German States to 1918 F-M

Note: The list below is only complete for those polities that survived beyond 1806. Within
the Holy Roman Empire, there existed countless minor states (ecclesiastical states, imperial
cities, imperial villages, lordships, counties, baronies, principalities, etc.), which
are nearly impossible to list with even partial accuracy. A major reorganization was
brought about by the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss of 1803, when more than 100 polities were
abolished. Polities listed prior to 1806 are a sample of the major or most well known
polities of the Holy Roman Empire and the Confederation of the Rhine. After 1806, all the
polities that survived the Napoleonic Wars and the Congress of Vienna are listed.

For the sake of providing a division between eras, after the republican revolutions
of 1918, which overthrew the last German monarchies, remaining states are listed under
German states since 1918; these include the states and provinces of the Weimar Republic, Third Reich, and the modern period. The provinces of Prussia are listed in a separate section following the entry for Prussia (Prussian provinces to 1946). Statistical data is given only for those polities that survived to 1918.

Religious titles: Abt/Abtissin = Abbot/Abbess; Bischof = bishop; Erzbischof = Archbishop; Fürstäbte = Prince-Abbot; Fürstinabtissin = Princess-Abbess; Fürstbischof = Prince-bishop

Maps showing some of the major territorial changes: Historical Map of Germany in 1660;
Historical map of Germany in 1789; Historical map of Germany in 1803; Map of Germany in 1812;
Map of German Confederation 1815; Map of German Empire 1871

856                      Benedictine Abbey of Gandersheim (Stift Gandersheim).
1021                     Abbesses also Countesses.
1417                     Abbesses made Princess of the Empire.
1542 - 1547              Protestant rule.
1589                     Becomes a Protestant abbey.
23 Sep 1802              Secularized and annexed to Brunswick.
2 Nov 1806              French occupation.
28 Aug 1807              Annexed to Kingdom of Westphalia.
1813 - 6 Nov 1813       Allied administration.
6 Nov 1813              Reincorporated to Brunswick.

Princess-Abbesses (title Fürstinäbtissin zu Gandersheim)
1693 - 1712              Henriette Christine Prinzessin     (b. 1646 - d. 1712)
                           zu Braunschweig
1712 - 1713    Marie Elisabeth Prinzessin zu Mecklenburg-Schwerin1713 - 24 Dec 1766       Elisabeth Christine Antonie        (b. 1681 - d. 1766)
                           Herzogin von Sachsen-Meiningen
1767 - 26 Jun 1778       Therese Natalie Prinzessinzu     (b. 1728 - d. 1778)
                           Braunschweig
1778 - 23 Sep 1802       Auguste Dorothea Prinzessin zu     (b. 1749 - d. 1810)
                           Braunschweig

Gaster: see under Swiss Cantons

Geneva: see Swiss Cantons
Gersau: see under Swiss Cantons

Glarus: see Swiss Cantons
Görz: see Görz and Gradisca under Austrian Lands
Gotteshausbund (League of God's House): see Swiss Cantons
Gradisca (Gradiska): see Görz and Gradisca under Austrian Lands
Graubünden: see Swiss Cantons

Grauder Bund (Grey League): see Swiss Cantons

Gmünd

1162 Gmünd a city.
1268 Gmünd Free Imperial City, with three mayors from 1551;
                         three "succession lines" can be distinguished.
1802   Annexed to Württemburg. (confirmed 1803). 1934 RenamedSchwäbisch Gmünd.
Mayors (Bürgermeister) - Line 1 -1682 - 1702 Achilles Stahl
1708 - 1718 Nikolaus Kucher1718 - 1739 Dominikus Stahl1739 - 1751 Franz Josef Wingert
1751 - 1769 Dominikus Geiger
1769 - 1783 Michael König
1783 - 1786 Sebastian Doll
1786 - 1797 Georg Franz Stahl von Pfeilhalden
1797 - 1802 Benedikt Storr
- Line 2 -
1694 - 1715 Michael Storr
1715 - 1725 Ferdinand Riess
1725 - 1740 Georg Stahl
1740 - 1753 Johannes Kaiser
1753 - 1766 Ferdinand O. Storr von Ostrach    (Reichserbschultheiss)
1767 - 1783 Franz Jageisen
1783 - 1789 Sebastian Ziegler
1789 - 1795 Franz Frankenstein
1796 - 1802 Alois Beisswinger
- Line 3 -1688 - 1712 Jakob Twingert
1712 - 1724 Johann Georg Storr1724 - 1743 Georg Mayrhöfer
1743 - 1748 Franz Ignaz Jehle 1748 - 1753 Johannes Seybold 1753 - 1766 Josef Köhler 176. - 1767 Josef Herzer 1767 - 1785    .... 1785 - 1792 Johann Mayer 1792 - 1797 Johann Bichler1797 - 1802 Ignaz Schedel

Gutenzell

1237                     Cistercian Abbey of Gutenzell (Stift Gutenzell)
1417/37                  Abbesses made Princesses of the Empire.
27 Apr 1803              Secularized given to the Count of Törring.
12 Jul 1806              Annexed to Württemburg.

Princess-Abbesses (title Fürstinäbtissin zu Gutenzell)
1696 - 1718              Viktoria Hochwind
1718 - 1747              Bernardina von Donnerberg
1747 - 1759              Franziska von Gall
1759 - 1776              Alexandra Zimmermann
1776 - 27 Apr 1803       Justina von Erolzheim              (d. 1809)

Hamburg

[Hamburg (Germany)]
Adopted 14 May 1751

Map of Hamburg National Anthem
"Heil über dir Hammonia"
(aka "Stadt Hamburg an der
Elbe Auen")
Text of National Anthem
(1828-1918)

Constitution Capital: Hamburg Population: 875,090 (1905)

834                        Bishopric of Hamburg
848 - 1072                 In personal union with Bishopric of Bremen.
1189                       Free City of Hamburg
1358 - 1669                Member of the Hanseatic League.
1510                       Free Imperial City
1618                       The Bundeskammergericht confirms that Hamburg
                             is reichsunmittelbar; the polity usually gives itself
                             the style Free Imperial City of Hamburg; four mayors to
                             1861, alternating with two of them worthaltend (in charge)
                             at any time; four "succession lines" can be distinguished.
13 Nov 1806                Free Hanseatic City of Hamburg
19 Nov 1806                Occupied by France.
13 Dec 1810 - 18 Mar 1813 Incorporated into France; départementof Bouches-de-l'Elbe
                             created 1 Jan 1811 (see under Germany).
18 Mar 1813                Free Hanseatic City of Hamburg (restored).
29 May 1813 - 31 May 1814 Incorporated into France.
31 May 1814                Free Hanseatic City of Hamburg (restored).
20 Dec 1819                Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg
                             (from 1918 see German states since 1918).
1 Jan 1868                Bergedorf incorporated into Hamburg (ruled jointly
                             with Lubeck 1420-1868).

Governors-general of the Hanseatic Cities
15 Dec 1806 - 29 Apr 1807  Louis-Bertrand-Pierre Brun de (b. 1773 - d. 1845)
Villeret
14 Jul 1807 - 7 Mar 1809 Jean-Baptiste Jules Bernadotte    (b. 1763 - d. 1844)
Feb 1810 - Jul 1810        Gabriel Jean Joseph Molitor       (b. 1770 - d. 1849)
1 Dec 1810 - 18 May 1813 Louis Davout, duc du Auerstedt,   (b. 1770 – d. 1823)
                             prince du Eckmühl
13 Jul 1810 - 3 Mar 1812 Charles Antoine Morand            (b. 1771 - d. 1835)
                            (acting for Davout)
1812 - 1813                Claude Carra de Saint-Cyr         (b. 1760 - d. 1834)
                            (acting for Davout)
Military governor
30 May 1813 - 10 May 1814 Louis Davout, duc du Auerstedt,   (s.a.)
                             prince du Eckmühl
2 Jul 1813 - 1814         Soyer
                            (acting for Davout)

Mayors (Bürgermeister)
- Line 1 -
18 Nov 1697 - 17 Nov 1709 Peter von Lengerke                 (b. 1651 - d. 1709)
27 Nov 1709 - 15 Jul 1716 Lucas von Borstel                  (b. 1649 - d. 1716)
24 Jul 1716 - 30 Jul 1720 Bernhard Matfeld                   (b. 1661 - d. 1720)
6 Aug 1720 - 1 Feb 1728 Hinrich Diedrich Wiese             (b. 1676 - d. 1728)
11 Feb 1728 - 22 Nov 1742 Rütger Rulant                      (b. 1665 - d. 1742)
1 Dec 1742 - 19 Oct 1754 Conrad Widow                       (b. 1686 - d. 1754)
29 Oct 1754 - 28 Jul 1783 Nicolaus Schuback                  (b. 1700 - d. 1783)
4 Aug 1783 - 12 Jan 1790 Johann Anderson II                 (b. 1717 - d. 1790)
22 Jan 1790 - 13 Nov 1801 Franz Anton Wagner                 (b. 1715 - d. 1801)
20 Nov 1801 - 13 Feb 1811 Friedrich von Graffen (1st time)   (b. 1745 - d. 1820)
18 Mar 1813 - 29 May 1813 Friedrich von Graffen (2nd time)   (s.a.)
31 May 1814 - 17 Mar 1820 Friedrich von Graffen (3rd time)   (s.a.)
25 Mar 1820 - 1 Feb 1850 Johann Heinrich Bartels            (b. 1761 - d. 1850)
- Line 2 -
22 Aug 1684 - 28 Mar 1704 Joachim Lemmermann
4 Apr 1704 - 30 Jun 1712 Paul Paulsen
7 Jul 1712 - 30 Jun 1722 Ludwig Becceler
8 Jul 1722 - 15 Nov 1729 Hans Jacob Faber
23 Nov 1729 - 29 Jan 1739 Daniel Stockfleth
7 Feb 1739 - 16 Sep 1741 Johann Hermann Luis
26 Sep 1741 - 20 Nov 1759 Cornelius Poppe
23 Nov 1759 - 21 Apr 1780 Peter Greve
28 Apr 1780 - 22 Aug 1784 Frans Doormann
27 Aug 1784 - 31 Jan 1788 Johann Luis
8 Feb 1788 - 12 Apr 1798 Martin Dorner
20 Apr 1798 - 31 Dec 1810 Daniel Lienau (1st time)           (b. 1739 - d.1816)
18 Mar 1813 - 29 May 1813 Daniel Lienau (2nd time)           (s.a.)
31 May 1814 - 5 Jun 1816 Daniel Lienau (3rd time)           (s.a.)
12 Jun 1816 - 6 Jul 1821 Christian Matthias Schröder
13 Jul 1821 - 26 Apr 1829 Johann Daniel Koch
4 May 1829 - 24 Feb 1835 Martin Garlieb Sillem
2 Mar 1835 - 5 Mar 1851 Christian Daniel Benecke           (b. 1768 - d. 1851)
- Line 3 -
10 Mar 1697 - 6 Dec 1702 Hieronymus Hartwig Moller
14 Dec 1702 - 28 Jul 1703 Julius Surland
4 Aug 1703 - 28 Jan 1723 Gerhard Schröder
5 Feb 1723 - 3 May 1743 Johann Anderson I
14 May 1743 - 23 May 1749 Nicolaus Stampeel
3 Jun 1749 - 8 Dec 1750 Clemens Samuel Lipstorp
17 Dec 1750 - 27 Jul 1751 Lucas von Spreckelsen
3 Aug 1751 - 9 Jan 1765 Lucas Corthum
17 Jan 1765 - 20 Mar 1781 Vincent Rumpff
28 Mar 1781 - 22 Aug 1800 Jacob Albrecht von Sienen
29 Aug 1800 - 16 Oct 1802 Peter Hinrich Widow
23 Oct 1802 - 31 Dec 1810 Wilhelm Amsinck (1st time)         (b. 1752 - d. 1831)
18 Mar 1813 - 29 May 1813 Wilhelm Amsinck (2nd time)         (s.a.)
31 May 1814 - 21 Jun 1831 Wilhelm Amsinck (3rd time)         (s.a.)
29 Jun 1831 - 14 Dec 1842 Amandus Augustin Abendroth         (b. 1767 - d. 1842)
23 Dec 1842 - 31 Dec 1860 Heinrich Kellinghusen              (b. 1796 - d. 1879)
- Line 4 -
3 Nov 1687 - 28 Aug 1717 Peter Lütkens II
7 Sep 1717 - 26 Dec 1732 Garlieb Sillem
6 Jan 1733 - 11 Jan 1751 Martin Lucas Schele
19 Jan 1751 - 20 Nov 1774 Martin Hieronymus Schele
29 Nov 1774 - 5 Sep 1778 Johann Schlüter
11 Sep 1778 - 3 Jan 1786 Albert Schulte
11 Jan 1786 - 28 Aug 1907 Johann Adolf Poppe
4 Sep 1807 - 31 Dec 1810 Johann Arnold Heise (1st time)     (b. 1747 - d. 1834)
18 Mar 1813 - 29 May 1813 Johann Arnold Heise (2nd time)     (s.a.)
31 May 1814 - 5 Mar 1834 Johann Arnold Heise (3rd time)     (s.a.)
12 Mar 1834 - 19 Aug 1835 Martin Hieronymus Schrötteringk    (d. 1835)
26 Aug 1835 - 24 Nov 1843 David Schlüter                     (d. 1844)
27 Nov 1843 - 25 Jan 1855 Johann Ludewig Dammert             (d. 1855)
31 Jan 1855 - 31 Dec 1860 Nicolaus Binder                    (b. 1785 - d. 1863)
First mayors
2 Jan 1861 - 31 Dec 1862 Friedrich Sieveking (1st time)     (b. 1798 - d. 1872)
1 Jan 1863 - 31 Dec 1864 Nicolaus Ferdinand Haller
                             (1st time)                       (b. 1805 - d. 1876)
1 Jan 1865 - 31 Dec 1865 Friedrich Sieveking (2nd time)     (s.a.)
1 Jan 1866 - 31 Dec 1867 Nicolaus Ferdinand Haller
                             (2nd time)                       (s.a.)
1 Jan 1868 - 31 Dec 1868 Friedrich Sieveking (3rd time)     (s.a.)
1 Jan 1869 - 31 Dec 1869 Gustav Heinrich Kirchenpauer
                             (1st time)                       (b. 1808 - d. 1887)
1 Jan 1870 - 31 Dec 1870 Nicolaus Ferdinand Haller
                             (3rd time)                       (s.a.)
1 Jan 1871 - 31 Dec 1872 Gustav Heinrich Kirchenpauer
                             (2nd time)                       (s.a.)
1 Jan 1873 - 31 Dec 1873 Nicolaus Ferdinand Haller
                             (4th time)                       (s.a.)
1 Jan 1874 - 31 Dec 1874 Hermann Gossler                    (b. 1802 - d. 1877)
1 Jan 1875 - 31 Dec 1875 Gustav Heinrich Kirchenpauer
                             (3rd time)                       (s.a.)
1 Jan 1876 - 31 Dec 1877 Carl Friedrich Petersen (1st time) (b. 1809 - d. 1892)
1 Jan 1878 - 31 Dec 1878 Gustav Heinrich Kirchenpauer
                             (4th time)                       (s.a.)
1 Jan 1879 - 31 Dec 1879 Hermann Anthony Cornelius Weber
                             (1st time)                       (b. 1822 - d. 1886)
1 Jan 1880 - 31 Dec 1880 Carl Friedrich Petersen (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1881 - 31 Dec 1881 Gustav Heinrich Kirchenpauer
                             (5th time)                       (s.a.)
1 Jan 1882 - 31 Dec 1882 Hermann Anthony Cornelius Weber
                             (2nd time)                       (s.a.)
1 Jan 1883 - 31 Dec 1883 Carl Friedrich Petersen (3rd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1884 - 31 Dec 1884 Gustav Heinrich Kirchenpauer
                             (6th time)                       (s.a.)
1 Jan 1885 - 31 Dec 1885 Hermann Anthony Cornelius Weber
                             (3rd time)                       (s.a.)
1 Jan 1886 - 31 Dec 1886 Carl Friedrich Petersen (4th time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1887 -3/4 Mar 1887 Gustav Heinrich Kirchenpauer
                             (7th time)                       (s.a.)
14 Mar 1887 - 31 Dec 1888 Johannes Georg Andreas Versmann
                             (1st time)                       (b. 1820 - d. 1899)
1 Jan 1889 - 31 Dec 1889 Carl Friedrich Petersen (5th time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1890 - 31 Dec 1890 Johannes Georg Mönckeberg
                             (1st time)                       (b. 1839 - d. 1908)
1 Jan 1891 - 31 Dec 1891 Johannes Georg Andreas Versmann
                             (2nd time)                       (s.a.)
1 Jan 1892 - 14 Nov 1892 Carl Friedrich Petersen (6th time) (s.a.)
14 Nov 1892 - 31 Dec 1893 Johannes Georg Mönckeberg          (s.a.)
                             (acting to 31 Dec 1892)
                             (2nd time)
1 Jan 1894 - 31 Dec 1894 Johannes Georg Andreas Versmann
                             (3rd time)                       (s.a.)
1 Jan 1895 - 31 Dec 1895 Johannes Christian Eugen Lehmann
                             (1st time)                       (b. 1826 - d. 1901)
1 Jan 1896 - 31 Dec 1896 Johannes Georg Mönckeberg
                             (3rd time)                       (s.a.)
1 Jan 1897 - 31 Dec 1897 Johannes Georg Andreas Versmann
                             (4th time)                       (s.a.)
1 Jan 1898 - 31 Dec 1898 Johannes Christian Eugen Lehmann
                             (2nd time)                       (s.a.)
1 Jan 1899 - 31 Dec 1899 Johannes Georg Mönckeberg
                             (4th time)                       (s.a.)
1 Jan 1900 - 15 Sep 1900 Johannes Christian Eugen Lehmann
                             (3rd time)                       (s.a.)
15 Sep 1900 - 31 Dec 1901 Georg Hachmann (1st time)          (b. 1838 - d. 1904)
                             (acting to 19 Nov 1900)
1 Jan 1902 - 31 Dec 1902 Johannes Georg Mönckeberg
                             (5th time)                       (s.a.)
1 Jan 1903 - 31 Dec 1903 Johann Heinrich Burchard
                             (1st time)                       (b. 1852 - d. 1912)
1 Jan 1904 - 5 Jul 1904 Georg Hachmann (2nd time)          (s.a.)
5 Jul 1904 - 31 Dec 1905 Johannes Georg Mönckeberg          (s.a.)
                             (6th time) (acting to 11 Jul 1904)
1 Jan 1906 - 31 Dec 1906 Johann Heinrich Burchard
                             (2nd time)                       (s.a.)
1 Jan 1907 - 31 Dec 1907 Johann Otto Stammann               (b. 1835 - d. 1909)
1 Jan 1908 - 27 Mar 1908 Johannes Georg Mönckeberg
                             (7th time)                       (s.a.)
27 Mar 1908 - 31 Dec 1909 Johann Heinrich Burchard
                             (3rd time)(acting to 3 Apr 1908) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1910 - 31 Dec 1911 Max Predöhl (1st time)             (b. 1854 - d. 1923)
1 Jan 1912 - 6 Sep 1912 Johann Heinrich Burchard
                             (4th time)                       (s.a.)
6 Sep 1912 - 31 Dec 1913 Carl August Schröder (1st time)    (b. 1855 - d. 1945)
                             (acting to 13 Sep 1912)
1 Jan 1914 - 31 Dec 1914 Max Predöhl (2nd time)             (s.a.)
1 Jan 1915 - 31 Dec 1915 Werner von Melle (1st time)        (b. 1853 - d. 1937)
1 Jan 1916 - 31 Dec 1916 Carl August Schröder (2nd time)    (s.a.)
1 Jan 1917 - 31 Dec 1917 Max Predöhl (3rd time)             (s.a.)
1 Jan 1918 - 12 Nov 1918 Werner von Melle (2nd time)        (s.a.)

Hanau

1168                       County of Hanau (Grafschaft Hanau).
1404 - 1419                Part of Mainz.
28 Mar 1736                Under special administration of Hesse-Kassel.
4 Nov 1806 - 16 May 1810 French administration.
16 May 1810                Part of Frankfurt.
2 Dec 1813                Incorporated into Hesse-Kassel.
1 Oct 1867                Annexed to Prussia.

Counts (title Graf von Hanau)
30 Mar 1685 - 4 Oct 1712 Philipp Reinhard II           (b. 1664 - d. 1712)
4 Oct 1712 - 28 Mar 1736 Johann Reinhard               (b. 1665 - d. 1738)
28 Mar 1736 - 1754         Wilhem I von Hessen           (b. 1682 - d. 1760)
1754 - 31 Oct 1785         Wilhelm II von Hessen         (b. 1743 - d. 1821)
31 Oct 1785 - 4 Nov 1806 ....
Governors
31 Oct 1785 - 4 Nov 1806 ....
4 Nov 1806 - 16 May 1810 François Christophe Kellerman (b. 1735 - d. 1820)
                             duc de Valmy
Intendant
4 Nov 1806 - 16 May 1810 Marcotte de Forceville

Hanover (Hannover)

to c.1727	c.1727 - 28 Aug 1801	28 Aug 1801 - 20 Jun 1837 State flag
1837 - 20 Sep 1866


1286 Fürstentum Göttingen detached from Brunswick.
23 Nov 1432 Fürstentum Calenberg detached from Brunswick.
6 Feb 1463 Calenberg and Göttingen merged into Fürstentum
Calenberg-Göttingen.
19 Dec 1692 The ruler of Calenberg-Göttingen is made a prince-elector
of the Holy Roman Empire; the polity is styled
Kurfürstentum Braunschweig und Lüneburg; the abbreviation
Kurbraunschweig is also in official use, and the style
Kurfürstentum Hannover (from the name of the capital city)
come into gradual official use also; the change in Erzamt
("arch-office") in the ruler's style in 1710 and the
technically incorrect retention of the new one in 1714 are
the indirect result of corresponding changes for the rulers
of Bavaria (Bayern) and the Palatinate (Pfalz).
1 Aug 1714 - 20 Jun 1837 Personal union with Great Britain.
26 Jul 1757 - Nov 1757 Occupied by France.
4 Jun 1803 - 26 Oct 1805 Occupied by France.
26 Oct 1805 - 1 Apr 1806 Occupied by Prussia.
1 Apr 1806 Annexed to Prussia.
12 Nov 1806 Occupied by France.
1 Mar 1810 - 29 Oct 1813 Incorporated into Kingdom of Westphalia.
29 Oct 1813 - 6 Nov 1813 Allied administration.
6 Nov 1813 Electorate restored.
12 Oct 1814 Kingdom of Hanover (Königreich Hannover).
20 Sep 1866 Annexation by Prussia.

Dukes and Electors (title Herzog zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg, Erzbannerträger
[from 1710 Erzschatzmeister] und Kurfürst des Heiligen Römischen Reiches - Duke of
Brunswick and Lüneburg, Archbannerbearer [then Archtreasurer] and Prince-elector of
the Holy Roman Empire)
19 Dec 1692 - 2 Feb 1698 Ernst August                       (b. 1629 - d. 1698)
2 Feb 1698 - 22 Jun 1727 Georg I                            (b. 1660 - d. 1727)
22 Jun 1727 - 25 Oct 1760 Georg II                           (b. 1683 - d. 1760)
26 Jul 1757 - Nov 1757     Louis Charles César le tellier     (b. 1695 - d. 1771)
                             d'Estrées, marquis de
                             Courtanvaux -French Military governor
25 Oct 1760 - 1 Mar 1810 Georg III (1st time)               (b. 1738 - d. 1820)
French Military governors
4 Jun 1803 - Feb 1804     Édouard Alphonse Casimir Joseph    (b. 1768 - d. 1835)
                             Mortier (1st time)
Feb 1804 - 17 Jun 1804     Jean Joseph Paul Augustin          (b. 1767 - d. 1828)
                             Dessolles
17 Jun 1804 - Sep 1805     Jean-Baptiste Jules Bernadotte     (b. 1763 - d. 1844)
Sep 1805 - 18 Mar 1806     Gabriel Barbou Descourières        (b. 1761 - d. 1816)

Regent
26 Oct 1805 - 27 Jan 1806 Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand Herzog      (b. 1735 - d. 1806)
                             von Braunschweig
Prussian Military governor
27 Jan 1806 - 1 Apr 1806 Freidrich Wilhelm Graf von der     (b. 1742 - d. 1815)
                             Schulenburg-Kehnert
President of the administrative commission
1 Apr 1806 - 12 Nov 1806 Karl Heinrich Ludwig Freiherr      (b. 1753 - d. 1831)
                             von Ingersleben
French military governors
12 Nov 1806 - 1807         Édouard Alphonse Casimir Joseph    (s.a.)
                             Mortier (2nd time)
1807                       Jean Jacques Colaude de la         (b. 1759 - d. 1834)
                             Salcette
General Intendant
1807 - 1810                Belleville
Military governors
29 Oct 1813 - 4 Nov 1813 Ludwig Georg Thedel Graf von       (b. 1769 - d. 1862)
                             Wallmoden-Gimborn
4 Nov 1813 - 24 Oct 1816 Adolph Frederick,                  (b. 1774 - d. 1850)
                             Duke of Cambridge (U.K.)
Duke and Elector (title s.a.)
6 Nov 1813 - 12 Oct 1814 Georg III (2nd time)               (s.a.)
Kings (title König von Hannover, Herzog zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg)
12 Oct 1814 - 29 Jan 1820 Georg III                          (s.a.)
29 Jan 1820 - 26 Jan 1830 Georg IV                           (b. 1762 - d. 1830)
                            (regent for Georg III to 29 Jan 1820)
26 Jan 1830 - 20 Jun 1837 Wilhelm                            (b. 1765 - d. 1837)
20 Jun 1837 - 18 Nov 1851 Ernst August                       (b. 1771 - d. 1851)
18 Nov 1851 - 20 Sep 1866 Georg V                            (b. 1819 - d. 1878)
Governors-general
19 Jun 1866 - 28 Aug 1866 Ernst Friedrich Eduard Vogel von   (b. 1797 - d. 1885)
                             Falckenstein (acting)
28 Aug 1866 - 17 Sep 1867 Konstantin Bernhard von Voigts-    (b. 1809 - d. 1877)
                             Rhetz

French Executive Commission Jun 1803 - 26 Oct 1805 Christoph Ludwig Albrecht Batje + Friedich Franz Dietrich von Bremer Ministers of StateMay 1805 - 12 Feb 1831     Ernst Freidrich Hebert Graf zu     (b. 1766 - d. 1839)                             Münster-Ledenburg (resident in London)24 Oct 1816 - 20 Jun 1837 Adolph Frederick,                  (s.a.)                             Duke of Cambridge (governor-general;
                             from 22 Feb 1831, viceroy)
13 Feb 1831 - 20 Jun 1837 Ludwig von Ompteda (in London)     (b. 1767 - d. 1854)
28 Jun 1837 - Jun 1844     Georg Freiherr von Schele zu       (b. 1771 - d. 1844)
                             Schelenburg
1844 - 1848                Georg Freidrich Freiherr von Falcke
20 Mar 1848 - 28 Mar 1848 Alexander Levin Graf Bennigsen     (b. 1809 - d. 1893)
Minister-presidents
28 Mar 1848 - 28 Oct 1850 Alexander Levin Graf Bennigsen     (s.a.)
28 Oct 1850 - 22 Nov 1851 Alexander Freiherr von Müchhausen (b. 1813 - d. 1886)
22 Nov 1851 - 21 Nov 1853 Eduard Freiherr von Schele zu      (b. 1805 - d. 1875)
                             Schelenburg
22 Nov 1853 - 31 Jul 1855 Eduard Christian von Lütcken       (b. 1800 - d. 1865)
Aug 1853 - Dec 1862        Eduard Graf Kielmansegg-Gülzow     (b. 1804 - d. 1872)
Dec 1862 - 21 Oct 1865     Wilhelm Freiherr von Hammerstein   (b. 1801 - d. 1872)
21 Oct 1865 - 28 Jun 1866 Georg Heinrich Jusutus Bacmeister (b. 1807 - d. 1890)

Heggbach

bf.1195                  Cistercian Abbey of Heggbach (Stift Heggbach)
1429                     Abbesses made Princesses of Empire.
1803                     Secularized.
1806                     Annexed to Württemberg.

Princess-Abbesses (title Fürstinäbtissin zu Heggbach)
1700 - 1712              Maria Magdalena Sohler
1712 - 1742              Maria Cäcilia II Constantia Schmid (b. 1671 - d. 1742)
1742 - 1773              Maria Aleydis Zech                 (b. 1713 - d. 1773)
1773 - 1792              Maria Juliana Kurz                 (b. 1726 - d. 1792)
1792 - 1803              Maria Anne Vogel                   (d. 1825)

Heilbronn

[Stadt Heilbronn flag 1556-19th century]
1556 - 19th cent.

1281 Free Imperial City, from 1552 three "succession lines" can be distinguished. 9 Sep 1802 Occupied by Württemberg. 27 Apr 1803 Annexed by Württemberg.

Mayors (Bürgermeister) - Line 1 -1695 - 8 Jan 1698 Johann Georg Pfitzer (b. 1629 - d. 1698) 1698 - 29 Jul 1733 Georg Friedrich von Pancug (b. 1653 - d. 1733)1734 - 24 Jun 1757    Johannes Schübler (b. 1686 - d. 1757) 1758 - 22 Apr 1781 Georg Philipp Mylius (b. 1696 - d. 1781)1781 - 13 Mar 1783 Georg Heinrich von Pancug    (b. 1717 - d. 1783)1784 - 1802 Georg Christoph Kornacher    (b. 1725 - d. 1803)
- Line 2 -1683 - 6 Oct 1716    Johann David Feyerabend    (b. 1643 - d. 1716) 1717 - 1731 Johann Heinrich Orth (b. 1653 - d. 1733) 1732 - 22 Dec 1733 Johann Georg Becht (b. 1661 - d. 1733) 1734 - 3 Dec 1740 Wilhelm Ludwig Bardili (b. 1698 - d. 1740)1741 - 1765 Esaias Meyer (b. 1684 - d. 1771)1766 - 15 Mar 1769 Franz Leonhard Roth    (b. 1706 - d. 1769) 1770 - 16 Jun 1794 Georg Heinrich von Rosskampff (b. 1720 - d. 1794)
1795 - 21 Aug 1795 Heinrich Karl Philibert Orth (b. 1733 - d. 1795)
1796 - 1801 Eberhard Ludwig Becht (b. 1732 - d. 1803)1802 - 1802 Christian Ludwig Schübler (b. 1754 - d. 1820)
- Line 3 -1695 - 23 Jun 1726 Johann Esaias von Rühle (b. 1655 - d. 1726) 1727 - 23 Dec 1729 Johann Georg Geiling (b. 1657 - d. 1729) 1730 - 17 Jun 1732    Adam Christian Wacks (b. 1675 - d. 1732) 1732 - 7 Sep 1753 Johann Ludwig Kübel (b. 1684 - d. 1753) 1754 - 2 Jan 1769 Georg Heinrich Orth (b. 1698 - d. 1769) 1770 - 1802 Gottlob Moriz Christian von Wacks (b. 1720 - d. 1807)

Heligoland: see under Germany

Heitersheim


1251 - 25 Jul 1806

1248                       Heitersheim seat of the Grandpriory of the Order of St. John of
                             Jerusalem, and Rhodes [and later Malta] Hospitaller
                            (Johanniterorden) in the Holy Roman Empire.
1428                       Priors made Princes of the Empire (reichsunmittelbar).
1548                       Principality of Heitersheim (Fürstentum Heitersheim)
25 Jul 1806                Annexed to Baden.

Prince-General Priors (title Fürst und Generalprior des Johanniterorden zu Heitersheim)
1683 - 1703                Hermann II von Wachtendonk
1703 - 1721                Bernhard Wilhelm von der Rhede
1721 - 1728                Goswin Hermann Otto von Merveldt
1728 - 1754                Philipp Wilhelm von Nesselrode
1754 - 1755                Philipp Joachim Vogt von Prassberg
1755 - 1773                Johann Baptist von Sonnenburg-
                             Herlesheim
1775 - 1777                Franz Christoph Sebastian von
                             Remching-Apfeltrang
1777 - 1796                Johann Joseph Benedict von
                             Reinach zu Foussemaigne und Rappach
1796 - 25 Jul 1806         Ignaz Balthasar Willibald
                             Rink von Baldenstein

Herford

832                        Benedictine Abbey of Herford (Stift Herford).
839                        Becomes an Imperial Abbey (Reichstift).
1147                       Granted Reichsunmittelbarkeit.
1523                       Abbesses also the Princesses of the Empire.
1533                       Protestant rule.
1631 - 1652                Herford city a Free Imperial City (Reichstadt).
27 Apr 1803                Annexed by Prussia.
28 Aug 1807 - 1813         Part of the Kingdom of Westphalia.
1815                       Part of Prussia.

Princess-Abbesses (title Fürstinäbtissin zu Herford)
23 Jun 1688 - 1 Dec 1728 Charlotte Sophie Herzogin von       (d. 1728)
                             Kurland
1697 - 1698                Maria Elisabeth Pfalzgräfin bei
                             Rhein -Co-adjutor
1727 - 1729                Sophie Dorothee Marie von
                             Preussen -Co-adjutor
4 Feb 1729 - 31 Mar 1750 Johanna Charlotte Fürstin von       (b. 1682 - d. 1750)
                             Anhalt-Dessau
1745                       Anna Amalie von Preussen -Co-adjutor
31 Mar 1750 - 13 Oct 1764 Hedwig Sophie Auguste Herzogin      (b. 1705 - d. 1764)
                             von Holstein-Gottorp
13 Oct 1764 - 1802         Friedrike Charlotte Leopoldine Luise
                             Prinzessin von Brandenburg-       (b. 1745 - d. 1808)
                             Schwedt
1766                       Christine Charlotte von Hessen-
                             Kassel -Co-adjutor
1779 - 1783                Henriette Amalia Prinzessin von
                             Anhalt -Co-adjutor
1783 - 1802                Friederike Dorothea Louise Philippine
                             Prinzessin von Preussen -Co-adjutor

Hesse-Darmstadt

Civil flag to 1918

16 Mar 1839 - 1903 State flag

1903 - 1918 State flag

Map of Hesse	National Anthem "Heil unserm Fürsten, heil!"	Text of National Anthem
Constitution (17 Dec 1820 - 1918)	Capital: Darmstadt	Population: 1,210,000 (1905)

1265                       Landgraviate of Hesse (Landgrafschaft Hessen) founded.
1547 - 1552                Imperial administration.
31 Mar 1567                Division into four lines, conventionally styled Hesse-Kassel,
                             Hesse-Marburg (extinct 1604), Hesse-Rheinfels (extinct 1583),
                             and Hesse-Darmstadt.
13 Aug 1806                Grand Duchy of Hesse (informally, until 1866,
                             Hesse-Darmstadt)(Grossherzogtum Hessen).
7 Jul 1816                Ruler styled Grossherzog von Hessen und bei Rhein.
3 Sep 1866                Cedes Mainz, Worms, and Hesse-Homburg to Prussia.
2 Mar 1919                People's State of Hesse (from 1918 see German states since 1918).

Landgraves (title Landgraf zu Hessen)
31 Aug 1678 - 12 Sep 1739 Ernst Ludwig                       (b. 1667 - d. 1739)
31 Aug 1678 - 15 Dec 1685 Elisabeth Dorothea von Sachsen-    (b. 1640 - d. 1709)
                             Gotha (f) -Regent
12 Sep 1739 - 17 Oct 1768 Ludwig VIII                        (b. 1691 - d. 1768)
17 Oct 1768 - 6 Apr 1790 Ludwig IX                          (b. 1719 - d. 1790)
6 Apr 1790 - 13 Aug 1806 Ludwig X                           (b. 1753 - d. 1830)
Grand dukes (title Grossherzog von Hessen [from 7 Jul 1816:] und bei Rhein)
13 Aug 1806 - 6 Apr 1830 Ludwig I (Ludwig X)                (s.a.)
6 Apr 1830 - 16 Jun 1848 Ludwig II                          (b. 1777 - d. 1848)
16 Jun 1848 - 13 Jun 1877 Ludwig III                         (b. 1806 - d. 1877)
13 Jun 1877 - 13 Mar 1892 Ludwig IV                          (b. 1837 - d. 1892)
13 Mar 1892 - 9 Nov 1918 Ernst Ludwig                       (b. 1868 - d. 1937)

Chancellors
11 Apr 1772 - Apr 1780     Friedrich Karl von Moser           (b. 1723 - d. 1798)
1780 - 1785                von Miltenberg
178. - 179.                Christian Hartmann Samuel Gatzert
179. - 1805                von Lehmann
Ministers of state
15 Aug 1798 - 6 Feb 1805 Karl Ludwig von Barkhaus-
                             Wiesenbütten
1805 - 1815                ....
1815 - 181.                Johann Freiherr von Türckeim von   (b. 1749 - d. 1824)
                             Altorf
181. - 31 Jul 1819         Friedrich August Freiherr von      (d. 1819)
                             Lichtenberg
31 Jul 1819 - 14 Feb 1829 Karl Ludwig Wilhelm von Grolman    (b. 1775 - d. 1829)
Feb 1829 - 5 Mar 1848     Karl Wilhelm Heinrich Freiherr
                             Du Bos du Thil                   (b. 1777 - d. 1859)
                             (directing state minister)
Präsidenten des Gesamtministeriums (Presidents of the assembly of ministers) 5 Mar 1848 - Jun 1848     Heinrich Wilhelm August Freiherr   (b. 1799 - d. 1880)
                             von Gagern
Jun 1848 - Jul 1848        Carl Wilhelm Zimmermann            (b. 1781 - d. 1856)
16 Jul 1848 - 1 Jun 1850 Heinrich Carl Jaup                 (b. 1781 - d. 1860)
(chairman of the council of stateMar 1848 - Jun 1848) 1 Jun 1850 - 6 Apr 1871 Reinhard Karl Friedrich Freiherr   (b. 1802 - d. 1880)
                             von Dalwigk zu Lichtenfels
6 Apr 1871 - 13 Sep 1872 Friedrich Freiherr von Lindelof    (b. 1794 - d. 1882)
13 Sep 1872 - May 1876     Karl Wilhelm Hofmann               (b. 1827 - d. 1910)
May 1876 - 6 Jun 1880     Philip Gustav August Julius Rinck, (b. 1825 - d. 1910)
                             gen. Freiherr von Starck
Chairmen of the council of state
6 Jun 1880 - May 1884     Philip Gustav August Julius Rinck, (s.a.)
                             gen. Freiherr von Starck
May 1884 - 1898            Jakob Finger                       (b. 1825 - d. 1904)
1898 - 29 Jan 1906         Carl Friedrich Bernhard Rothe      (b. 1840 - d. 1906)
4 Feb 1906 - 11 Nov 1918 Christian Wilhelm Karl von Ewald   (b. 1852 - d. 1932)

Hesse-Homburg

Map of Hesse-Homburg Capital: Homburg Population: 27,374 (1864)

7 Feb 1596                Landgraviate of Hesse (informally Hesse-Homburg) established
                             under the suzerainty of Hesse-Darmstadt
                             (Landgrafschaft Hessen).
1671 - 1680                Hesse-Homburg forfeited to Hesse-Darmstadt.
1680                       Hesse-Homburg re-established under the suzerainty of
                             Hesse-Darmstadt.
1708                       Hesse-Homburg sovereign.
12 Jul 1806                Hesse-Homburg under suzerainty of Hesse-Darmstadt.
1815                       Sovereign Landgraviate of Hesse (Souveräne Landgrafen zu Hessen).
24 Mar 1866                Incorporation into Hesse(-Darmstadt).
4 Aug 1866                Occupied by Prussia.
3 Sep 1866                Ceded to Prussia.
1 Oct 1867                Incorporated into Prussia.

Landgraves (title Landgraf zu Hessen; from 1815 Souveräner Landgraf zu Hessen)
1680 - 24 Jan 1708         Friedrich II "mit dem silbernen    (b. 1633 - d. 1708)
                             Bein"
24 Jan 1708 - 8 Jun 1746 Friedrich III                      (b. 1673 - d. 1746)
8 Jun 1746 - 7 Feb 1751 Friedrich IV                       (b. 1724 - d. 1751)
7 Feb 1751 - 20 Jan 1820 Friedrich V                        (b. 1748 - d. 1820)
20 Jan 1820 - 2 Apr 1829 Friedrich VI                       (b. 1769 - d. 1829)
2 Apr 1829 - 19 Jan 1839 Ludwig                             (b. 1770 - d. 1839)
19 Jan 1839 - 15 Dec 1846 Philipp                            (b. 1779 - d. 1846)
15 Dec 1846 - 8 Sep 1848 Gustav                             (b. 1781 - d. 1848)
8 Sep 1848 - 24 Mar 1866 Ferdinand                          (b. 1783 - d. 1866)
Civil Commissioner
4 Aug 1866 - 30 Sep 1867 Constatin Karl Alexander Wilhelm
                             von Briesen

Directors of government
1817 - 1818                Karl Philipp August Otto (b. 1779 - d. 1828)
                             Ludwig Freiherr von Zyllnhardt
18 Feb 1818 - 1820         Karl Philip Reichard Freiherr
                             von Kayser
1820 - 1827                Johann Philip von Hert             (d. 1827)
1828 - 1834                Karl Friedrich Justus Emil von (b. 1780 - d. 1834)
                             Ibell
1835 - 1851                Ludwig Karl Wilhelm Henrich        (d. 1851)
1851 - 1853                Christian Bassa (acting)           (d. 1832)
1853 - 1861                Johann Wilhelm Zurbuch
1861 - 24 Mar 1866         Heinrich Will

Hesse-Kassel

[Hesse-Kassel 1790-1866 (Germany)]
1790 - 1806, 1813 - 20 Sep 1866

Map of Hesse-Kassel Hear National Anthem Text of National Anthem

Constitution
(5 Jan 1831 - 20 Sep 1866) Capital: Kassel Population: 745,063 (1864)

31 Mar 1567                Landgraviate of Hesse (informally Hesse-Kassel) separated.
23 Mar 1730 - 5 Apr 1751 Personal union with Sweden.
15 May 1803                Landgrave Wilhelm IX acquires the dignity of prince-
                             elector, approved 27 Apr 1803, and the polity is styled
                             Electorate of Hesse (Kurfürstentum Hessen).
6 Aug 1806                At the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire the ruler clings
                             tenaciously to the now empty style of elector; the polity
                             continues to be styled Kurfürstentum Hessen.
31 Oct 1806 - 28 Aug 1807 French occupation, Hesse-Kassel abolished on 4 Nov 1806. 28 Aug 1807                The Electorate of Hesse is replaced by the Kingdom
                             of Westphalia (Königreich Westphalen) established by
                             Napoléon I for his brother Jérôme.
29/30 Oct 1813             Kingdom of Westphalia dissolved, Electorate of Hesse restored.
20 Sep 1866                Incorporated into Prussia.

Landgraves (title Landgraf zu Hessen)
1 Dec 1670 - 23 Mar 1730 Karl                               (b. 1654 - d. 1730)
1 Dec 1670 - 1677         Hedwig Sophie von                  (b. 1623 - d. 1683)
                             Brandenburg (f) -Regent
23 Mar 1730 - 5 Apr 1751 Friedrich I                        (b. 1676 - d. 1751)
5 Apr 1751 - 1 Feb 1760 Wilhelm VIII                       (b. 1682 - d. 1760)
                            (23 Mar 1730 - 5 Apr 1751 regent for Friedrich I)
1 Feb 1760 - 31 Oct 1785 Friedrich II                       (b. 1720 - d. 1785)
31 Oct 1785 - 15 May 1803 Wilhelm IX                         (b. 1743 - d. 1821)
Landgrave and Elector (title Landgraf zu Hessen, Kurfürst des Heiligen Römischen Reiches);
then Elector and Sovereign Landgrave (title Kurfürst und souveräner Landgraf zu Hessen)
15 May 1803 - 28 Aug 1807 Wilhelm I (1st time)               (s.a.)                            (Wilhelm IX) (in exile from 1 Nov 1806)
28 Aug 1807 - 29 Oct 1813 part of the Kingdom of Westphalia
Electors and Sovereign Landgraves (title Kurfürst und souveräner Landgraf zu Hessen)
30 Oct 1813 - 27 Feb 1821 Wilhelm I (2nd time)               (s.a.)
27 Feb 1821 - 20 Nov 1847 Wilhelm II                         (b. 1777 - d. 1847)
20 Nov 1847 - 20 Sep 1866 Friedrich Wilhelm I                (b. 1802 - d. 1875)
                            (30 Sep 1831 - 20 Nov 1847 regent for Wilhelm II)
Military governors
19 Jun 1866 - 28 Jun 1866 Gustav Friedrich von Beyer (b. 1812 - d. 1889)
28 Jun 1866 - 1866         Karl Wilhelm Friedrich August      (b. 1808 - d. 1887)
                             Leopold Graf von Werder

Ministers of State
c.1730 - 1737              Johann Reinhard von Dalwigk        (b. 1667 - d. 1737)
17.. - 17..                Ferdinand Freiherr von Dörnberg    (b. 1724 - d. 1793)
17.. - 17..                Friedrich Siegmund Waitz Freiherr (b. 1724 - d. 1793)
                             von Eschen
1772 - 1789                Martin Ernst von Schlieffen        (b. 1732 - d. 1825)
bf.1795 - af.1802          Friedrich-Sigismund von Dörnberg   (b. 1745 - d. 1808)
4 Nov 1806 - 1807 Joseph Lagrange -French GovernorNov 1806 - 1807 Martillière -Intendant
1814 - 1816                Georg Schmerfeld                   (b. 1759 - d. 1823)
                            (secret minister of state)
1816 - 1821                ....
Presidents Directing the State ministry
1821 - 1823                Georg Schmerfeld                   (b. 1859 - d. 1823)
1823 - 1830                Friedrich Ludwig Freiherr von Witzleben    (b. 1755 – d. 1833)
1830                       Friedrich Christoph von Schmincke
Ministers of State
11 Jan 1831 - May 1832     Johann Christian Wiederhold        (b. 1775 - d. 1832)
May 1832 - 11 Jul 1837     Hans Daniel Ludwig Friedrich       (b. 1794 - d. 1862)
                             Hassenpflug (1st time)
Jul 1837 - Oct 1841        Carl Hanstein
Oct 1841 - Sep 1847        Hermann Koch
4 Sep 1847 - 6 Mar 1848 Friedrich Heinrich Ernst Leopold   (b. 1800 - d. 1879)
                             Scheffer (1st time)
17 Mar 1848 - 22 Feb 1850 Bernard Eberhard                   (b. 1795 - d. 1860)
                             (interior minister)
22 Feb 1850 - 16 Oct 1855 Hans Daniel Ludwig Friedrich       (s.a.)
                             Hassenpflug (2nd time)
Oct 1855 - Jul 1858        Friedrich Heinrich Ernst Leopold   (s.a.)
                             Scheffer (2nd time)
Jul 1858 - 17 May 1860     Heinrich Eduard von Stiernberg     (b. 1807 - d. 1884)
May 1860 - 18 Jun 1866     Carl Friedrich von Stiernberg      (b. 1806 - d. 1891)

Hildesheim

815                        Bishopric of Hildesheim (Hochstift Hildesheim)
c.1221                     Bishops also Princes of the Empire.
30 Jul 1802                Annexed to Prussia.
12 Nov 1806                Occupied by France.
28 Aug 1807                Annexed to Kingdom of Westphalia.
29 Oct 1813                Allied administration.
2 Nov 1813                Administered by Hanover.
30 Dec 1813                Annexed to Hanover.
3 Oct 1866                Annexed to Prussia.

Prince-Bishops (title Fürstbischof zu Hildesheim) 19 Jul 1688 - 13 Aug 1702 Jobst Edmund Freiherr von Brabeck(b. 1619 - d. 1702)
31 Dec 1714 - 11 Dec 1723 Joseph Clemens von Bayern von Wittelsbach (b. 1671 - d. 1723)
5 Feb 1724 - 6 Feb 1761 Clemens August Maria Herzog von Bayern       (b. 1700 - d. 1761)
                            (also Archbishop of Cologne)
6 Feb 1761 - 7 Feb 1763 Vacant
7 Feb 1763 - 6 Jan 1789 Friedrich Wilhelm Freiherr von (b. 1727 - d. 1789) Westphalen
6 Jan 1789 - 30 Jul 1802 Franz Egon Freiherr von (b. 1737 - d. 1825) Fürstenberg
Indendant
12 Nov 1806 - 28 Aug 1807 Pierre Antoine Noël Bruno Daru   (b. 1767 - d. 1829)

Hohenems: see Vorarlberg under Austrian Lands to 1918

Hohengeroldseck (Hohengeroldseck-Leyen)


to 16 Mar 1798


1806 - 1813

12th cent.                 Lordship of Hohengeroldseck (Herrschaft Hohengeroldseck)
1692 - 1705                Imperial administration.
22 Nov 1711                County of Hohengeroldseck (Grafschaft Hohengeroldseck),
                             under Leyen dynasty.
12 Jul 1806                Principality Hohengeroldseck (Fürstentum Hohengeroldseck)
30 May 1814 - 1815         Allied administration.
1815                       Annexed to Austria.
1819                       Sold to Baden.

Counts (title Reichsgraf von Leyen zu Hohengeroldseck)
22 Nov 1711 - 30 Nov 1739 Karl Kaspar Freiherr von Leyen   (b. 1655 - d. 1739)
20 Nov 1739 - 16 Feb 1760 Friedrich Ferdinand Franz Anton (b. 1709 - d. 1760)
16 Feb 1760 - 26 Sep 1775 Franz Georg Karl Anton           (b. 1736 - d. 1775)
26 Sep 1775 - 12 Jul 1806 Philipp Franz Wilhelm Ignaz      (b. 1766 - d. 1829)
                             Peter
Prince (title Fürst von Leyen zu Hohengeroldseck)
12 Jul 1806 - 1815         Philipp Franz Wilhelm Ignaz      (s.a.)
                             Peter

Hohenlohe

bf.1183                    County of Hohenlohe (Grafschaft Hohenlohe)
1230                       Hohenlohe divides into Hohenlohe-Hohenlohe and
                             Hohenlohe-Brauneck (which in 1390 passes to Brandenburg).
1249                       Hohenlohe-Brauneck subdivides into Hohenlohe-Haltenbergstetten
                            (which in 1381 part of Hohenlohe-Weikersheim).
1256                       Hohenlohe is divided into Hohenlohe-Möckmühl (1340 divided between
                             Hohenlohe-Uffenheim and Hohenlohe-Wernsberg),
                             Hohenlohe-Röltingen (extinct 1290) and Hohenlohe-Weikersheim
                            (in 1472 becomes Hohenlohe-Schillingfürst-Weikersheim).
1472                       County of Hohenlohe-Neuenstein, partitioned from
                             Hohenlohe-Weikersheim (1698 annexed to Hohenlohe-Öhringen).
1551                       Division into Hohenlohe-Neuenstein (extinct 1805) and
                             Hohenlohe-Waldenburg (1615, 1679 Partitioned into various states)
1688                       Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst partitioned into Hohenlohe-Bartenstein
                             and Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst.
1701                       Junion line of Hohenlohe-Neuenstein divided into
                             Hohelohe-Langenburg, Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen and
                             Hohenlohe-Kirchberg.
1798                       Hohenlohe-Jagstberg spilt from Hohenlohe-Bartenstein.
1805                       Senior line of Hohenlohe-Neuenstein extinct.
12 Jul 1806                Hohenlohe territories annexed to Bavaria and Württemberg.

Hohenlohe-Bartenstein

1688                       County of Hohenlohe-Bartenstein, partitioned from
                             Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst.
21 May 1764                Principality of Hohenlohe-Bartenstein
12 Jul 1806                Annexed to Württemberg.

Counts (title Graf zu Hohenlohe-Bartenstein)
1688 - 15 Jan 1729         Philipp Karl Kaspar              (b. 1668 - d. 1729)
1729 - 1744                Karl Philipp                     (b. 1702 - d. 1763)
1729 - 21 May 1764         Joseph Anton Pfedelbach    (b. 1707 - d. 1764)
Princes (title Fürst zu Hohenlohe-Bartenstein)
21 May 1764 - 1 Mar 1763 Karl Philipp                     (s.a.)
1 Mar 1763 - 1798         Ludwig Leopold                   (b. 1731 - d. 1799)
1798 - 12 Jul 1806         Ludwig Aloys                     (b. 1786 - d. 1827)

Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen

1701                       County of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen, partitioned from
                             Hohenlohe-Langenburg.
7 Jan 1764                Principality
12 Jul 1806                Annexed by Bavaria.

Counts (title Graf zu Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen)
1701 - 2 Oct 1743         Christian Kraft                  (b. 1668 - d. 1743)
2 Oct 1743 - 7 Jan 1764 Philipp Heinrich                 (b. 1702 - d. 1781)
Princes (title Fürst zu Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen-[from 27Jul 1805] Öhringen)
7 Jan 1764 - 5 Apr 1781 Philipp Heinrich                 (s.a.)
5 Apr 1781 - 13 Feb 1796 Heinrich August                  (b. 1715 - d. 1796)
13 Feb 1796 - 1806         Friedrich Ludwig                 (b. 1746 - d. 1818)
1806 - 12 Jul 1806         Friedrich August II              (b. 1784 - d. 1853)

Hohenlohe-Jagtsberg

1798                       Principality of Hohenlohe-Jagtsberg, partitioned from
                             Hohenlohe-Bartenstein.
12 Jul 1806                Annexed by Württemberg.

Prince (title Fürst zu Hohenlohe-Jagtsberg)
1798 - 12 Jul 1806 Karl Joseph (b. 1766 - d. 1838)

Hohenlohe-Kirchberg

1701                       County of Hohenlohe-Kirchberg, partitioned from
                             Hohenlohe-Langenburg.
1764                       Principality of Hohenlohe-Kirchberg
12 Jul 1806                Annexed by Bavaria.
28 Feb 1810                Transferred to Württemberg.

Counts (title Graf zu Hohenlohe-Kirchberg)
1701 - 1737 Friedrich Eberhard (b. 1672 - d. 1737)1737 - 1764                Karl August    (b. 1701 - d. 1767)
Princes (title Fürst zu Hohenlohe-Kirchberg)
1764 - 1767                Karl August    (s.a.)
1767 - 12 Jul 1806         Christian Friedrich Karl         (b. 1729 - d. 1819)

Hohenlohe-Langenburg

1568                       County of Hohenlohe-Langenburg
1590 - 1610                Part of Hohenlohe-Neuenstein.
1610                       County of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, partitioned from
                             Hohenlohe-Neuenstein.
7 Jan 1764                Principality of Hohenlohe-Langenburg
12 Jul 1806                Annexed by Württemberg.

Count (title Graf zu Hohenlohe-Langenburg)
5 Aug 1699 - 17 Apr 1715 Albrecht Wolfgang    (b. 1659 - d. 1715)
17 Apr 1715 - 7 Jan 1764 Ludwig                         (b. 1696 - d. 1765)
Princes (title Fürst zu Hohenlohe-Langenburg)
7 Jan 1764 - 16 Jan 1765 Ludwig                         (s.a.)
16 Jan 1765 - 4 Jul 1789 Christian Albrecht Ludwig    (b. 1726 - d. 1789)
4 Jul 1789 - 12 Jul 1806 Karl Ludwig                    (b. 1762 - d. 1825)

Hohenlohe-Öhringen(-Neuenstein)

1676                       County of Hohenlohe-Öhringen, partitioned from Hohenlohe-
                             Neuenstein.
7 Jan 1764                Principality of Hohenlohe-Öhringen
27 Jul 1805                Passed to Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen.

Counts (title Graf zu Hohenlohe-Öhringen)
1676 - 17 Oct 1702         Johann Friedrich I               (b. 1617 - d. 1702)
17 Oct 1702 - 1708         Friedrich Kraft                  (b. 1667 - d. 1709)
17 Oct 1702 - 7 Jan 1764 Johann Friedrich II              (b. 1683 - d. 1765)
Princes (title Fürst zu Hohenlohe-Öhringen)
7 Jan 1764 - 24 Aug 1765 Johann Friedrich II              (s.a.)
24 Aug 1765 - 27 Jul 1805 Ludwig Friedrich Karl            (b. 1723 - d. 1805)

Hohenlohe-Schillingfürst-Weikersheim

1472                       County of Hohenlohe-Schillingfürst-Weikersheim,
                             partitioned from Hohenlohe-Weikersheim.
1545 - 1568                Part of Hohenlohe-Neuenstein.
1545 - 1568                Part of Hohenlohe-Neuenstein.
1684 - 17 Oct 1702         Part of Hohenlohe-Öhringen.
17 Oct 1702                County of Hohenlohe-Schillingfürst-Weikersheim
5 May 1756                Part of Hohenlohe-Öhringen.

Count (title Graf zu Hohenlohe-Schillingfürst-Weikersheim)
17 Oct 1702 - 5 May 1756 Karl Ludwig (b. 1674 - d. 1756)

Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingfürst

1688                       County of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingfürst,
                             split from Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst.
21 May 1744                Principality of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingfürst
12 Jul 1806                Annexed by Bavaria.

Count (title Graf zu Hohenlohe und Waldenburg, Herr zu Schillingfürst
und Langenburg)
21 Feb 1697 - 21 May 1744 Philipp Ernst I                    (b. 1663 - d. 1759)
Princes (title Fürst von Hohenlohe, Graf zu Waldenburg, Herr zu Schillingfürst
und Langenburg)
21 May 1744 - 29 Nov 1759 Philipp Ernst I                    (s.a.)
29 Nov 1759 - 21 Jan 1793 Karl Albrecht I                    (b. 1719 - d. 1793)
21 Jan 1793 - 14 Jun 1796 Karl Albrecht II                   (b. 1742 - d. 1796)
14 Jun 1796 - 12 Jul 1806 Karl Albrecht III Philipp Joseph (b. 1776 - d. 1843)

Hohensax: see under Swiss Cantons

Hohenzollern

[Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen and Hohenzollern-Hechingen]

c.1350                     Friedrich VII "der alte Schwarzgraf" (rule 1333-79) takes the
                             style of Graf von Hohenzollern.
18 Mar 1576                Grafschaft Hohenzollern split into Grafschaft
                             Hohenzollern-Hechingen, Grafschaft Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
                             and Hohenzollern-Haigerloch.
29 Mar 1623                Both Counts raised to the rank of princes
                             (Graf und Fürst von Hohenzollern zu Hechingen, Graf und Fürst
                             von Hohenzollern zu Sigmaringen).
7 Mar 1634                Hohenzollern-Haigerloch ceded to Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen.
1805                       Made sovereign principalities Fürstentum Hohenzollern-Hechingen
                             and Fürstentum Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen.
7 Dec 1849                Both princes cede sovereignty to the King of Prussia.
12 Mar 1850                Principalities incorporated into Prussia.

Hohenzollern-Hechingen

Counts and Princes (title Graf und Fürst von Hohenzollern zu Hechingen)
13 Jan 1671 - 14 Nov 1735 Friedrich Wilhelm                  (b. 1663 - d. 1735)
14 Nov 1735 - 4 Jun 1750 Friedrich Ludwig                   (b. 1688 - d. 1750)
4 Jun 1750 - 9 Apr 1798 Joseph Wilhelm                     (b. 1717 - d. 1798)
9 Apr 1798 - 1805         Hermann Friedrich Otto             (b. 1748 - d. 1810)
Princes (title Fürst von Hohenzollern-Hechingen)
1805 - 2 Nov 1810          Hermann Friedrich Otto             (s.a.)
2 Nov 1810 - 13 Sep 1838 Friedrich Hermann Otto             (b. 1776 - d. 1838)
13 Sep 1838 - 12 Mar 1850 Friedrich Wilhelm                  (b. 1801 - d. 1869)

Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen

Counts and Princes (title Graf und Fürst von Hohenzollern zu Sigmaringen)
13 Aug 1689 - 20 Oct 1715 Meinrad II                         (b. 1673 - d. 1715)
13 Aug 1689 - 1698         .... -Regent
20 Oct 1715 - 8 Dec 1769 Joseph Franz Ernst                 (b. 1702 - d. 1769)
8 Dec 1769 - 20 Dec 1785 Karl Friedrich                     (b. 1724 - d. 1785)
20 Dec 1785 - 1805         Anton                              (b. 1762 - d. 1831)
20 Dec 1785 - 1788         .... -Regent
Princes (title Fürst zu Hohenzollern Sigmaringen)
1805 - 17 Oct 1831         Anton                              (s.a.)
17 Oct 1831 - 27 Aug 1848 Karl                               (b. 1785 - d. 1853)
27 Aug 1848 - 12 Mar 1850 Karl Anton                         (b. 1811 - d. 1885)

Holstein: see Schleswig-Holsetin

Isenburg (Ysenburg)

[Isenburg (Germany)]

1137                       County of Isenburg (Grafschaft Isenburg) and County of
1142                       Division into Isenburg-Isenburg and Isenburg-Kempenich.
1199                       Division of Isenburg-Isenburg into Isenburg-Weid
                             (superseded by Weid in 1462) and Nieder-Isenburg.
1341                       Isenburg-Büdingen created from Isenburg-Cleberg.
1503                       Nieder-Isenburg divided into Isenburg-Grenzau and
                             Isenburg-Neumagen (to Arnberg 1664).
1511                       Isenburg-Büdingen divided into Isenburg-Büdingen-Birstein
                             and Isenburg-Ronneburg.
1628                       Isenburg-Büdingen-Birstein divided into Isenburg-Birstein,
                             Isenburg-Büdingen and Isenburg-Offenbach, Isenburg-
                             Büdingen-Marienborn (to 1725), Isenburg-Meerholz and
                             (from 1673) Isenburg-Büdingen-Wächtersbach.
1664                       Isenburg-Birstein absorbed into Isenburg-Offenbach.
1711                       Isenburg-Offenbach divided into Isenburg-Birstein and
                             Isenburg-Philippseich.
23 May 1744                Isenburg-Birstein a Principality (Fürstentum Isenburg-Birstein).
12 Jul 1806                Sovereign Principality of Isenburg created
                            (Souveräne Fürstentum zu Isenburg) which includes the
                             mediatized domains of all other branches.
1810 - 1813                Occupied by France.
1813 - 1816                Austrian administration.
1816                       Annexed by Hesse-Darmstadt.

Isenburg-Büdingen-Büdingen

1628 County Isenburg-Büdingen-Büdingen
12 Jul 1806 Incorporated into Isenburg-Birsetin.

Counts (title Graf zu Isenburg und Büdingen-Büdingen)
1693 - 1708                Johann Ernst II
1708 - 1749                Ernst Kasimir
1749 - 1768                Gustav Friedrich
1768 - 1775                Ludwig Kasimir
1775 - 1801                Ernst Kasimir II                (d. 1801)
1801 - 12 Jul 1806         Ernst Kasimir III               (d. 1852)

Isenburg-Büdingen-Marienborn

1628 County of Isenburg-Büdingen-Marienborn
1725 Incorporated into Isenburg-Meerholz.

Count (title Graf zu Isenburg und Büdingen-Marienborn)
1673 - 1725 Karl August

Isenburg-Büdingen-Meerholz

1628 County of Isenburg-Büdingen-Meerholz
12 Jul 1806 Incorporated into Isenburg-Birsetin.

Counts (title Graf zu Isenburg und Büdingen-Meerholz)
1673 - 1724                Georg Albert
1724 - 1774                Karl Friedrich
1774 - 1802                Johann Friedrich Wilhelm
1802 - 12 Jul 1806         Karl Wilhelm Ludwig                  (d. 1832)

Isenburg-Büdingen-Wächtersbach

1673 County Isenburg-Büdingen-Wächtersbach
12 Jul 1806 Incorporated into Isenburg-Birsetin.

Counts (title Graf zu Isenburg und Büdingen-Wächtersbach)
1673 - 1703                Ferdinand Maximilian I
1703 - 1755                Ferdinand Maximilian II
1755 - 1778                Ferdinand Kasimir I
1778 - 1780                Ferdinand Kasimir II
1780 - 1782                Albrecht August
1782 - 1785                Wilhelm Reinhard
1785 - 1798                Adolf I
1798 - 1805                Ludwig Maximilian I                   (d. 1805)
1805 - 12 Jul 1806         Ludwig Maximilian II                  (d. 1821)

Isenburg-Birstein

[Principality of Isenburg, 1806-1813]
1806 - 1813

1628                        County of Isenburg-Birstein
1664                        Absorbed into Isenburg-Offenbach.
1711                        County of Isenburg-Birstein (restored).
23 May 1744                 Principality of Isenburg-Birstein
12 Jul 1806                 Sovereign Principality of Isenburg
1810 - 1813                 Occupied by France.
1813 - 21 Mar 1816          Austrian administration.
21 Mar 1816                 Incorporated into Hesse-Darmstadt.

Count (title Graf zu Isenburg und Birstein)
1711 - 23 May 1744          Wolfgang Ernst I                      (b. 1686 - d. 1754)
Princes (title Fürst zu Isenburg und Birstein)
23 May 1744 - 15 Apr 1754   Wolfgang Ernst I                      (s.a.)
15 Apr 1754 - 3 Feb 1803   Wolfgang Ernst II                     (b. 1735 - d. 1803)
15 Apr 1754 - 1759          Friedrich Ernst -Regent
3 Feb 1803 - 12 Jul 1806   Karl I Friedrich Ludwig Moritz        (b. 1766 - d. 1820)
Prince (title Fürst von Isenburg)
12 Jul 1806 - 1814          Karl I Friedrich Ludwig Moritz        (s.a.)

Isenburg-Offenbach

1628                       County Isenburg-Offenbach
1635 - 1643                Occupied by Hesse-Darmstadt.
1711                       Passed to Isenburg-Birstein.

Counts (title Graf zu Isenburg und Offenbach)
1685 - 1711                Johann Philipp                        (d. 1718)
                           - jointly with the following -
1685 - 1711                Christian Heinrich
                             (in Eisenberg and Langenselbold)

Isenburg-Philippseich

1711 County Isenburg-Philippseich
12 Jul 1806 Incorporated into Isenburg-Birsetin).

Counts (title Graf zu Isenburg und Philippseich)
1711 - 1772                Wilhelm Moritz II (b. 1688 - d. 1772)
1772 - 1779                Christian Karl
1779 - 1781                Karl Wilhelm
                           - jointly with -
1779 - 1806                Heinrich Ferdinand

Istria (Istrien): see Austrian Lands

Jever

[Jever]
to 1807, 1813 - 1818

1330                       Chiefdom of Jever (Häuptlingschaft Jever).
....                       Lordship of Jever (Herrlichkeit Jever).
20 Feb 1575                Part of Oldenburg.
1649 - 1683                Occupied by Denmark.
29 Jun 1667                Part of Anhalt-Zerbst.
3 Mar 1793                Possession of the Russian Empire.
Oct 1806                   Occupied by France.
1807                       Ceded by Russia to Duchy of Holstein (not effected).
7 Jul 1807                Ceded to France by Russia.
11 Nov 1807                Incorporated into Kingdom of Holland;
                             part of the département Oost-Friesland.
9 Jul 1810                Incorporated into France as part of département
                             Ems-Oriental (see under Germany).
8 Nov 1813                Restored to Russia.
18 Apr 1818                Ceded to Oldenburg.

Lords (title Herr zu Jever)
20 Feb 1557 - 29 Jun 1667 the Counts of Oldenburg
29 Jun 1667 - 3 Mar 1793 the Dukes of Anhalt-Zerbst
3 Mar 1793 - 7 Jul 1807 the Empress/Emperors of Russia
8 Nov 1813 - 18 Apr 1818 the Emperor of Russia
Administrators
17.. - 1718                Haro Joachim von Closter
1718 - 1720                von Kötteritz
1720 - 1742                Johann Ludwig Fürst von Anhalt-
                             Dornburg
1742 - 3 Mar 1793         ....
3 Mar 1793 - 7 Jul 1807 Friederike Auguste Sophie          (b. 1744 - d. 1827)
                             von Anhalt-Zerbst (f)

Kaisersheim (Kaisheim)

21 Sep 1135                Cistercian Abbey of Kaisersheim (Stift Kaisersheim).
1363                       Abbots made princes of the Empire (Reichsstift Kaiserheim).
1656                       Imperial immediacy recognized by Pfalz-Neuburg.
27 Apr 1803                Annexed to Bavaria.

Prince-Abbots (title Fürstäbte zu Kaisersheim)
1696 - 1698                Judas Thaddäus Mayr
1698 - 1723                Roger I von Röltz
1723 - 1739    Roger II Friesl 1739 - 1771                Cölestin I Meermols
1771 - 1783                Cölestin II Angelsbrucker
1783 - 1803                Franz Xaver Müller

Käppel (Keppel)

12th cent.                 Benedictine Abbey of Käppel (Keppel)(Stift Käppel)
1572 - 1626                Protestant administration.
1588                       Abbesses also Princess of the Empire.
1626                       Abbey abolished.
1650                       Abbey refounded as a double-confession Chapter,
                             with both Roman Catholic and Protestant
                             Abbesses alternating.
12 Jul 1806                Secularized and annexed to Nassau.
20 Sep 1866                Part of Prussia.

Princess-Abbesses (title Fürstinäbtissin zu Keppel)
1654 - 1659 Johannetta Stephana von der Hees                              (Roman Catholic)1659 - 1663                Eleonora Theodora Vogt von Elspe
                             (Protestant)
1663 - 1685                Johanna Maria von Holdinghausen (d. 1685)
                             (Roman Catholic)
1685 - 1691                Agathe Juliane von Steprodt (d. 1691)
                             (Protestant)
1692 - 1717                Anna Elisabeth von der Hees    (d. 1717)
                             (Roman Catholic)
1717 - 1748                Sophie Charlotte von Bottlenberg (d. 1748)
                             gen. Kessel (Protestant)
1748 - 1753                Vacant
1753 - 1779                Johanna Dorothea Helene Margarethe (d. 1779)
                             Katharina von Syberg zu Schwerte,
                             Hees und Sümmern (Roman Catholic)
1780 - 1806                Marianne Wilhelmine Luise von (d. 1806)
                             Donop (Protestant)

Kempten

773                        Benedictine Abbey of Kempten (Stift Kempten).
1289 - 1803                Separate Free Imperial City of Kaiserheim.
1360                       Abbots become Princes of the Empire.
27 Apr 1803                Annexed to Bavaria.

Prince-Abbots (title Fürstäbte zu Kempten)
1678 - 1728                Ruprecht II von Bodnau
1728 - 1747                Anselm Reichlin von Meldegg
1747 - 1760                Engelbert von Sorgenstein
1760 - 1785                Honorius Roth von Schreckenstein
1785 - 1793                Ruprecht III von Neuenstein
1793 - 1803                Castolus Reichlin von Meldegg-Amtezell

Knyphausen (Kniphausen)


c.1695 - c.1702


c.1702 - 1751


1787 - 1807, 8 Jun 1825 -1849


1849 - 29 May 1855

1438                       Lordship of Knyphausen (Kniphausen)
                             (Herrlichkeit Knyphausen).
1624                       Imperial Lordship of Knyphausen (Kniphausen)
                             (Reichsfreie Herrlichkeit Knyphausen).
7 Jul 1807                Ceded to France by Prussia.
11 Nov 1807                Incorporated into Kingdom of Holland;
                             part of the département Oost-Friesland.
9 Jul 1810                Incorporated into France as part of département
                             Ems-Oriental (see under Germany).
8 Nov 1813 - 1814         Occupied by Russia.
1814 - 1818                Administered by Oldenburg.
13 Apr 1818                Barony of Knyphausen (restored under suzerainty of Oldenburg).
7 Aug 1854                Ceded to Oldenburg (formally incorporated 29 May 1855).

Lords (title Herr/Herrin zu Knyphausen)
27 Oct 1680 - 26 Jun 1701 Charlotte Amélie de la                   (b. 1652 - d. 1732)
                             Trémoille (f) -Regent
26 Jun 1681 - 6 Jun 1738 Anton II                                 (b. 1681 - d. 1738)
6 Jun 1738 - 1754         Charlotte Sophie -Lady                   (b. 1715 - d. 1800)
                           - jointly with -
6 Jun 1738 - 1754         William Graf von Bentinck und von        (b. 1704 - d. 1774)
                             Aldenburg
1754 - 1 Apr 1768         Christian Friedrich Anton                (b. 1734 - d. 1768)
1 Apr 1768 - 7 Jul 1807 Wilhelm II Gustav Friedrich (1st time)   (b. 1762 - d. 1835)
1 Apr 1768 - 21 Jul 1783 Marie Katharina von Tuyll (f) -Regent    (b. 1743 - d. 1798)
1813 - 1814                Wilhelm II Gustav Friedrich (2nd time)   (b. 1762 - d. 1835)
13 Apr 1818 - 22 Oct 1835 Wilhelm II Gustav Friedrich (3rd time)   (s.a.)
22 Oct 1835 - 7 Aug 1854 Wilhelm III Friedrich Christian          (b. 1787 - d. 1855)
                             Graf von Aldenburg

Konstanz: see Constance

Lauenburg

Duchy of Lauenburg to 1865
to 20 Aug 1865

11 Aug 1261                Duchy of Lauenburg (Herzogtum Lauenburg; very formally
                             Herzogtum Sachsen-Lauenburg [Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg]).
1803 - 1810                Occupied by France.
13 Dec 1810 - 1813         Incorporated into France; part of département
                             Bouches-de-l'Elbe (see under Germany).
9 Jun 1815 (one day)     Incorporated into Prussia.
9 Jun 1815                Incorporated into Denmark.
16 Nov 1864 - 20 Aug 1865 Jointly administered by Austria and Prussia.
1 Jul 1876                Incorporated into Prussia with the continued style
                             of Duchy of Lauenburg.

Dukes (title Herzog von Sachsen, Engern und Westfalen; Herzog zu [der] Lauenburg)
22 Sep 1691 - 28 Aug 1705 Georg Wilhelm                      (b. 1624 - d. 1705)
                            (in dispute from 11 Oct 1689)
28 Aug 1705 - 13 Dec 1810 the electors of Hanover
1813 - 9 Jun 1815         the elector, then king, of Hanover
9 Jun 1815 - 16 Nov 1864 the kings of Denmark
20 Aug 1865 - 1 Jul 1876 the king of Prussia

Leiningen

1557                       County of Leiningen (Grafschaft Leiningen)
16 Aug 1707                Divided into Alt-Leiningen and Neu-Leiningen.
3 Jul 1779                Counts made princes of the Holy Roman Empire.
1801 - 1806                Occupied by France.
12 Jul 1806                Part of Grand Duchy of Berg.
1813 - 1815                Allied Administration.
1815                       Part of Nassau.
20 Sep 1866                Part of Prussia.

Count (title Graf zu Leiningen)
1686 - 16 Aug 1705 Philipp Ludwig (b. 1652 - d. 1705)

Alt-Leiningen

Counts (title Graf zu Alt-Leiningen)
16 Aug 1705 - 17 May 1720 Christoph Christian          (b. 1656 - d. 1720)
17 May 1720 - 4 Feb 1751 Georg Hermann                (b. 1679 - d. 1751)
4 Feb 1751 - 18 Feb 1770 Christian Johann             (b. 1730 - d. 1770)
4 Feb 1751 - 31 Aug 1758 Charlotte Wilhelmine         (b. 1708 - d. 1792)
                             zu Pappenheim (f) -Regent
18 Feb 1770 - 12 Jul 1806 Christian Karl               (b. 1757 - d. 1811)

Neu-Leiningen

Counts (title Graf zu Neu-Leiningen)
16 Aug 1705 - 4 May 1726 Georg II Karl Ludwig         (b. 1666 - d. 1726)
4 May 1726 - 19 Mar 1787 Georg Karl I August Ludwig   (b. 1717 - d. 1787)
4 May 1726 - 1738         Margareta Christiana Augusta (b. 1694 - d. 1761)
                             Gräfin von Gyldenløv-
                             Danneskiold (f) -Regent
                             (to 3 May 1739, for Georg Ernst Ludwig)
                           - jointly with -
4 May 1726 - 1759         Georg Ernst Ludwig           (b. 1718 - d. 1765)
19 Mar 1787 - 7 Jun 1798 Karl II Gustav Reinhard      (b. 1747 - d. 1798)
                             Woldemar
7 Jun 1798 - 12 Jul 1806 Ferdinand Karl III Wilhelm   (b. 1767 - d. 1813)
                             Leopold

Leyen: see Hohengeroldseck

Liechtenstein: see Liechtenstein

Liège: see under Belgium

Ligne: see under Belgium

Limburg: see under Netherlands

Lindau am Bodensee

1043                       Benedictine Abbey of Lindau am Bodensee (Stift Lindau).
1275 - 1802                Lindau city a Free Imperial City.
15th cent.                 Abbesses made Princesses of the Empire.
27 Apr 1803                Secularized as a county for the Count of Bretzenheim.
14 Mar 1804                Ceded to Austria.
29 Dec 1805                Annexed by Bavaria.
14 Mar 1806                Bavaria takes possession.

Princess-Abbesses (title Fürstinäbtissin zu Lindau)
1689 - 1720                Maria Magdalena von Hallwyl
                             (von Herblingen)
1720 - 1730                Maria Franzisca Hundbiss
                             von Waltrams
1730 - 1743                Anna Margaretha von Gemmingen
1743 - 1757                Therese Wilhelmine von
                             Pollheim-Winkelhausen
1757 - 1771                Maria Anna Margaretha von
                             Gemmingen
1771 - 1781                Maria Josepha Agatha von
                             Ulm-Langerhein
1781 - 1796                Frederike Caroline Josephine        (b. 1771 - d. 1816)
                             von Bretzenheim
1797 - 1800                Maria Anna Franziska Susanna Clara
                             Ferdinanda von Ulm-Langerhein
1800 - 1803                Vacant
Count (title Graf zu Bretzenheim und Lindau)
27 Apr 1803 - 14 Mar 1804 Karl August Fürst von Bretzenheim   (b. 1768 - d. 1828)
                             von Regecz

Lippe


1815 - 1904 Civil flag


1904 - 1918 Civil and State flag


1856 - 1876/78 State flag


1876/78 - 1904 State flag

Map of Lippe-Detmold	Hear National Anthem "Heil unserm Fürsten, heil"	Text of National Anthem (to 1918)
Constitution	Capital: Detmold	Population: 145,610 (1905)

1129                       Lordship of (the) Lippe founded (Herrschaft Lippe)
                             [Lippe is the name of a river]. Style: Edler Herr zur Lippe.
1529                       Polity elevated to rank of county (Grafschaft Lippe);
                             style: Graf und Edler Herr zur Lippe.
1616                       The dynastic line is divided into four "sovereign" lines:
                             Lippe-Detmold, Lippe-Brake, Lippe-Schwalenberg (extinct
                             23 Sep 1620), Lippe-Alverdissen; plus two "non-sovereign"
                             lines. The style of the rulers of the "sovereign" lines
                             remains Graf und Edler Herr zur Lippe.
21 Feb 1709                Lippe-Brake extinct, incorporated into Lippe-Detmold.
27 Oct 1720                Polity elevated to the rank of principality
                            (Fürstentum Lippe), but style in use only from 16 Dec 1789.
1749                       On the extinction of the Lippe-Alverdissen line
                            (which had generated the ruling line in Schaumburg-Lippe),
                             the single Lippe-Detmold line survives. (Detmold is
                             the capital town; the term Lippe-Detmold is sometimes
                             retained in informal use for the whole polity).
16 Dec 1789                Style Principality of Lippe (Fürstentum Lippe) in use.
Nov 1918                   Free State Lippe-Detmold (from 1918 see German states since 1918).

Lippe-Detmold

Counts (title Graf und Edler Herr zur Lippe)
22 May 1697 - 18 Jul 1718 Friedrich Adolf                    (b. 1667 - d. 1718)
18 Jul 1718 - 12 Oct 1734 Simon Heinrich Adolf               (b. 1694 - d. 1734)
                            (recognized as Reichsfürst [prince]
                             from 27 Oct 1720, but not so his successors)
12 Oct 1734 - 1749         Simon August                       (b. 1727 - d. 1782)

Lippe-Brake

Counts (title Graf und Edler Herr zur Lippe)
18 Nov 1657 - 12 Mar 1700 Kasimir                            (b. 1627 - d. 1700)
12 Mar 1700 - 27 Oct 1707 Rudolf                             (b. 1664 - d. 1707)
27 Oct 1707 - 21 Feb 1709 Ludwig Ferdinand                   (b. 1680 - d. 1709)

Lippe-Alverdissen

Counts (title Graf und Edler Herr zur Lippe)
20 Apr 1681 - 27 Nov 1723 Philipp Ernst (b. 1659 - d. 1723)
27 Nov 1723 - 1749 Friedrich Ernst (b. 1694 - d. 1777)

Lippe (reunited)


1904 - 1918 Civil flag

Counts (title Graf und Edler Herr zur Lippe)
1749 - 1 May 1782         Simon Augustus                     (s.a.)
1 May 1782 - 16 Dec 1789 Leopold I                          (b. 1767 - d. 1802)
1 May 1782 - 16 Dec 1789 Ludwig Adolf -Regent               (b. 1732 - d. 1800)
Princes (title Fürst zur Lippe)
16 Dec 1789 - 4 Apr 1802 Leopold I                          (s.a.)
4 Apr 1802 - 1 Jan 1851 Leopold II                         (b. 1800 - d. 1851)
4 Apr 1802 - 3 Jul 1820 Pauline Fürstin von Anhalt-        (b. 1769 - d. 1820)
                             Bernberg (f) -Regent
1 Jan 1851 - 8 Dec 1875 Leopold III                        (b. 1821 - d. 1875)
8 Dec 1875 - 20 Mar 1895 Woldemar                           (b. 1824 - d. 1895)
20 Mar 1895 - 13 Jan 1905 Alexander                          (b. 1831 - d. 1905)
22 Jun 1895 - 1897         Prinz Adolf zu Schaumburg-      (b. 1859 - d. 1916)
                             Lippe -Regent
1897 - 16 Sep 1904         Ernst Graf zur Lippe-              (b. 1842 - d. 1904)
                             Biesterfeld -Regent
1904 - 25 Oct 1905         Leopold Graf zur Lippe-Biesterfeld (b. 1871 - d. 1949)
                            (regent [for Alexander to 13 Jan 1905])
25 Oct 1905 - 12 Nov 1918 Leopold IV                         (s.a.)

Chancellors
1810 - 1828                Karl Friedrich Funk von Senftenau (b. 17.. - d. 1828)
1829 - 1832                Friedrich Wilhelm Helwing
1832 - 1848                Wilhelm Arnold Eschenburg          (b. 1778 - d. 1861)
1848 - 1850                Friedrich Simon Leopold            (d. 1850)
1850 - 1853                Christian Theodor von Meien
Cabinet ministers
1853 - 1855                Laurenz Martin Hannibal Christian
                             Fischer
1856 - 1868                Alexander Wilhelm Heinrich August (b. 1820 - d. 1903)
                             von Oheimb
1868 - 1872                Karl Theodor Heldmann              (d. 1872)
1872 - 1875                Julius Adalbert von Flottwell      (b. 1829 - d. 1909)
1876 - 1885                August Eschenburg
1885 - 1889                Hugo Samuel Wilhelm Egmont
                             Freiherr von Richthofen
1889 - 1895                Friedrich Otto Hermann von         (d. 1895)
                             Wolffgramm
1895 - 1897                Karl Friedrich von Oertzen
Ministers of state
1897 - 1899                Karl Gustav Oskar Miesitscheck von
                             Wischkau
1900 - 1912                Max Freiherr von Gevekot (b. 1845 - d. 1916)
1913 - 1918                Karl Ludwig Freiherr von Biedenweg

Lorraine: see France provinces

Löwenstein-Wertheim

1494                       County of Löwenstein-Wertheim (Grafschaft Löwenstein-Wertheim)
1611                       Divided into Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rochesfort and
                             Löwenstein-Wertheim-Virneburg.
1806                       Annexed.

Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rochesfort

1611                       County of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rochesfort                            (Grafschaft Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rochesfort). 3 Apr 1711                Principality of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rochesfort
                            (Fürstentum Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rochesfort).
1803                       Principality of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg
1806                       Annexed.

Count (title Graf zu Löwenstein und Graf zu Wertheim-Rochesfort) 1672 - 3 Apr 1711 Maximilian Karl Albrecht (b. 1656 - d. 1718)
Prince (title Furst zu Löwenstein und Graf zu Wertheim-Rochesfort [from 1803, Rosenberg]) 3 Apr 1711 - 1718 Maximilian Karl Albrecht (s.a.) 1718 - 1735 Dominik Marquard (b. 1690 - d. 1735) 1735 - 1789 Karl Thomas (b. 1714 - d. 1789) 6 Jun 1789 - 1806 Dominik Konstantin (b. 1762 - d. 1814)

Löwenstein-Wertheim-Virneburg

1611                       County of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Virneburg
                            (Grafschaft Löwenstein-Wertheim-Virneburg).
1806                       Annexed.

Counts (title Graf zu Löwenstein und Wertheim-Virneburg) 1683 - 1721 Heinrich Friedrich (b. 1682 - d. 1721)1721 - 1790 Johann Ludwig Vollrath (b. 1705 - d. 1790)1790 - 1806 Johann Karl Ludwig (b. 1740 - d. 1816)

Lübeck

1280 - 1918 Civil Flag	c.1670 - 1839 State Flag	1839 - 16 Oct 1850 State Flag
16 Oct 1850 - 19 Nov 1890 State Flag	19 Nov 1890 - 15 Sep 1935 State Flag

Map of Lübeck	National Anthem	Text of National Anthem
Constitution	Capital: Lübeck	Population: 105,857 (1905)

1143                       Modern city of Lübeck founded.
1181 - 1189                Free Imperial City.
1189                       Part of Duchy of Saxony.
1192                       Part of Holstein.
1217 - 1226                Danish rule.
1226                       Free Imperial City, four mayors to 31 Dec 1848;
                             four "succession lines" can be distinguished.
1358 - 1669                Member of the Hanseatic League.
1420 - 1 Jan 1868         Bergedorf annexed (ruled jointly with Hamburg to 1868).
1806 - 1811                Lübeck and the Hanseatic cities occupied by France
                             (see Hamburg).
13 Dec 1810                Incorporated into France; from 1 Jan 1811 part of département
                             Bouches-de-l'Elbe (see under Germany).
1813                       Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck (restored)
                             (from 1918 see German states since 1918).

Mayors (Bürgermeister)
- Line 1 -
1697 - 1705                Gotthard Kerkerink
1706 - 1708                Sebastian Gerken
1708 - 1729                Adolf Matthäus Rodde
1731                       Jakob Hübens
1732 - 1737                Johann Heinrich Dreyer
1738 - 1743                Hermann Münter
1743 - 1757                Heinrich Rust
1757 - 1761                Matthäus Rodde II
1761 - 1768                Ludwig Philipp Röck
1769 - 1773                Friedrich Green
1773 - 1789                Joachim Peters
1789 - 1790                Franz Berhard Rodde
1790 - 1792                Anton Dietrich Wilken
1792 - 1798                Jürgen Bloom
1799 - 1804                Johann Georg Böhme                 (b. 17.. - d. 1804)
1804 - 1810                Johann Philipp Plessing            (b. 17.. - d. 1810)
1810 - 31 Dec 1810         Georg David Richerz                (b. 17.. - d. 1811)
1814 - 1821                Christian Adolf Overbeck
1821 - 1845                Christian Heinrich Kindler         (b. 1762 - d. 1845)
1845 - 31 Dec 1848         Johann Joachim Friedrich Torkuhl   (b. 1790 - d. 1870)
                             (1st time)
- Line 2 -
1695 - 1703                Hieronymus von Dorne
1703 - 1714                Johann Westken
1715 - 1722                Peter Heinrich Tesdorpf I
1722 - 1727                Joachim Lüder Carstens
1728 - 1732                Heinrich von Brömsen
1732 - 1744                Anton von Lüneburg
1744 - 1750                Johann Adolf Krohn
1750 - 1757                Andreas Albrecht von Brömsen
1757 - 1778                Daniel Häks
1778 - 1805                Hermann Georg Büneckau
1805 - 31 Dec 1810         Johann Kaspar Lindenberg (1st time)(b. 1740 - d. 1824)
1813 - 1824                Johann Kaspar Lindenberg (2nd time)(s.a.)
1824 - 1833                Adolf Heinrich Voeg                (b. 1766 - d. 1833)
1833                       Johann Heinrich Kipp
1833 - 31 Dec 1848         Bernhard Heinrich Frister          (b. 1778 - d. 1861)
                             (1st time)
- Line 3 -
1669 - 1700                Johann Ritter
1706 - 1716                Thomas von Wickede II
1717 - 1724                Daniel Müller II
1724 - 1730                Hermann Rodde
1731 - 1734                Christian Albrecht Niemann
1735 - 1743                August Simon Lindholz
1744 - 1765                Gotthard Arnold Isselhorst
1765 - 1782                Georg Wilhelm Detharding
1782 - 1793                Joachim Tank
1794 - 1799                Gabriel Christian Lemcke
1800 - 1806                Christian von Brömsen
1806 - 31 Dec 1810         Matthäus Rodde III
1817                       Nikolaus Jakob Keusch
1818 - 1825                Stephan Heinrich Behnke
1826                       Friedrich Nölting
1827 - 1832                Peter Heinrich Tesdorpf II
1832 - 31 Dec 1848         Thomas Günter Wunderlich
- Line 4 -
1694 - 1707                Anton Winkler
1707 - 1724                Daniel Müller I
1724 - 1750                Heinrich Balemann
1750 - 1761                Johann Friedrich Carstens
1761 - 1768                Heinrich Dietrich Balemann
1768 - 1773                Heinrich Brokes II
1773 - 1776                Bernhard von Wickede
1777 - 1780                Joachim Matthias Lütkens
1781 - 1785                Johann Arnold Isselhorst
1786 - 1805                Hermann Dietrich Krohn
1805 - 31 Dec 1810         Johann Matthäus Tesdorpf
                             (1st time)                       (b. 1749 - d. 1824)
1813 - 25 Jan 1824         Johann Matthäus Tesdorpf
                             (2nd time)                       (s.a.)
1825 - 31 Dec 1848         Christian Nikolaus von Evers
Presiding mayors
1 Jan 1849 - 31 Dec 1850 Heinrich Brehmer (1st time)        (b. 1800 - d. 1872)
1 Jan 1851 - 31 Dec 1852 Johann Joachim Friedrich Torkuhl   (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
1 Jan 1853 - 31 Dec 1854 Bernhard Heinrich Frister          (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
1 Jan 1855 - 31 Dec 1856 Karl Ludwig Röck (1st time)        (b. 1790 - d. 1869)
1 Jan 1857 - 31 Dec 1858 Johann Joachim Friedrich Torkuhl   (s.a.)
                             (3rd time)
1 Jan 1859 - 31 Dec 1860 Karl Ludwig Röck (2nd time)        (s.a.)
1 Jan 1861 - 31 Dec 1862 Heinrich Brehmer (2nd time)        (s.a.)
1 Jan 1863 - 31 Dec 1864 Karl Ludwig Röck (3rd time)        (s.a.)
1 Jan 1865 - 31 Dec 1866 Heinrich Brehmer (3rd time)        (s.a.)
1 Jan 1867 - 31 Dec 1868 Karl Ludwig Röck (4th time)        (s.a.)
1 Jan 1869 - 31 Dec 1870 Theodor Curtius (1st time)         (b. 1811 - d. 1889)
1 Jan 1871 - 31 Dec 1872 Heinrich Theodor Behn (1st time)   (b. 1819 - d. 1906)
1 Jan 1873 - 31 Dec 1874 Theodor Curtius (2nd time)         (s.a.)
1 Jan 1875 - 31 Dec 1876 Heinrich Theodor Behn (2nd time)   (s.a.)
1 Jan 1877 - 31 Dec 1878 Theodor Curtius (3rd time)         (s.a.)
1 Jan 1879 - 31 Dec 1880 Heinrich Theodor Behn (3rd time)   (s.a.)
1 Jan 1881 - 31 Dec 1882 Artur Gustav Kulenkamp (1st time) (b. 1827 - d. 1895)
1 Jan 1883 - 31 Dec 1884 Heinrich Theodor Behn (4th time)   (s.a.)
1 Jan 1885 - 31 Dec 1886 Artur Gustav Kulenkamp (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1887 - 31 Dec 1888 Heinrich Theodor Behn (5th time)   (s.a.)
1 Jan 1889 - 31 Dec 1890 Artur Gustav Kulenkamp (3rd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1891 - 31 Dec 1892 Heinrich Theodor Behn (6th time)   (s.a.)
1 Jan 1893 - 31 Dec 1894 Artur Gustav Kulenkamp (4th time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1895 - 31 Dec 1896 Heinrich Theodor Behn (7th time)   (s.a.)
1 Jan 1897 - 31 Dec 1898 Wilhelm Brehmer (1st time)         (b. 1828 - d. 1905)
1 Jan 1899 - 31 Dec 1900 Heinrich Klug (1st time)           (b. 1837 - d. 1912)
1 Jan 1901 - 31 Dec 1902 Wilhelm Brehmer (2nd time)         (s.a.)
1 Jan 1903 - 31 Dec 1904 Heinrich Klug (2nd time)           (s.a.)
1 Jan 1905 - 31 Dec 1906 Johann Georg Eschenburg (1st time) (b. 1844 - d. 1936)
1 Jan 1907 - 13 Oct 1908 Ernst Christian Johannes Schön     (b. 1843 - d. 1908)
1 Jan 1909 - 31 Dec 1910 Johann Georg Eschenburg (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1911 - 31 Dec 1912 Johann Hermann Eschenburg          (b. 1844 - d. 1920)
                             (1st time)
1 Jan 1913 - 31 Dec 1914 Johann Georg Eschenburg (3rd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1915 - 31 Dec 1916 Johann Hermann Eschenburg          (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
1 Jan 1917 - 1920         Emil Ferdinand Fehling             (b. 1847 - d. 1927)

Lübeck Bishopric

948                        Bishopric of Oldenburg in Holstein
                             (Hochstift Oldenburg en Holstein)
1163                       Bishops residence transferred to Lübeck;
                             Bishopric of Lübeck (Hochstift Lübeck).
1180                       Bishops also Princes of the Empire.
1350                       Bishops residence transferred to Eutin.
1586                       Dukes of Holstein-Gottorp also Bishops.
4 Apr 1803                Created a principality (Fürstentum Lübeck) by decree of
                             the Duke of Oldenburg.
26 May 1804                Personal union with Oldenburg to 1918,
                             some villages ceded to the Free City of Lübeck.
13 Dec 1810 - 1813         Incorporated into France; from 1 Jan 1811 part of département
                             Bouches-de-l'Elbe (see under Germany).

Prince-Bishops (title Fürstbischof zu Lübeck)
4 Jul 1666 - 2 Oct 1705 August Friedrich Herzog von        (b. 1646 - d. 1705)
                             Holstein-Gottorp
2 Oct 1705 - 26 Apr 1706 Karl af Denmark -Regent            (b. 1680 - d. 1729)
26 Apr 1706 - 24 Apr 1726 Christian August Herzog von        (b. 1673 - d. 1726)
                             Holstein-Gottorp
25 Apr 1726 - 31 May 1727 Karl August Herzog von             (b. 1706 - d. 1727)
                             Holstein-Gottorp
16 Sep 1727 - 29 Oct 1750 Adolf Friedrich Herzog von         (b. 1710 - d. 1771)
                             Holstein-Gottorp
15 Dec 1750 - 6 Jul 1785 Friedrich August Herzog von        (b. 1711 - d. 1785)
                             Holstein-Gottorp
6 Jul 1785 - 4 Jul 1803 Peter Friedrich Ludwig Herzog      (b. 1755 - d. 1829)
                             von Holstein-Gottorp
Princes (title Fürst von Lübeck)
4 Apr 1803 - 26 May 1806 Peter Friedrich Ludwig Herzog      (s.a.)
                             von Holstein-Gottorp
26 May 1806 - 11 Nov 1918 the Dukes/Grand Dukes of Oldenburg

Lüneburg

1269                       Principality of Lüneburg (Fürstentum Lüneburg).
28 Aug 1705                Incorporated into Kurbraunschweig (Hanover).
10 Dec 1810                Annexed to Kingdom of Westphalia.
23 Apr 1813                Administered by Hanover.
20 Dec 1813                Reincorporated into Hanover.

Duke and Prince (title Herzog zu Braunschweig und Fürst zu Lüneburg)
12 Sep 1665 - 28 Aug 1705 Georg Wilhelm                      (b. 1624 - d. 1705)
Government commissioners
23 Apr 1813 - 20 Dec 1813 C. von Lenthe
                           + G. von Meding
                           + P.W. Jochmus

Lustenau: see Vorarlberg under Austrian Lands to 1918

Lüttich: see Liège: under Belgium

Luxembourg: see Luxembourg
Luzern (Lucerne): see Swiss Cantons

Maastricht: see under Netherlands

Mainz (Mayence)

[Mainz]
to 25 Jul 1806

¹Full title to 27 Apr 1803: Archbishop of Mayence and Archchancellor of the Holy Roman Empire for Germany and Prince-Elector (Erzbischof von Mainz und des Heiligen Römischen Reichs Erzkanzler für Germanien und Kurfürst); from 27 Apr 1803: Archchancellor and Prince-Elector of the Holy Roman Empire and Archbishop of Ratisbon (Erzkanzler und Kurfürst des Heiligen Römischen Reichs und Erzbischof von Regensburg).Manuta: see under Italian states Masserano: see under Italian states

Mecklenburg

8 Jul 1348                Duchy of Mecklenburg (Herzogtum Mecklenburg) established;
                             style of ruler (typical version): Herzog zu Mecklenburg,
                             Fürst zu Wenden, Rostock und Stargard des Landes Herr.
13 Jul 1471 - 2 Nov 1695 There are several incomplete and informal territorial
                             divisions, centered mainly on Schwerin and Güstrow, and some
                             sources regard these as separate polities.
8 Mar 1701                Herzogtum Mecklenburg permanently split into Herzogtum
                             Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Herzogtum Mecklenburg-Strelitz;
                             however, the style of both rulers remains Herzog von
                             Mecklenburg, Fürst zu Wenden, Schwerin und Ratzeburg, Graf
                             zu Schwerin, der Länder Rostock und Stargard, des Landes Herr.

Duke
1 Jul 1692 - 8 Mar 1701 Friedrich Wilhelm (b. 1675 - d. 1713)

Mecklenburg-Schwerin


23 Dec 1863 - 1918 Civil flag


2 Jan 1900 - 1918 Grand Dukes' flag

Map of Mecklenburg-Schwerin	National Anthem "Gott segne Friedrich Franz!"	Text of National Anthem
Constitution	Capital: Schwerin in Mecklenburg	Population: 625,000 (1905)

14 Jun 1815                Duchy elevated to rank of grand duchy (Grossherzogtum).
14 Nov 1918                Free State of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (Freistaat Mecklenburg-Schwerin)
                             (see German states since 1918).

Dukes
8 Mar 1701 - 31 Jul 1713 Friedrich Wilhelm                  (s.a.)
31 Jul 1713 - 28 Nov 1747 Karl Leopold                       (b. 1678 - d. 1747)
28 Nov 1747 - 30 May 1756 Christian Ludwig II                (b. 1683 - d. 1756)
30 May 1756 - 24 Apr 1785 Friedrich "der Fromme"             (b. 1717 - d. 1785)
24 Apr 1785 - 14 Jun 1815 Friedrich Franz I                  (b. 1756 - d. 1837)
Grand dukes
14 Jun 1815 - 1 Feb 1837 Friedrich Franz I                  (s.a.)
1 Feb 1837 - 7 Mar 1842 Paul Friedrich                     (b. 1800 - d. 1842)
7 Mar 1842 - 15 Apr 1883 Friedrich Franz II                 (b. 1823 - d. 1883)
15 Apr 1883 - 10 Apr 1897 Friedrich Franz III                (b. 1851 - d. 1897)
10 Apr 1897 - 14 Nov 1918 Friedrich Franz IV                 (b. 1882 - d. 1945)
11 Apr 1897 - 9 Apr 1901 Johann Albrecht -Regent            (b. 1857 - d. 1920)

Prime Ministers
14 May 1783 - 17 May 1784 Carl Friedrich Graf von            (b. 1720 - d. 1783)
                             Bassewitz
17 May 1784 - 26 Jan 1800 Stephan Werner von Dewitz auf      (b. 1726 - d. 1800)
                             Cölpin
1800 - 24 Nov 1808         Bernhard Friedrich Graf von        (b. 1756 - d. 1816)
                             Bassewitz
24 Nov 1808 - 12 Apr 1836 August Georg Freiherr von          (b. 1755 - d. 1836)
                             Brandenstein
1836 - 25 Apr 1837         Leopold Engelke von Plessen        (b. 1769 - d. 1737)
1837 - 1840                Christian Friedrich Krüger
1840 - 1850                Ludwig von Lützow
Presidents of the State Ministry
12 Apr 1850 - 1858         Hans Adolf Karl Graf von Bülow
29 May 1858 - 1869         Jasper Joachim Bernhard Wilhelm    (b. 1801 - d. 1874)
                             von Oertzen
1869 - 15 Dec 1885         Henning Carl Friedrich Graf von    (b. 1814 - d. 1885)
                             Bassewitz
1886 - 1901                Alexander Friedrich Wilhelm von
                             Bülow
1901 - 1914                Karl Heinrich Ludwig Graf von      (b. 1855 - d. 1921)
                             Bassewitz-Levetzow
1914 - 9 Nov 1918         Adolf Ferdinand Helmut August      (b. 1854 - d. 1939)
                             Wilhelm Langfeld

Mecklenburg-Strelitz


23 Dec 1863 - 1918 Civil flag


21 Mar 1818 - 1918 Grand Dukes' flag

Map of Mecklenburg-Strelitz	National Anthem	Text of National Anthem
Constitution	Capital: Neu-Strelitz	Population: 103,000 (1905)

28 Jun 1815                Duchy elevated to rank of grand duchy (Grossherzogtum).
14 Nov 1918                Free State of Mecklenburg-Strelitz(Freistaat Mecklenburg-Strelitz)
                             (from 1918 see German states since 1918).

Dukes
8 Mar 1701 - 12 May 1708 Adolf Friedrich II                 (b. 1658 - d. 1708)
12 May 1708 - 11 Dec 1752 Adolf Friedrich III                (b. 1686 - d. 1752)
11 Dec 1752 - 2 Jun 1794 Adolf Friedrich IV                 (b. 1738 - d. 1794)
2 Jun 1794 - 28 Jun 1815 Karl II Ludwig Friedrich           (b. 1741 - d. 1816)
Grand dukes
28 Jun 1815 - 6 Nov 1816 Karl II Ludwig Friedrich           (s.a.)
6 Nov 1816 - 6 Sep 1860 Georg Wilhelm                      (b. 1779 - d. 1860)
6 Sep 1860 - 30 May 1904 Friedrich Wilhelm                  (b. 1819 - d. 1904)
30 May 1904 - 11 Jun 1914 Adolf Friedrich V                  (b. 1848 - d. 1914)
11 Jun 1914 - 23 Feb 1918 Adolf Friedrich VI                 (b. 1882 - d. 1918)
27 Feb 1918 - 14 Nov 1918 Friedrich Franz IV, -Regent        (b. 1882 - d. 1945)
                             Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin

Prime Minister
17.. - 1769                Christian Arnold von Zesterfleth (d. 1820)
Ministers of State
1769 - Apr 1784            Stephan Werner von Dewitz auf      (b. 1726 - d. 1800)
                             Cöpin
Apr 1784 - 1794            ....
1794 - 1800                Otto Ulrich von Dewitz             (b. 1747 - d. 1808)
1800 - 1836                Karl Wilhelm Friedrich David von (b. 1776 - d. 1827) Pentz
1827 - 1836                August Otto Ernst Freiherr von     (b. 1777 - d. 1837)
                             Örtzen auf Klokow
1837 - 1848                Otto Ludwig Christian von Dewitz   (b. 1780 - d. 1864)
                             auf Sallnow
1848 - 1850                ....
1850 - 1862                Wilhelm von Bernstorff
1 Nov 1862 - 1868         Bernhard Ernst von Bülow           (b. 1815 - d. 1879)
1868 - 1872                Wilhelm Karl Konrad Freiherr von (b. 1808 - d. 1872) Hammerstein-Loxten
1872 - 1885                Andreas von Piper (acting)
1885 - 1907                Friedrich Wilhelm Otto Ulrich      (b. 1843 - d. 1928)
                             Karl Helmut von Dewitz
1907 - 10 Nov 1918         Heinrich Bossart

Megen: see under Netherlands

Mergentheim (Marienthal)

[Teutonic Order]

1219                       Mergentheim (Marienthal) a possession of the Teutonic Order.
1226                       Grand Master (Hochmeister) of the Teutonic Order is granted by
                             the Emperor all the privileges and (from 1230) style of the
                             Prince of the Empire. The knights are entitled to subject the
                             Prussians on behalf of the Empire.
9 Sep 1309                Seat of the Grand Master (Hochmeister) is moved from Venice
                             to Marienburg (Malbork) in Prussia. The Grand Master takes
                             over direct administration of the Prussian branch (the area
                             later designated East Prussia).
16 Dec 1526                Seat of the Grand Master is moved to Mergentheim.
24 Apr 1809                Order is dissolved in German lands by Napoleon, and
                             Mergentheim annexed to Frankfurt.
1810                       Mergentheim annexed to Württemberg.

Land masters (title Landmeister des Deutschen Ordens zu Marienthal)
1219 - 16 Dec 1526 ....

Prince-Grand Masters (title from 1530, Fürst und Hoch-und Deutschmeister des Deutschen Ordens in deutschen und wälschen Landen, Administratoren des Hochmeistertums in Preussen, Herrn zu
Freudenthal und Eulenberg - Grand and German Masters of the German Order in german and welsh [=italian or foreign] lands, Administrators of the Grand Masterdom in Prussia, lords of F.
and E.)
16 Dec 1526 - 4 Jun 1543 Walter von Cronberg                (b. 1477 - d. 1543)
                             (acting to 16 Dec 1526)
14 Jun 1543 - 11 Feb 1566 Wolfgang Schutzbar, gen. von       (b. c.1483 - d. 1566)
                             Milchling
18 Feb 1566 - 17 Jun 1572 Georg Hund von Wenckheim           (b. c.1522 - d. 1572)
6 Aug 1572 - 12 Dec 1590 Heinrich VIII von Bobenhause       (b. c.1514 - d. 1595)
12 Dec 1590 - 2 Nov 1618 Maximilian Erzherzog von           (b. 1558 - d. 1618)
                             Österreich
                             (coadjutor from 21 May 1585)
14 Jan 1619 - 28 Dec 1624 Karl I von Österreich              (b. 1590 - d. 1624)
                             (coadjutor from 12 Sep 1618)
19 Mar 1625 - 25 Oct 1627 Johann Eustach von Westernach      (b. 1545 - d. 1627)
30 Dec 1627 - 21 Nov 1641 Johann Kaspar I, graf von Stadion (b. 1567 - d. 1641)
                             zu Freudenthal
4 May 1642 - 20 Nov 1662 Leopold Wilhelm Erzherzog von      (b. 1614 - d. 1662)
                             Österreich
                             (coadjutor from 24 Aug 1639)
5 May 1662 - 27 Jan 1664 Karl Joseph Erzherzog von          (b. 1649 - d. 1664)
                             Österreich (coadjutor)
20 Mar 1664 - 9 Sep 1684 Johann Kaspar II von Ampringen     (b. 1619 - d. 1684)
12 Jul 1694 - 18 Apr 1732 Ludwig Franz Pfalzgraf bei Rhein   (b. 1664 - d. 1732)
                             und Fürst von Neuburg
17 Jul 1732 - 4 Feb 1761 Clemens August Herzog von Bayern   (b. 1700 - d. 2761)
3 May 1761 - 4 Jul 1780 Karl Alexander Herzog von          (b. 1712 - d. 1780)
                             Lothringen
3 Oct 1769 - 27 Jul 1801 Maximilian Franz Erzherzog von     (b. 1756 - d. 1801)
                             Österreich
                             (coadjutor to 25 Oct 1780;
                             1784-1801 Bishop of Münster,
                             1784-1801 Bishop of Cologne)
27 Jul 1801 - 30 Jun 1804 Karl II Ludwig Johann Erzherzog    (b. 1771 - d. 1847)
                             von Österreich
30 Jun 1804 - 24 Apr 1809 Anton Viktor Joseph Raymund        (b. 1779 - d. 1835)
                             Erzherzog von Österreich

Metz: see France provinces

Minden

803                        Bishopric of Minden (Hochstift Minden).
1554 - 1625                Under Protestant bishops.
Apr 1636 - 15 Oct 1649     Occupied by Sweden.
15 Oct 1649                Secularized and annexed to Brandenburg
                             (from 1701, Prussia).
Apr 1759 - Aug 1759        Occupied by France.
28 Aug 1807                Part of the Kingdom of Westphalia.
1813 - 25 May 1815         Under Allied administration.
25 May 1815                Re-incorporated into Prussia.

Prince-Bishops (title Fürstbischof zu Minden)
11 Sep 1587 - 21 Jan 1599 Anton Graf von Schaumberg (b. 1549 - d. 1599) 1599 - 1625                Christian von Braunschweig-        (b. 1566 - d. 1633)
                             Lüneburg
1625 - 1629                Vacant
13 Sep 1629 - 24 Oct 1648 Franz Wilhelm Reichsgraf von (b. 1593 - d. 1661)
Wartenberg
Swedish GovernorsApr 1636 - 163.            Claes Dietrich von SperrenterDec 1638 - Apr 1639        Fromhold Wolff (acting)            (b. 1600 - d. 16..)Jun 1639 - Dec 1639        Carl Gregersson (acting)Dec 1639 - Nov 1640        Lennart greve Torstenson af                             Forstena-SlögtenNov 1640 - 1644            Friedrich von Zabeltiz1644 - 15 Oct 1649         Gustaf Otto Stenbock               (b. 1614 - d. 1685)

Milan: see Lombardy under Italian states
Mirandola: see under Italian states

Mömpelgard (Montbéliard): see under France
Moravia (Mähren): see Czech Republic

Mulhouse: see under France

Münster

[Bishopric of Münster, c.1770-1803]
c.1770 - 1803

791                        Bishopric of Münster (Hochstift Münster).
1134                       Bishops also Princes of the Empire.
1534 - 1535                Anabaptist (Protestant) government.
23 May 1802                Occupied by Prussia.
27 Apr 1803                Part of northern area annexed to Oldenburg; southern area
                             partitioned between Croy-Dülman, Rhenia-Wolbeck, Salm-Horstmar,
                             Salm-Salm, and Prussia.
6 Sep 1809                Annexed to Berg and Cleves.
13 Dec 1810                Annexed to France; part of département Lippe.
                            (see under Germany).
18 Nov 1813 - 25 May 1815 Allied administration.
25 May 1815                Southern part to Prussia, northern part to Hanover.

Prince-Bishops (title Fürstbischof zu Münster)
19 Jul 1688 - 12 Nov 1723 Joseph Clemens Herzog von Bayern    (b. 1671 - d. 1723)
12 Nov 1723 - 6 Feb 1761 Clemens August Herzog von Bayern    (b. 1700 - d. 1761)
6 Apr 1761 - 15 Apr 1784 Maximilian Friedrich Graf von       (b. 1708 - d. 1784)
                             Königsegg und Rotenfels
15 Apr 1784 - 27 Jul 1801 Maximilian Franz Erzherzog von      (b. 1756 - d. 1835)
                             Österreich
7 Aug 1801 - 4 Dec 1801 Anton Victor Joseph Johann Raimund (b. 1779 - d. 1835)
                             Erzherzog von Österreich (only titular)
Presidents of Spezialorganisationskommission Münster
3 Aug 1802 - 1803         ....