mar 1768 - 13 Jan 1774 João José de
Melo
(s.a.)
13 Jan 1774 - 24 Sep 1774 Filippe de Valadares Sotomaior (s.a.)
24 Sep 1774 - 26 May 1779 José Pedro da
Câmara
(b. 1721 - d. 1789)
26 May 1779 - 3 Nov 1786 Federico Guilherme de Sousa (b. 1737 - d. 1790)
3 Nov 1786 - 22 May 1794 Francisco da Cunha e Meneses (b. 1747 - d. 1812)
22 May 1794 - 30 May 1807 Francisco António da Veiga Cabral (b. 1733 - d. 1810)
da Câmara Pimentel, visconde de
Mirandela
7 Sep 1799 - Jan 1806
Sir William Clarke (b. 1762 - d. 1808)
(commander of British garrison)
1806 - 1807 Coleman
(commander of British garrison)
1807 - Mar 1811 Alexander Adams
(d.
1835)
(commander of British garrison)
Viceroys
30 May 1807 - 29 Nov 1816 Bernardo José da Silveira e Lorena,(b. 1756 - d. 1818)
conde de Sarzedas
29 Nov 1816 - 16 Sep 1821 Diogo de Sousa, conde de Rio Pardo (b. 1755 - d. 1829)
16 Sep 1821 – 3 Dec 1821 Governing Commission
- Manuel Godinho da Mira
- Joaquim Manuel Correia da Silva (b. 1776
- d. 1838)
e Gama
- Gonçalo de Magalhães Teixeira
(d. 1825)
Pinto
- Manuel José Gomes Loureiro
(d. 1855)
- Manuel Duarte Leitão
(b. 1787 - d. 1856)
3 Dec 1821 - 18 Nov 1823 Governing Commission
- Manuel Maria Gonçalves Zarco da (b.
1789 - d. 1825)
Câmara
- Frei Paulo de São Tomás de
(b. 1773 - d. 1823)
Aquino
- António José de Mello Souto
(b. 1776 - d. 1848)
Maior Telles
- João Carlos Leal
- António José de Lima Leitão
(b. 1787 - d. 1856)
- Joaquim Mourão Garcez Palha
(b. 1775 - d. 1850)
18 Nov 1823 – 17 Nov 1825 Manuel Maria Gonçalves Zarco da (s.a.)
Câmara (governor to 22 Aug 1824)
17 Nov 1825 - 9 Oct 1827 Governing Commission
- Frei Manuel de São Galdino
(b. 1769 - d. 1831)
- Candido José Mourão Garcez Palha
(b. 1751 - d. 1837)
- António Ribeiro de Carvalho
(d. 1828)
9 Oct 1827 - 14 Jan 1835 Manuel Francisco de Portugal e (b. 1787 - d. 1854)
Castro (governor to 7 Apr 1830)
Prefects
14 Jan 1835 - 31 Jan 1835 Bernardo Peres da Silva
(b. 1775 - d. 1846)
1 Feb 1835 – 3 Feb 1835 Manuel Francisco Zacarias de (b. 1787 - d. 1843)
Portugal e Castro
Chairman Provincial Committee
Feb 1835 - 3 Mar 1835 Joaquim Manuel
Correia da Silva
e Gama
Chairmen of the Provisional Government
3 Mar 1835 - Dec 1836 João Casimiro Pereira da Rocha (d. 1845)
Vasconcellos
+ Manuel José Ribeiro
(d. 1837)
+ Frei Constantino de Santa Rita (d. 1836)
Dec 1836 - Apr
1837 João Cabral de Estifique
(b. 1780 - d. 1854)
+ António Maria de Mello
+ Joaquim António de Moraes
(d. 1873)
Carneiro
Apr 1837 - 23 Nov 1837 José António de Lemos
+ António Mariano de Azevedo
(d. 1838)
Governors-general
23 Nov 1837 – 28 Sep 1838 Simão Infante de Lacerda de Sousa (b. 1793 - d. 1838)
Tavares, barão de Sabroso
28 Sep 1838 - 5 Mar 1839 Governing Council (acting)
- António Feliciano de Santa Rita (b.
1783 - d. 1839)
Carvalho
- José António Vieira da Fonseca
(b. 1793 - d. 1863)
(1st time)
- José Cancio Freire de Lima
(1st time)
- Domingo José Mariano Luiz
(1st time)
5 Mar 1839 - 12 Nov 1839 José António Vieira da Fonseca (s.a.)
(acting)
12 Nov 1839 - 18 Apr 1840 Manuel José Mendes, barão de
(b. 1787 - d. 1840)
Candal
19 Apr 1840 - 24 Sep 1840 Governing Council (acting)
- José António Vieira da Fonseca
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
- José Cancio Freire de Lima
(2nd time)
- António João de Athaíde
(1st time)
- Domingo José Mariano Luiz
(2nd time)
- José da Costa Campos (1st time) (b.
1796 - d. 18..)
- Caetano de Sousa e Vasconcellos
(1st time)
24 Sep 1840 - 27 Apr 1842 José Joaquim Lopes de Lima (acting)(b. c.1797 - d. 1852)
27 Apr 1842 - 19 Sep 1842 Governing Council (acting)
- António Ramalho da Sá
(d. 1860)
- Antonio José de Mello Souto
Maior Telles
- António João de Athaíde
(2nd time)
- José da Costa Campos (2nd time) (s.a.)
- Caetano de Sousa e Vasconcellos
(2nd time)
19 Sep 1842 - 25 Apr 1843 Francisco Xavier da Silva Pereira, (b. 1793 - d. 1852)
conde das Antas
25 Apr 1843 - 20 May 1844 Joaquim Mourão Garcês Palha
(b. 1775 - d. 1850)
20 May 1844 - 15 Jan 1851 José Ferreira Pestana (1st time) (b. 1795 - d. 1885)
15 Jan 1851 – 6 May 1855 José Joaquim Januario Lapa,
visconde de Villa Nova de Ourém
(b. 1796 - d. 1859)
6 May 1855 - 2 Nov 1855 Governing Council (acting)
- Joaquim de Santa Rita Botelho (b.
1781 - d. 1859)
- Luís da Costa Campos
(b. 1802 - d. 1858)
- Francisco Xavier Peres
- Bernardo Heitor da Silveira e (b.
1810 - d. 1871)
Lorena
- Victor Anastácio Mourão Garcez
(d. 1862)
Palha
3 Nov 1855 - 24 Dec 1864 António César de Vasconcellos
(b. 1797 - d. 1865)
Correia, visconde de Torres Novas
24 Dec 1864 - 7 May 1870 José Ferreira Pestana (2nd time) (s.a.)
7 May 1870 - 12 Dec 1871 Januario Correia de Almeida, (b. 1829 - d. 1901)
visconde de São Januario
12 Dec 1871 - 10 May 1875 Joaquim José de Macedo e Couto (b. 1810 - d. 1879)
10 May 1875 - 24 Jul 1877 João Tavares de Almeida
(b. 1816 - d. 1877)
24 Jul 1877 – 12 Nov 1877 Governing Council (acting)
- Ayres de Ornellas e Vasconcelos
(1st time)
- João Caetano da Silva Campos
(1st time)
- Francisco Xavier Soares da Veiga
(1st time)
- Eduardo Augusto Pinto Balsemão
(1st time)
12 Nov 1877 - 3 May 1878 António Sérgio de
Sousa, (b.
1809 - d. 1878)
visconde de Sérgio de Sousa
May 1878 - 3 Dec 1878 Governing Council (acting)
- Ayres de Ornellas e Vasconcelos
(2nd time)
- João Caetano da Silva Campos
(2nd time)
- Francisco Xavier Soares da Veiga
(2nd time)(to ... 1878)
- Tomás Nunes da Serva e Moura
(from ... 1878)
- António Sergio de Sousa, Jr.
(b. 1842 - d. 1906)
- Eduardo Augusto Pinto Balsemão
(2nd time)
3 Dec 1878 – 10 Apr 1882 Caetano Alexandre de Almeida e (b. 1824 - d. 1916)
Albuquerque
10 Apr 1882 – 2 May 1885 Carlos Eugénio Correia da Silva, (b. 1834 - d. 1905)
visconde de Paço de Arcos
2 May 1885 – 12 Apr 1886 Governing Council (acting)
- António Sebastião Valente
(1st time)
- José de Sá Coutinho (1st time)
- José Inácio de Brito (1st time)
- José Maria Teixeira Guimarães
12 Apr 1886 – 1 Nov 1886 Francisco Joaquim Ferreira do (b. 1843 - d. 1923)
Amaral
1 Nov 1886 – 16 Dec 1886 Governing Council (acting)
- António Sebastião Valente
(2nd time)
- José de Sá Coutinho (2nd time)
- José Inácio de Brito (2nd time)
16 Dec 1886 – 27 Apr 1889 Augusto César Cardoso de Carvalho (b. 1836 - d. 1905)
27 Apr 1889 – 16 Jun 1889 Governing Council (acting)
- Antonio Sebastião Valente
(2nd time)
- José Joaquim Borges de Azevedo
Enes
- José Inácio de Brito (3rd time)
- Joaquim A. Mousinho de
Albuquerque
16 Jun 1889 – 10 Mar 1891 Vasco Guedes de Carvalho e Meneses (b. 1824 - d. 1905)
10 Mar 1891 - 11 Dec 1891 Francisco Maria da Cunha
(b. 1832 - d. 1909)
11 Dec 1891 – 28 Mar 1892 Governing Council (acting)
- António Sebastião Valente
(3rd time)
- João Manuel Correia Taborda
(1st time)
- Raimundo Maria Correia Mendes
(1st time)
- Luis Fisher Berquó Poças Falcão
(b. 1852 - d. 1913)
(1st time)
28 Mar 1892 – 9 Apr 1893 Francisco Teixeira da Silva (b. 1826 - d. 1894)
9 Apr 1893 – 3 Jul 1893 Governing Council (acting)
- João Manuel Correia Taborda
(2nd time)
- Raimundo Maria Correia Mendes
(2nd time)
- Luis Fisher Berquó Poças
Falcão (s.a.)
(2nd time)
3 Jul 1893 – 16 Aug 1894 Raphael Jácome Lopes de Andrade (b. 1851 - d. 1900)
(1st time)
16 Aug 1894 – 7 Nov 1894 Governing Council (acting)
- António Sebastião Valente
(4th time)
- João Manuel Correia Taborda
(1st time)
- Francisco António Ochoa
- Luis Carneiro de Sousa e Faro
(1st time)
7 Nov 1894 – 8 Nov 1895 Elesbão José de Betencourt Lapa, (b. 1831 - d. 1899)
visconde de Vila Nova de Ourém
8 Nov 1895 – 13 Nov 1895 Governing Council (acting)
- António Sebastião Valente
(5th time)
- João Manuel Correia Taborda
(2nd time)
- João José da Silva
- Luis Carneiro de Sousa e Faro
(2nd time)
13 Nov 1895 – 19 Mar 1896 Raphael Jácome Lopes de Andrade (s.a.)
(2nd time)
19 Mar 1896 – 27 May 1896 Afonso Henriques de Bragança, (b. 1865 - d. 1920)
duque de Pôrto –Viceroy
27 May 1896 – 13 Mar 1897 João António de Brissac das Neves (b. 1846 - d. 1902)
Ferreira
13 Mar 1897 – 19 Aug 1897 Governing Council (acting)
- António Sebastião Valente
(5th time)
- João Manuel Correia Taborda
(3rd time)
- João de Melo de Sampaio (1st time)
- Abel Augusto Correia de Pinho
19 Aug 1897 – 22 Mar 1900 Joaquim José Machado
(b. 1847 - d. 1925)
22 Mar 1900 – 13 May 1900 Governing Council (acting)
- António Sebastião Valente
(6th time)
- Francisco João Xavier
- João de Melo de Sampaio (2nd time)
- Abel Augusto Correia de Pinho
13 May 1900 – 22 Jul 1905 Eduardo Augusto Rodrigues Galhardo (b. 1845 - d. 1908)
22 Jul 1905 – 8 Nov 1905 Governing Council (acting)
- António Sebastião Valente
(6th time)
- Alfredo Augusto de Mendonça David
- José Emilio de Santana da Cunha
Castel-Branco
- Francisco Maria Peixoto Vieira
(1st time)
8 Nov 1905 – 14 Feb 1907 Arnaldo Nogueira de Novais Guedes (b. 1847 - d. 1917)
Rebelo
14 Feb 1907 – 9 May 1907 Governing Council (acting)
- Francisco Maria Peixoto Vieira
(2nd time)
- Bernardo Nunes García
- César Augusto Roncon
9 May 1907 – 12 Oct 1910 José Maria de Sousa Horta e Costa (b. 1858 - d. 1927)
12 Oct 1910 - 3 Jul 1917 Francisco Manuel Couceiro da Costa (b. 1870 - d. 1925)
3 Jul 1917 - 17 Jul 1917 Francisco Maria Peixoto Vieira
(1st time)(acting)
18 Jul 1917 - 24 Nov 1917 Governing Council (acting)
- Francisco Maria Peixoto Vieira
(3rd time)
- Francisco Peixoto de Oliveira e
Silva
- Francisco António Wolfango da (b. 1864 - d. 1947)
Silva
24 Nov 1917 - 12 Jun 1919 José de Freitas
Ribeiro
(b. 1868 - d. 1929)
12 Jun 1919 - 11 Nov 1919 Augusto de Paiva Bobelo da Mota (b. 1879 - d. 1931)
(acting)
12 Nov 1919 - 7 Apr 1925 Jaime Alberto da Castro Morais
(b. 1882 - d. 1973)
7 Apr 1925 - 7 Jul 1925 Francisco Maria Peixoto
Vieira
(2nd time)(acting)
7 Jul 1925 - Jun 1926 Mariano
Martins
(b. 1880 - d. 1943)
Jun 1926 - 4 Aug 1926 Tito Augusto
de Morais (acting) (b. 1880 - d. 1963)
4 Aug 1926 - 15 Aug 1926 Acúrsio Mendes da Rocha Dinis
(b. 1885 - d. 1943)
(1st time)(acting)
15 Aug 1926 - 17 Apr 1929 Pedro Francisco Massano de Amorim
(b. 1862 - d. 1929)
17 Apr 1929 – 12 Jul 1929 Acúrsio Mendes da Rocha Dinis (s.a.)
(2nd time)(acting)
12 Jul 1929 – 25 Aug 1929 Alfredo Pedro de Almeida
(b. 1888 - d. 1960)
(acting)
25 Aug 1929 - 17 Sep 1936 João Carlos Craveiro Lopes
(b. 1871 - d. 1945)
Apr 1933 – Sep 1933 Alfredo Rodrigues dos Santos
(acting for Craveiro Lopes)
17 Sep 1936 - 6 Jun 1938 Francisco Higino Craveiro Lopes
(b. 1894 - d. 1964)
6 Jun 1938 - 5 Dec 1945 José Ricardo
Pereira Cabral (b. 1879 - d.
1956)
5 Dec 1945 - 8 Apr 1946 Paulo Bénard
Guedes (1st time) (b. 1892 - d. 1960)
(acting)
8 Aug 1946 - 12 Aug 1947 José Silvestre
Ferreira Bossa (b. 1894 - d. 1970)
12 Aug 1947 - 27 Jun 1948 Fernando Quintanilha Mendonça
(b. 1898 - d. 1992)
Dias (1st time) (acting)
27 Jun 1948 - 13 Nov 1948 José Alves Ferreira (acting)
(b. 1891 - d. ....)
13 Nov 1948 - 11 Oct 1952 Fernando Quintanilha Mendonça (s.a.)
Dias (2nd time)(acting)
11 Oct 1952 - 5 Nov 1952 Manuel Marques Abrantes Amaral
(acting)
5 Nov 1952 - 9 Oct 1958
Paulo Bénard Guedes (2nd time) (s.a.)
9 Oct 1958 – 4 Dec 1958 António Cyrne Rodrigues Pacheco (b. 1899 - d. 1982)
(acting)
4 Dec 1958 - 1962 Manuel António Vassalo e Silva (b. 1899
- d. 1985)
(nominal from 19 Dec 1961)
Indian Military Governor
19 Dec 1961 - 6 Jun 1962 Kenneth P. Candeth
(b. 1916 - d. 2003)
British Envoys
1799 - 1801 Joshua
Uhthoff
(d. 1818)
1801 Dillon (acting)
1801 - Jan 1806 Sir William Clarke
(s.a.)
Feb 1806 - Aug 1806 Coleman (acting)
Aug 1806 - 1815 Courtland Schuyler
Sikkim
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![[Sikkim 1877-c.1914]](in-sik1.gif)
![[Sikkim c.1914 - 1962]](in-sik2.gif)
![[Sikkim 1962-1967]](in-sk3.gif)
![[Sikkim, 1967-1975]](in-sik.gif)
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"Our Kingdom Sikkim" |
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(4 Jul 1974 - 16 May 1975) |
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(Tumlong 1793-1894; Rabdantse 1760-1793; Yoksam 1642-1760) |
(INR) |
National Holiday: 22 May (1923) Birthday of Chogyal Palden Thondup Namgyal |
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Imports: $N/A |
Bhutanese 20%, Khambers 10% (1961) |
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Total Armed Forces: 300 Guards (1975) Defense was the responsibility of India Merchant marine: None (1975) |
Buddhist 25% (state religion) (1961) |
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| International Organizations/Treaties: N/A | |||
1642
'Bras-ljongs kingdom (English name of the polity
'Sikkim' also
in official use after 1861).
1706
Briefly occupied by Bhutan.
1730
Tributary of Tibet.
bf.1793 - 1817
Annexed by Nepal.
10 Feb 1817
Protectorate of British India.
1 Feb 1835
Darjeerling leased to British India.
Feb 1850
Southern Sikkim and Darjeerling annexed by British India.
28 Mar 1861 - 15 Aug 1947 Sikkim a British protectorate.
17 Mar 1890
China formally recognizes British protectorate.
7 Sep 1904
Tibet formally recognizes British protectorate.
1918
Full internal autonomy granted.
15 Aug 1947
Independence declared.
15 Aug 1947 - 16 May 1975 Protectorate of India (formally
from 5 Dec 1950).
1 Mar 1975
Formally given the status of an associated state of India.
10 Apr 1975 Sikkim assembly abolishes the monarchy and proclaims
accession to India (endorsed by referendum on 14
Apr 1975).
16 May 1975
Annexed to India (retroactive to 26 Apr 1975)
(see under Indian states).
Kings (Chogyal)¹
1642 - 1670
Phun-tshogs rNam-rgyal I
(b. 1604 - d. 1670)
[Phuntso Namgyal I]
1670 - 1700
bsTan-srung rNam-rgyal
(b. 1644 - d. 1700)
[Tensung Namgyal]
1700 - 1716
Phyag-dor rNam-rgyal
(b. 1686 - d. 1716)
[Chhagdor Namgyal]
1716 - 1733
'Gyur-med rNam-rgyal
(b. 1707 - d. 1733)
[Gyurmed Namgyal]
1716 - 17.. Lama Jigme Pao -Regent
1733
Phun-tshogs rNam-rgyal II
(b. 1733 -
d. 1780)
[Phuntso Namgyal II] (1st time)
1733 - 1736
Chan-dzod rTa-mgrin
[Chandzod Tamding] (usurper)
1736 - 1780
Phun-tshogs rNam-rgyal II
(s.a.)
[Phuntso Namgyal II] (2nd time)
1736 - 17.. Rabden Sharpa -Regent
1780 - 1793
bsTan-'dzin rNam-rgyal
(b. 1769 - d. 1793)
[Tenzing Namgyal]
(in exile from 17..)
1793 - 1862
gTsug-phud rNam-rgyal
(b. 1785 - d. 1863)
[Tsugphud Namgyal]
(in exile ....-1817)
1862 - Apr 1874
Srid-skyong Sprul-sku rNam-rgyal I (b. 1819 - d. 1874)
[Sidkeong Trulku Namgyal I]
(regent 1861-62)
Apr 1874 - 10 Feb 1914 mThu-stobs rNam-rgyal
(b. 1860 - d. 1914)
[Thutob Namgyal (from 12 Dec 1911, Sir
Thutob Namgyal)]
(in exile in Tibet 1892-93 and in India
1893-95)
11 Feb 1914 - 5 Dec 1914 Srid-skyong Sprul-sku rNam-rgyal
II(b. 1879 - d. 1914)
[Sidkeong Trulku Namgyal II]
5 Dec 1914 - 2 Dec 1963 bKra-shis
rNam-rgyal
(b. 1893 - d. 1963)
[Tashi Namgyal (from 1 Jan 1923, Sir Tashi
Namgyal)]
3 Dec 1963 - 14 Apr 1975 dPal-ldan Don-grub rNam-rgyal
(b. 1923 - d. 1982)
[Palden Thondup Namgyal] (briefly in
exile in 1973)
Chief Executive
14 Apr 1975 - 16 May 1975 Bipen Buhari Lal
(b. 1917)
President of the State Council
1944 - 1949 Palden Thondup Namgyal (s.a.) Non-party
Chief ministers
9 May 1949 - 6 Jun 1949 Tashi Tshering
SCP
6 Jun 1949 - 11 Aug 1949 Harishwar Dayal (interim) (b. 1915 - d. 1964)
Dewans
11 Aug 1949 - 1954
John
S. Lall
(b. 1914 - d. 2002)
1954 - 1959
Nari Kaikhosru Rustomji
(b. 1919)
22 Aug 1959 - 1963
Baleshwar Prasad
(b. 1914)
Principal administrative officer
1963 - 1969
Ramdas Narayan Haldipur (b. 1921 - d. 2003)
Sidlon
1969 - Jul 1972 Inder Sen Chopra (b. 1909 - d. 19..)
Chief administrative officer
9 Apr 1973 - 23 Jul 1974 Brajbir Saran Das (b. 1925)
Prime minister (Kazi)
23 Jul 1974 - 16 May 1975 Lhendup Dorjee Khangsarpa
(b. 1904 - d. 2007)
NCP
(Kazi Lhendup Dorji)
British Political Officers
1889 - 1908
John Claude White
(b. 1853 - d. 1918)
1908 - 1920
Charles A. Bell (1st time)
(b. 1870 - d. 1945)
1920
John Bartley
(b. 1886 - d. 1954)
Jan 1920 - Jan 1921
Charles A. Bell (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Jan 1921 - Mar 1921 William Frederick Travers O'Connor (b. 1870 - d. 1943)
Mar 1921 - Jun 1921 David Macdonald
(b. 1870 -
d. 1962)
Jun 1921 - Oct 1928
Frederick Marshman Bailey
(b. 1882 - d. 1967)
Oct
1928 - Jan 1933
Leslie Weir
(b. 1883 - d. 1950)
Jan 1933 - Nov 1935
Frederick Williamson
(b. 1891 - d. 1935)
Nov 1935 - Dec 1935 R.K.M. Battye
(b.
1905 - d. 1958)
Dec 1935 - Jun 1945
Basil J. Gould
(b. 1883 - d. 1956)
(from 1941, Sir Basil J. Gould)
Jun 1945 - 15 Aug 1947
Arthur John Hopkinson
(b. 1894 - d. 1953)
Indian Political Officers
15 Aug 1947 - 1948
Arthur John Hopkinson
(s.a.)
1948 - 1952 Harishwar Dayal (s.a.)
Mar 1952 - 1955 Balraj Krishna Kapur (b. 1910)
1955 - 1961
Apa Parshuram Rao Pant
(b. 1912 - d. 1992)
23 Oct 1961 - Dec 1963
Inder Jeet Bahadur Singh (b. 1914 - d. 1987)
1964 - 1966 Avtar Singh (b. 1921)
1966 - 27 Jun 1967 Vincent Herbert Coelho (b. 1917)
3 Jul 1967 - 1969 Nedyam Balachandran Menon (b. 1921 - d. 2006)
1969 - Jul 1972 Inder Sen Chopra (s.a.)
1972 - 1974 Kayatyani Shankar Bajpai (b. 1928)
1974 - 16 May 1975 Gurbachan Singh (b. 1923)
¹Full style of the ruler: Mi-dbang Chos-rgyal-chen-po
(vernacular: Chogyal); in
communications with British and Indian authorities 1861 - 11 Mar 1965 styled: Maharaja.
Territorial Dispute: China did not formally recognize the 16 May 1975 incorporation of Sikkim into India until 11 Apr 2005.
Party abbreviations (None before 1947): NCP = Sikkim
National Congress Party (est.1960, mainly Nepali, pro-India);
SCP
= Sikkim State Congress Party (est.1949, social-democratic);
SNP
= Sikkim
National Party (mainly non-Nepali, pro-independence)
©2000 Ben Cahoon