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![[China Imperial Civil and Merchant Ensign 1903-1912]](cn_1903.gif) |
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![[War Ensign 1862-1872 (China)]](cnWE862.gif)
![[Flag of Imperial China, 1872]](cn_1872.gif)
![[Flag of Imperial China, 1890]](cn_1890.gif)
![[10 Oct 1911 Revolt flag (China)]](cn-wflag.png)
![[1912 Flag of Republic of China]](cn-1912.gif)
![[Chinese flag of Yuan Shi-kai 1915-1916]](ch_1915.gif)
![[Flag of People's Republic of China]](cn.gif)
Note about Pinyin: Wade-Giles romanizations have been added to aid recognition. When known, names prior to 1958 are given with the Wade-Giles (Weituoma Pinyin) romanization in parentheses following the modern Hanyu Pinyin version i.e., Li Yuanhong (Li Yuan-hung). Hanyu Pinyin superseded older romanization systems in mainland China on 11 Feb 1958, it was adopted by International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1982 and by United Nations in 1986. |
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"The Tone of Li Zhongtang" (1896-1911) (unofficial) |
"Gong Jin'ou" (Cup of Solid Gold) (4 Oct 1911-12 Feb 1912 and 1-12 Jul 1917) |
(none adopted) |
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Tael (CST) |
Emperor's Birthday |
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Note: Emperors are listed with their personal name (ming), followed by their temple name (miaohao), posthumous name (shi), and the era name (nianhao) roughly coextensive with the particular reign (note that the overlap is not perfect). Although it is customary in "Western" sources to refer to a Qing ruler by his nianhao (i.i., the Guangxu emperor), Chinese usually refer to a former emperor by his miaohao, perhaps preceded by the name of the polity (i.e., Qing Dezong).
Emperors
17 Feb 1616 - 30 Sep 1626 Nurhaci (Nu'erhachi)
(b. 1559 - d. 1626)
miaohao: Taizu (T'ai Tsu)/ shi: Gao huangdi
nianhao 17 Feb 1616 - 15 Feb 1627: Tianming (T'ien Ming)
20 Oct 1626 - 21 Sep 1643 Huangtaiji (Huang Taiji)
(b. 1611 - d. 1643)
miaohao: Taizong (T'ai Ts'ung)/ shi: Wen huangdi
nianhao 16 Feb 1627 - 14 May 1636: Tiancong (T'ien T'sung)
15 May 1636 - 7 Feb 1644:
Chongde (Ch'ung
Te)
8 Oct 1643 - 5 Feb 1661 Fulin
(b. 1638 - d. 1661)
miaohao: Shizu (Shih Tsu)/ shi: Zhang huangdi
nianhao 8 Feb 1644 - 18 Feb 1662: Shunzhi (Shun Chih)
1644 - 1650
Dorgan -Regent
1650 - 1657
Jirgaland -Regent
7 Feb 1661 - 20 Dec 1722 Xuanye (Hsüan-yeh)
(b. 1654 - d. 1722)
miaohao: Shengzu (Sheng Tsu)/ shi: Ren huangdi
nianhao 18 Feb 1662 - 4 Feb 1723: Kangxi (K'ang Hsi)
10 Jul 1706 - 1707
Wei Zhiye (in rebellion)
nianhao 10 Jul 1706 - 1707: Wenxing
1707 - 1708
Zhu Cihuan (b. 1633 - d. 1708)
(styled Ding wang, heading Great Ming [or Shining] Realm,
in rebellion)
26 May 1721 - 30 Jul 1721 Zhu Yigui (Chu Yi-gwe) (d. 1721)
(in rebellion, rules almost
exclusively on Taiwan)
nianhao 26 May 1721 - 30 Jul 1721: Yonghe
27 Dec 1722 - 8 Oct 1735 Yinzhen (Yin Chen)
(b. 1678 - d. 1735)
miaohao: Shizong (Shi Tsung)/ shi: Xian huangdi
nianhao 5 Feb 1723 - 11 Feb 1746: Yongzheng (Yung Cheng)
18 Oct 1735 - 9 Feb 1796 Hongli (Hung Li)
(b. 1711 - d. 1799)
niaohao Gaozong (Kao Tsung)/ shi: Chun huangdi
nianhao 12 Feb 1736 - 8 Feb 1796: Qianlong (Ch'ien Lung)
Dec 1786 - 10 Feb 1788 Lin Tsuang-wen (Lin Shuangwen) (b. 1756 - d. 1788)
(in rebellion, rules almost
exclusively on Taiwan)
nianhao Dec 1786 - 10 Feb 1788: Shuntian
9 Feb 1796 - 2 Sep 1820 Yongyan (Yung Yen)
(b. 1760 - d. 1820)
niaohao: Renzong (Jen Tsung)/ shi: Rui huangdi
nianhao 9 Feb 1796 - 2 Feb 1821: Jiaqing (Chia Ch'ing)
Mar 1797 - 1797
Li Shu (in rebellion)
nianhao Mar 1797 - 1797: Daqing
3 Oct 1820 - 25 Feb 1850 Minning (Min Ning)
(b. 1782 - d. 1850)
niaohao: Xuanzong (Hsuan Tsung)/ shi: Cheng huangdi
nianhao 3 Feb 1821 - 31 Jan 1851: Daoguang (Tao Kuang)
9 Mar 1850 - 22 Aug 1861 Yizhu (Yi Chu)
(b. 1831 - d. 1861)
miaohao: Wenzong (Wen Tsung)/ shi: Xian huangdi
nianhao 1 Feb 1851 - 29 Jan 1862: Xianfeng (Hsien Feng)
22 Aug 1861 - 12 Jan 1875 Regents
- Empress Dowager Cian (Tz'u An)(f)(b.
1837 - d. 1881)
- Empress Dowager Cixi (Tz'u Hsi) (b. 1835 - d. 1908)
(f)(1st time)
- Prince Gong (Kung)
(b. 1833 - d. 1898)
11 Nov 1861 - 12 Jan 1875 Zaichun (Tsai Ch'un)
(b. 1856 - d. 1875)
miaohao: Muzong (Mu Tsung)/ shi: Yi huangdi
nianhao 30 Jan 1862 - 5 Feb 1875: Tongzhi (T'ung Chih)
25 Feb 1875 - 14 Nov 1908 Zaitian (Tsai T'ien)
(b. 1872 - d. 1908)
miaohao: Te Tsung (Dezong)/ shi: Jing huangdi
nianhao 6 Feb 1875 - 21 Jan 1909: Guangxu (Kuang-hsü)
25 Feb 1875 - 4 Mar 1889 Empress Dowager Cixi (Tz'u Hsi)(f) (s.a.)
(2nd time) -Regent
(de facto 3rd time; from 20
Sep 1898 to 2 Dec 1908)
(21 Aug 1900 - 7 Jan 1902 in
Hsian Foo, Honan refuge)
2 Dec 1908 - 12 Feb 1912 Puyi (Pu-yi) (1st time)
(b. 1906 - d. 1967)
nianhao 22 Jan 1909 - 12 Feb 1912: Hsüan-T'ung (Xuantong)
2 Dec 1908 - 6 Dec 1911 Prince Zaifeng
-Regent (b. 1882 - d. 1951)
(Ch'un Tsai-feng)
6 Dec 1911 - 12 Feb 1912 Empress Dowager Longyu Xiaoding
(b. 1868 - d. 1913)
(Long Yu Huagtaihou)(f)
(holder of the Imperial seal)
1 Jul 1917 - 12 Jul 1917 Puyi (Pu-yi) (2nd time)
(s.a.)
(from 12 Feb 1912 - 5 Nov 1924,
Emperor
inside the Forbidden City only¹)
1 Jul 1917 - 12 Jul 1917 Zhang Xun (Chang Hsün) -Regent
(b. 1854 - d. 1923)
Grand Secretaries (Da Qing Da Xueshi)(serving
jointly)
Jun 1682 - Nov 1701 Wang
Xi
(b. 1628 - d. 1703)
Dec 1682 - Mar 1683 Hoang
Ji
(b. 1611 - d. 1686)
Dec 1682 - Feb 1687 Wu Zhengzhi
(b. 1618 - d. 1691)
Sep 1684 - 1687
Song Deyi
(b. 1626 - d. 1687)
Apr 1687 - Feb 1688 Yu
Guozho
Sep 1687 - Feb 1688 Li Zhifang
(b. 1622 - d. 1694)
Feb 1688 - 1691
Liang Qingbao
(b. 1620 - d. 1691)
Feb 1688 - Jan 1703 Yiswang'a
(b. 1638 - d. 1703)
Jul 1689 - 1699
Alantai
(d. 1699)
Jul 1689 - 1690
Xu Yuanwen
(b. 1634 - d. 1691)
Aug 1690 - Aug 1698 Zhang
Yushu (1st time)
(b. 1642 - d. 1711)
Dec 1692 - 1699
Li Tianfu
(b. 1635 - d. 1699)
Sep 1698 - 1705
Wu Dian
(d. 1705)
Dec 1699 - Jun 1703 Xiong
Cilü (2nd time)
(b. 1635 - d. 1709)
Dec 1699 - May 1700 Folun
(d. 1701)
Dec 1699 - Jun 1709 Maqi
(1st time)
(b. 1651/52 - d. 1739)
Dec 1699 - 1701
Zhang Ying
(b. 1638 - d. 1708)
Dec 1701 - Jul 1711 Zhang
Yushu (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Dec 1702 - Feb 1708 Sihana
(Xihan)
Jun 1703 - 1712
Cheng Tingjing (1st time)
(b. 1639 - d. 1712)
Dec 1705 - 1718
Li Guangdi
(b. 1642 - d. 1718)
Jan 1708 - 1716
Wenda
(d. 1716)
Jan 1711 - Jan 1723 Xiao
Yongzao
(b. 1644 - d. 1729)
Jul 1711 - 1712
Chen Tingjing (2nd time)
(s.a.)
May 1712 - Jan 1723 Songzhu
(1st time)
(b. 1657 - d. 1735)
May 1712 - Feb 1723 Wang
Shan
(b. 1645 - d. 1728)
Jun 1716 - Nov 1735 Maqi
(2nd time)
(s.a.)
Sep 1718 - 1725
Wang Xuling
(b. 1642 - d. 1725)
Jan 1723 - Aug 1725 Bai
Huang (1st time)
(b. 1660 - d. 1737)
Jan 1723 - 1728
Funing'an
(d. 1728)
Mar 1723 - 1725
Zhang Pengge
(b. 1649 - d. 1725)
May 1725 - Dec 1749 Zhang
Tingyu
(b. 1672 - d. 1755)
Aug 1725 - Jan 1727 Gao
Qiwei
(b. 1646 - d. 1727)
Oct 1725 - 1736
Zhu Shi
(b. 1665 - d. 1736)
May 1728 - Feb 1731 Jiang
Tingxi
(b. 1669 - d. 1732)
Oct 1728 - Sep 1733 Ma'ersai
(d. 1733)
Feb 1729 - Sep 1733 Chen
Yuanlong
(b. 1652 - d. 1736)
Feb 1729 - 1738
Yintai
(b. 1651 - d. 1738/39)
Feb 1732 - 1745
O-er-tai
(b. 1680 - d. 1745)
Jun 1733 - 1739
Ji Zengyun
(b. 1671 - d. 1739)
Sep 1735 - Apr 1747 Jalangga
(Chalang'a)
(b. af.1680 - d. 1747)
Sep 1735 - Jan 1738 Maizhu
(b. 1670 - d. 1738)
Dec 1736 - Aug 1744 Xu Ben
(b. 1683 - d. 1747)
Feb 1738 - Feb 1746 Fumin
(b. 1673 - d. 1756)
Feb 1739 - 1741
Zhao Guolin
Sep 1741 - Feb 1749 Chen
Shiguan (1st time)
(b. 1680 - d. 1758)
Feb 1744 - Jul 1755 Shi
Yizhi (1st time)
(b. 1682 - d. 1736)
Jul 1745 - 1748
Noqin
Feb 1746 - Feb 1747 (Dong)
Qinfu
(d. 1749)
May 1747 - 1755
Gao Bin
(b. 1683 - d. 1755)
Feb 1748 - 1764
Laibao
(d. 1755)
Nov 1748 - 1770
Fuheng
(b. 1721 - d. 1770)
Feb 1750 - May 1751 Zhang
Yunsui
Feb 1751 - Jun 1758 Chen
Shiguan (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Jul 1755 - 1759
Huang Tinggui
(b. 1691 - d. 1759)
Feb 1759 - 1761
Jiang Bo
(b. 1708 - d. 1761)
Jul 1761 - 1773
Liu Tongxun
(b. 1700 - d. 1773)
Aug 1763 - Dec 1763 Liang
Shizheng
(b. 1697 - d. 1763)
Dec 1763 - 1764
Yang Tingzhang
(b. 1688 - d. 1772)
Jun 1764 - 1771
Yinjishan
(b. 1696 - d. 1771)
Sep 1764 - 1767
Yang Yinju
(d. 1767)
May 1767 - Apr 1771 Chen
Hongmou
(b. 1696 - d. 1771)
Nov 1770 - Jan 1772 A'ertai
(d. 1773)
Apr 1771 - 1773
Liu Lun
(b. 1711 - d. 1773)
Jul 1771 - Feb 1779 Gao
Jin
(b. 1707 - d. 1770)
Jan/Feb 1772-Jun/Aug 1773 Winfu
(d. 1773)
Aug 1773 - 1777
Shuhede
(b. 1711 - d. 1777)
Oct 1772 - 1780
Yu Minzhong
(b. 1714 - d. 1780)
Jan 1774 - 1777
Li Siyao
(d. 1788)
Jul 1777 - 1797
Agui
(b. 1717 - d. 1797)
Feb 1779 - 1784
Sanbao
(d. 1784)
Jan 1780 - Oct 1780 Chen
Jingyi
(d. 1786)
Jun 1780 - 1783
Yinglian
(b. 1707 - d. 1783)
Sep 1780 - 1794
Ji Huang
(d. 1794)
Sep 1783 - Jun 1785 Cai
Xin
(b. 1707 - d. 1800)
Sep 1784 - 1786
Wumitai
(d. 1786)
Jul 1785 - 1787
Liang Guozhi
(b. 1723 - d. 1787)
Sep 1786 - 1799
Hoshen
(b. 1750 - d. 1799)
Feb 1787 - Sep 1800 Wang
Jie
(b. 1725 - d. 1805)
Oct 1792 - 1796
Fukang'an
(d. 1796)
Oct 1792 - 1796
Sun Shiyi
(b. 1720 - d. 1796)
Dec 1796 - May 1797 Dong
Gao (1st time)
(b. 1740 - d. 1818)
1797 - 1805
Liu Yong
(b. 1720 - d. 1805)
Nov 1797 - 1805
Suling'a
Feb 1799 - 1806
Baoning
(d. 1808)
May 1799 - 1813
Qinggui
(b. 1735 - d. 1816)
Jul 1799 - 1818
Dong Gao (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Feb 1805 - 1807
Zhu Gui
(b. 1733 - d. 1807)
Dec 1806 - Aug 1811 Fukang
(d. 1816)
1807 - Jan 1810
Fei Chun
(b. 1739 - d. 1811)
Feb 1810 - Nov 1814 Feimo
Lebao
(b. c.1740 - d. 1819)
Jul 1810 - 1811
Dai Quheng
(b. 1756 - d. 1811)
Jul 1811 - 1813
Liu Quanzhi
(b. 1739 - d. 1818/22)
Nov 1813 - 1835
Cao Zheyong
(b. 1756 - d. 1835)
Nov 1813 - Jul 1817 (Malate)
Songyun
(b. 1752 - d. 1835)
Oct 1814 - Dec 1831 Tuojin
(b. 1755 - d. 1835)
Aug 1817 - Jun 1821 Mingliang
(b. 1735 - d. 1822)
May 1818 - 1820
Zhang Xu
(d. 1824)
Apr 1820 - May 1824 Dai
Junyuan
(b. 1746 - d. 1840)
Aug 1821 - 1822
Bolin
Aug 1822 - Mar 1835 Changling
(b. 1758 - d. 1835)
Sep 1824 - 1825
Sun Yuting
(b. 1753 - d. 1834)
Aug 1825 - Nov 1830 Jiang
Youxian
(b. 1766 - d. 1830/31)
Nov 1830 - Apr 1833 Liu
Yingbo
(b. 1760 - d. 1835)
Jan 1832 - 1834
Fujun
(b. 1749 - d. 1834)
May 1833 - Jul 1850 Pan
Shi'en
(b. 1770 - d. 1854)
Mar 1835 - 1838
Ruan Yuan
(b. 1764 - d. 1849)
Mar 1835 - Aug 1836 Wenfu
(d. 1841)
Sep 1836 - 1852
Muzhang'a
(b. 1782 - d. 1856)
May 1838 - Feb 1841 Qishan
(b. 1790 - d. 1854)
Jul 1838 - 1842
Wang Ding
(b. 1768 - d. 1842)
Mar 1841 - 1848
Jueluo Baoxing
(b. 1776 - d. 1848)
Jan 1845 - 1855
Zhuo Bingtian
(b. 1782 - d. 1855)
Dec 1848 - Dec 1850 Jiying
(Kiying)
(b. 1790 - d. 1858)
Jul 1850 - Jan 1855 Qi Junzao
(b. 1793 - d. 1866)
Feb 1851 - Oct 1852 Saishanga
(d. 1875)
Oct 1852 - Jan 1854 Narjinga
(Na'erjing'e)
Dec 1852 - 1858
Yucheng
(d. 1858)
Jan 1855 - Jul 1856 Jia
Zhen (1st time)
(b. 1798 - d. 1874)
Oct 1855 - 1856
Wenqing
(b. 1796 - d. 1856)
Jan 1856 - Jan 1857 Ye Mingzhen
(b. 1807 - d. 1859)
Nov 1856 - Oct 1860 Peng
Yunzhang
(b. 1792 - d. 1862)
Jan 1857 - 1862
Guiliang
(b. 1785 - d. 1862)
Oct 1858
Bojun
(d. 1859)
Oct 1858 - Jun 1859 Weng
Xingcun (1st time)
(b. 1791 - d. 1862)
Feb 1859 - Oct 1860 Ruilin
(1st time)
(d. 1874)
Nov 1859 - 1867
Jia Zhen (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Feb 1861 - 1871
Guanwen (1st time)
(b. 1798 - d. 1871)
Feb 1861 - 1867
Zhou Zupei
(d. 1867)
Dec 1861 - 1862
Weng Xincun (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Oct 1862 - 1871
Woren
(b. af.1800 - d. 1871)
15 Feb 1867 - 1871
Guanwen (2nd time)
(s.a.)
10 Jun 1867 - 1871
Zeng Guofan
(b. 1811 - d. 1872)
Apr 1868 - 1872
Zhu Fengbiao
(d. 1873)
Apr 1871 - 1872
Ruichang
(d. 1872)
Aug 1871 - 1874
Ruilin (2nd time)
(s.a.)
10 Aug 1872 - 1876
Wen Xiang
(b. 1818 - d. 1876)
16 Aug 1872 - 1901
Li Hongzhang
(b. 1823 - d. 1901)
1 Oct 1872 - 1874
Dan Moaqian
(d. 1880)
18 Oct 1874 - 1885
Zuo Zongtang
(b. 1812 - d. 1885)
Jul 1874 - 1884
Baoyun
(b. 1807 - d. 1891)
Feb 1877 - 1878
Yingghui
(b. 1798 - d. 1878/9)
5 Jul 1878 - 24 Oct 1880 Zailing
(d. 1883)
23 Dec 1880 - 20 Oct 1881 Quanqing
(b. c.1820 - d. 1882/83)
26 Dec 1881 - 1885
Linggui
(d. 1885)
23 Jun 1884 - 28 Nov 1884 Wen Yu
(d. 1884)
Nov 1884 - 15 Apr 1896 Olohubu (Elehuobu)
(b. af.1830 - d. 1901)
Jan 1886 - 1892
Encheng
(d. 1892)
Jan 1886 - 23 Aug 1888 Yan Jingming
(b. 1817 - d. 1892)
Jan 1889 - 20 Oct 1896 Zhang Zhiwan
(b. 1811 - d. 1897)
Oct 1892 - 26 Jun 1895 Fukun
(b. af.1830 - d. 1895)
17 Aug 1895 - 1898
Linshu
(d. 1898)
14 Jun 1896 - 1903
Kun'gang
(d. 1907)
9 Dec 1896 - 1900
Xu Tong
(b. 1819 - d. 1900)
15 Jun 1898 - 1903
Runglu (Ronglu)
(b. 1836 - d. 1903)
6 Jan 1900 - 21 Jun 1907 Wang Wenshao
(b. 1830 - d. 1908)
31 Jan 1902 - 1909
Sun Jianai
(b. 1827 - d. 1909)
Oct 1903 - 16 Oct 1904 Jingxin
(d. 1908)
15 Oct 1903 - 29 Jun 1905 Chongli
(d. 1908)
9 Nov 1905 - 28 Oct 1906 Yüde
(d. 1906)
10 Jan 1905 - 30 Oct 1911 Shi Xu
(b. 1852 - d. 1921)
10 Jan 1905 - 1911
Natong
(b. 1856 - d. 1925)
10 Aug 1907 - 1909
Zhang Zhidong
(b. 1837 - d. 1909)
6 Nov 1909 - 1910
Lu Zhuanlin
(d. 1910)
Sep 1910 - 30 Oct 1911 Lu Runyang
(d. 1913)
Sep 1910 - 30 Oct 1911 Xu Shichang
(b. 1858 - d. 1939)
Premiers
8 May 1911 - 1 Nov 1911 Prince Yiguang
(s.a.)
2 Nov 1911 - Mar 1912 Yuan Shikai (Yüan Shih-k'ai)
(b. 1859 - d. 1916)
1 Jul 1917 - 12 Jul 1917 Zhang Xun (Chang Hsün)
(s.a.)
¹According to the treaty signed between the Qing (Ch'ing) court and government of the Republic of China, Puyi (Pu-yi)(s.a.) retained the title Emperor, received an annual payment from the Republic of China government, had the right to live in the Forbidden City, to be protected by imperial troops, to grant noble and honorary titles, and to maintain certain government organs in the Forbidden City (mainly for management of the Forbidden City and other palaces, management of imperial families, etc). Inside the Forbidden City the flag of the Qing (Ch'ing) dynasty was flown. People in the Forbidden City continued to wear the Qing (Ch'ing) official dress and used the Qing (Ch'ing) calendar system. On 1 Dec 1922, the Emperor married and his wife was called Empress. On 5 Nov 1924, Puyi (Pu-yi) was forced to leave the Forbidden City by a faction of the army of the Republic of China and the above mentioned privileges were ended.
Taiping
11 Jan 1851
Taiping tianguo (Heavenly Realm of Great Peace)
inaugurated.
25 Oct 1864
Extinguished by Qing empire.
Heavenly Kings
11 Jan 1851 - 1 Jun 1864 Hong
Xiuquan (Hung Hsiu-ch'üan) (b. 1813 - d. 1864)
1 Jun 1864 - 25 Oct 1864 Hong Tianguifu (Hung Fu)
(b. 1849 - d. 1864)
Shengping
9 Oct 1854
Shengping tianguo (Heavenly Realm of Ascending Peace)
inaugurated.
24 Jul 1858
Extinguished by Qing empire.
Heavenly Kings
9 Oct 1854 - 24 Jul 1858 Hu Youlu (to Oct 1855)
+ Zhu Hongying
Cheng
27 Sep 1855
Great Cheng Realm inaugurated.
21 Aug 1861
Extinguished by Qing empire.
Kings
27 Sep 1855 - 21 Aug 1861 Chen Kai (styled Ping Xun wang)
+ Li Wenmao (to 1858)
Kashghar: see under Sinkiang
Pingnan Guo
1856 - 26 Dec 1872
Pingnan Guo ("Pacified South State") is a major
Islamic rebellious polity in
western Yunnan province.
Qa´id Jami al-Muslimin (Leader of the Community
of Muslims)
(usually referred to in foreign sources as Sultan)
1856 - 26 Dec 1872
Sulayman ibn `Abd ar-Rahman (d.
1873)
(Du Wenxiu [orig. Yang Xiu])
Warlord China
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10 Oct 1911
Revolution begins.
1 Jan 1912
Republic of China proclaimed.
22 Dec 1915
Empire of China
22 Mar 1916
Republic of China
1 Jul 1917 - 12 Jul 1917 Brief restoration of
the Great Qing Empire (s.a.).
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"China Heroically Stands in the Universe" (Jun 1915-1916) (Jun 1916 - 1921: No Anthem) |
"Qing Yun Ge" (The Song to the Auspicious Cloud) (Jul 1921-1928 and 1937-1945 by pro-Japan govts.) |
(11 Mar 1912 - 1915, 10 Sep 1917 - 10 Oct 1923; in German) |
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(1912-1928) |
Yuan (CND) |
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Note: The following provincial military governments proclaimed their independence from the Qing Empire in the name of a Republic of China in gestation at the end of 1911, and combined in a Central Military Government at the end of November.
Military governors
- Hupe (Hubei) -
11 Oct 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Li Yuanhong (Li Yuan-hung)
(b. 1864 - d. 1928)
- Hunan -
23 Oct 1911 - 31 Oct 1911 Jiao Dafeng
(b. 1887 - d. 1911)
31 Oct 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Tan Yankai (T'an Yen-k'ai)
(b. 1879 - d. 1930)
- Shensi (Shaanxi) -
23 Oct 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Zhang Fenghui
(b. 18.. - d. 1958)
- Kiangsi (Jiangxi) -
24 Oct 1911 - 2 Nov 1911 Ma Yubao
(b. 1864 - d. 1933)
2 Nov 1911 - 12 Nov 1911 Wu Jiezhang
12 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Peng Chengwan
(b. 1880 - d. 1978)
- Shansi (Shanxi) -
29 Oct 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Yan Xishan (Yen Hsi-shan)
(b. 1883 - d. 1960)
- Yunnan -
30 Oct 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Cai E
(b. 1882 - d. 1916)
- Shanghai (actually called itself Military Government of
the Republic of China) -
4 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Chen Qimei (Ch'en Ch'i-mei)
(b. 1878 - d. 1916)
- Chekiang (Zhejiang) -
4 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Tang Shouqian
(b. 1856 - d. 1917)
- Kweichow (Guizhou) -
5 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Yang Jincheng
(b. 1880 - d. 1922)
- Kiangsu (Jiangsu) -
5 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Cheng Dequan
(b. 1860 - d. 1930)
- Anhwei (Anhui) -
8 Nov 1911 - 28 Nov 1911 Zhu Jiabao
(b. 1880 - d. 1923)
28 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Sun Yuyun
(b. 1869 - d. 1924)
- Kwangsi (Guangxi) -
9 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Shen Bingkun
(b. 1862 - d. 1913)
- Fukien (Fujian -
9 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Sun Daoren
(b. 1867 - d. 1935)
- Kwangtung (Guangdong) -
9 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Hu Hanmin
(b. 1879 - d. 1936)
- Shantung (Shandong) -
13 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Sun Baoqi (Sun Pao-ch'i)
(b. 1867 - d. 1931)
- Szechwan (Sichuan) -
22 Nov 1911 - 27 Nov 1911 Zhang Peijue
(b. 1879 - d. 1915)
27 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Pu Dianjun
(b. 1875 - d. 1934)
Military governor (Central Military Government of the Republic
of China)
30 Nov 1911 - 31 Dec 1911 Li Yuanhong (Li Yuan-hung)
(s.a.)
Mil
Presidents
1 Jan 1912 - 10 Mar 1912 Sun Yat-sen (provisional)
(b. 1866 - d. 1925)
10 Mar 1912 - 22 Dec 1915 Yuan Shikai (Yüan Shih-k'ai)
(s.a.)
(1st time)(provisional to 10 Oct 1913)
Emperor
22 Dec 1915 - 22 Mar 1916 Yuan Shikai
(s.a.)
nianhao 1 Jan - 22 Mar 1916: Hongxian (Hung Hsien)
(note: This attempt at imperial
installation of Yuan Shikai
was not formally consummated
by an enthronement, and
there are questions about its
actual significance)
Presidents
22 Mar 1916 - 6 Jun 1916 Yuan Shikai (2nd time)
(s.a.)
7 Jun 1916 - 1 Jul 1917 Li Yuanhong (1st time) (s.a.)
1 Jul 1917 - 12 Jul 1917 Restoration of Great Qing
Empire (s.a.)
12 Jul 1917 - 17 Jul 1917 Li Yuanhong (2nd time) (s.a.)
17 Jul 1917 - 10 Oct 1918 Feng Guozhang (Feng Kuo-chang)
(b. 1859 - d. 1919)
10 Oct 1918 - 2 Jun 1922 Xu Shichang (Hsü Shih-chang)
(b. 1855 - d. 1939)
2 Jun 1922 - 11 Jun 1922 Zhou Ziqi (Chao Tzu-ch'i)(acting)
(b. 1871 - d. 1923)
11 Jun 1922 - 13 Jun 1923 Li Yuanhong (3rd time)
(s.a.)
13 Jun 1923 - 9 Sep 1923 Zhang Shaozeng (Chang Shao-ts'eng)
(b. 1879 - d. 1928)
(acting)
9 Sep 1923 - 10 Oct 1923 Gao Lingwei (Kao Ling-wei)(acting)
(b. 1868 - d. 1943)
10 Oct 1923 - 2 Nov 1924 Cao Kun (T'sao K'un)
(b. 1862 - d. 1938)
2 Nov 1924 - 24 Nov 1924 Huang Fu (acting)
(b. 1880 - d. 1936)
24 Nov 1924 - 20 Apr 1926 Duan Qirui (Tuan Ch'i-jui)
(b. 1865 - d. 1936)
(provisional chief executive)
20 Apr 1926 - 13 May 1926 Hu Weide (Hu Wei-te) (acting)
(b. 1863 - d. 1933)
13 May 1926 - 22 Jun 1926 Yan Huiqing (Yen Hui-ching)(acting)(b.
1877 - d. 1950)
(W.W. Yen)
22 Jun 1926 - 1 Oct 1926 Du Xigui (Tu Hsi-Kuei) (acting)
(b. 1875 - d. 1933)
1 Oct 1926 - 18 Jun 1927 Gu Weijun (Ku Wei-chün)(acting) (b. 1887 - d. 1985)
(V.K. Wellington Koo)
18 Jun 1927 - 2 Jun 1928 Zhang Zuolin (Chang Tso-lin)
(b. 1873 - d. 1928)
(Generalissimo of the Military
Government of China)
Premiers
13 Mar 1912 - 27 Jun 1912 Tang Shaoyi (T'ang Shao-yi) (b. 1860 - d. 1938)
29 Jun 1912 - 25 Sep 1912 Lu Zhengxiang (Lu Cheng-hsiang)
(b. 1870 - d. 1949)
25 Sep 1912 - 1 May 1913 Zhao
Bingjun (Chao Ping-Chün) (b. 1859 - d. 1914)
1 May 1913 - 31 Jul 1913 Duan Qirui (Tuan Ch'i-jui)(acting)
(s.a.)
31 Jul 1913 - 12 Feb 1914 Xiong Xiling (Hsiung Hsiling)
(b. 1870 - d. 1941)
12 Feb 1914 - 1 May 1914 Sun Baoqi (Sun Pao-ch'i)(acting) (s.a.)
Secretaries of state
1 May 1914 - Dec 1915 Xu Shichang (Hsü Shih-chang) (s.a.)
(1st time)
Dec 1915 - 22 Mar 1916 Lu Zhengxiang (Lu Cheng-hsiang) (s.a.)
(acting)
22 Mar 1916 - 23 Apr 1916 Xu Shichang (2nd time) (s.a.)
23 Apr 1916 - 29 Jun 1916 Duan Qirui (Tuan Ch'i-jui) (s.a.)
Premiers
29 Jun 1916 - 23 May 1917 Duan Qirui (1st time)
(s.a.)
23 May 1917 - 28 May 1917 Wu Tingfang (Wu Ting-fang)(acting)
(b. 1842 - d. 1922)
28 May 1917 - 2 Jun 1917 Li Jingxi (1st time)
(b. 1859 - d. 1925)
2 Jun 1917 - 12 Jun 1917 Xu Shichang (Hsü Shih-ch'ang)
(s.a.)
12 Jun 1917 - 24 Jun 1917 Jiang Zhaozong (Chang Shao-jong)
(b. 1861 - d. 1943)
(acting)
24 Jun 1917 - 1 Jul 1917 Li Jingxi (2nd time)
(s.a.)
1 Jul 1917 - 12 Jul 1917 Restoration of Great Qing
Empire (s.a.)
14 Jul 1917 - 30 Nov 1917 Duan Qirui (2nd time)
(s.a.)
30 Nov 1917 - 23 Mar 1918 Weng Shizhen (acting)
(b. 1861 - d. 1930)
23 Mar 1918 - 10 Oct 1918 Duan Qirui (3rd time)
(s.a.)
10 Oct 1918 - 13 Jun 1919 Qiang Nengxun (Ch'ien Neng-hsün)
(b. 1869 - d. 1924)
13 Jun 1919 - 24 Sep 1919 Gong Xinzhan (Kung Hsin-chan)
(b. 1869 - d. 1943)
(acting)
24 Sep 1919 - 14 May 1920 Jin Yunpeng (Chin Yün-P'eng)
(b. 1877 - d. 1925)
(1st time) (acting to 5 Nov
1919)
14 May 1920 - 9 Aug 1920 Sa Zhenbing (Sa Chen-ping) (acting)(b. 1859 - d. 1952)
9 Aug 1920 - 18 Dec 1921 Jin Yunpeng (2nd time)(acting)
(s.a.)
18 Dec 1921 - 24 Dec 1921 Yan Huiqing (Yen Hui-Ching)
(s.a.)
(1st time)
24 Dec 1921 - 25 Jan 1922 Liang Shiyi (Liang Shi-i)
(b. 1869 - d. 1933)
25 Jan 1922 - 8 Apr 1922 Yan Huiqing (2nd time) (acting)
(s.a.)
8 Apr 1922 - 11 Jun 1922 Zhou Ziqi (Chao Tzu-Ch'i)
(acting) (s.a.)
11 Jun 1922 - 5 Aug 1922 Yan Huiqing (3rd time)
(s.a.)
5 Aug 1922 - 29 Nov 1922 Wang Chonghui (Wang Ch'ung-hui)
(b. 1881 - d. 1958)
(acting)
29 Nov 1922 - 11 Dec 1922 Wang Daxie (Wang Ta-hsieh)
(b. 1859 - d. 1929)
11 Dec 1922 - 4 Jan 1923 Wang Zhengting (Wang Cheng-t'ing)
(b. 1882 - d. 1961)
4 Jan 1923 - 9 Sep 1923 Zhang
Shaozeng (Cheng Shao-ts'eng) (s.a.)
9 Sep 1923 - 12 Jan 1924 Gao Lingwei (Kao Ling-Wei)(acting)
(s.a.)
12 Jan 1924 - 14 Sep 1924 Sun Pao-ch'i (Sun Baoqi)
(s.a.)
14 Sep 1924 - 31 Oct 1924 Yan Huiqing (4th time)
(s.a.)
2 Nov 1924 - 24 Nov 1924 Huang Fu (acting)
(s.a.)
Mil
27 Nov 1924 - 26 Dec 1925 Duan Qirui (4th time)
(s.a.)
26 Dec 1925 - 4 Mar 1926 Xu Shiying (Hsu Shih-ying)
(b. 1873 - d. 1964)
4 Mar 1926 - 20 Apr 1926 Jia Deyao (Chia The-yao)
(b. 1880 - d. 1940)
20 Apr 1926 - 13 May 1926 Hu Weide (Hu Wei-te) (acting)
(s.a.)
13 May 1926 - 22 Jun 1926 Yan Huiqing (5th time)
(s.a.)
22 Jun 1926 - 1 Oct 1926 Du Xigui (Tu His-Kuei) (acting)
(s.a.)
1 Oct 1926 - 18 Jun 1927 Gu Weijun (Ku Wei-chün)
(acting) (s.a.)
18 Jun 1927 - 2 Jun 1928 Pan Fu
(b. 1883 - d. 1936)
Military governors
- Kiangsu (Jiangsu) -
15 Jul 1913 - 29 Jul 1913 Cheng Dequan
(b. 1860 - d. 1930)
- Anhwei (Anhui) -
17 Jul 1913 - 7 Aug 1913 Bo Wenwei
(b. 1875 - d. 1947)
- Kwangtung (Guangdong) -
18 Jul 1913 - 3 Aug 1913 Chen Jiongming (Chen Chiung-Ming)
(b. 1878 - d. 1933)
- Hunan -
25 Jul 1913 - 13 Aug 1913 Tan Yankai (T'an Yen-k'ai)
(s.a.)
"Independent" military governments in 1916
Military governors
- Yunnan -
1 Jan 1916 - 8 May 1916 Tang Jiyao (T'ang Chi-yao)
(b. 1881 - d. 1927)
- Kweichow (Guizhou) -
27 Jan 1916 - 8 May 1916 Liu Xianshi
(b. 1870 - d. 1927)
- Kwangsi (Guangxi) -
15 Mar 1916 - 8 May 1916 Lu Rongting (Lu Jung-t'ing)
(b. 1856 - d. 1927)
- Kwangtung (Guangdong) -
6 Apr 1916 - 8 May 1916 Long Jiguang (Lung Chin-kuang)
(b. 1860 - d. 1921)
- Chekiang (Zhejiang) -
12 Apr 1916 - 8 May 1916 Lu Gongwang
(b. 1879 - d. 1954)
These came together under an umbrella government:
Chairman of the Military Affairs Council
8 May 1916 - 14 Jul 1916 Tang Jiyao
(s.a.)
"Independent" military governments in 1917
Military governors
- Anhwei (Anhui) -
29 May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917 Ni Sichong (Ni Si-chong)
(b. 1868 - d. 1924)
- Shensi (Shaanxi) -
29 May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917 Chen Shufan
(b. 1885 - d. 1949)
- Fengtian -
May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917 Zhang
Zuolin (Chang Tso-lin) (s.a.)
- Shantung (Shandong) -
May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917 Zhang Huaizhi
(b. 1860 - d. 1934)
- Fukein (Fujian) -
May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917 Li Houji
(b. 1869 - d. 1942)
- Honan (Henan) -
May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917 Zhao Ti
(b. 1871 - d. 1933)
- Chekiang (Zhejiang) -
May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917 Yang Shande
(b. 1873 - d. 1919)
- Chihli (Zhili) -
May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917 Cao Kun
(s.a.)
Nationalist China
Note: The name of the polity is still Republic of China,
but it overlaps the preceding polity of that name, has a different flag
and government system, and eventually a different capital (Nanjing; Beijing
is in fact deprived of the name-part jing, meaning capital, and
is renamed Beiping after the demise of the "warlord" regime).
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| Map of China |
Hear
National Anthem "National Anthem of the Republic of China" (a.k.a. "San Min Chu-i" [The Three Principles of the People]) |
Text
of National Anthem Adopted 3 Jun 1937 |
Constitution (25 Dec 1947) ----------------------------- Provisional Constitution (10 Sep 1917 - 1 Jun 1931; in German) |
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1927-1937, 1946-1949 (Canton 1918-1927; Hankow 1937-1938, Chungking 1939-1946, and 23 Apr - 1 Dec 1949) |
"Revolution of the Citizens" (1 Jul 1926-1937) |
Yuan (CND) |
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Generalissimo of the Military Government
10 Sep 1917 - 5 Jul 1918 Sun Yat-sen
(s.a.)
KMT
5 Jul 1918 - 21 Aug 1918 Governing Committee of
the Military Government
- Sun Yat-sen
(s.a.)
KMT
- Tang Shaoyi (T'ang Shao-i)
(s.a.)
KMT
- Wu Tingfang (Wu Ting-fang)
(s.a.)
KMT
- Cen Chunxuan
(b. 1861 - d. 1933) KMT
- Lu Rongting (Lu Jung-t'ing)
(s.a.)
KMT
- Tang Jiyao (T'ang Chi-yao)
(s.a.)
KMT
- Lin Baoyi
(b. 1862 - d. 1927) KMT
21 Aug 1918 - 24 Oct 1920 Cen Chunxuan
(s.a.)
KMT
(chairman Governing Committee
of the Military Government)
24 Oct 1920 - 4 May 1921 Governing Committee of
the Military Government
- Sun Yat-sen
(s.a.)
KMT
- Tang Shaoyi
(s.a.)
KMT
- Wu Tingfang
(s.a.)
KMT
- Tang Jiyao
(s.a.)
KMT
Extraordinary President
5 May 1921 - 29 Jun 1922 Sun Yat-sen
(s.a.)
KMT
Generalissimos of the National Government
2 Mar 1923 - 12 Mar 1925 Sun Yat-sen
(s.a.)
KMT
12 Mar 1925 - 1 Jul 1925 Hu Hanmin (Hu Han-min)(acting)
(s.a.)
KMT
Chairmen of the National Government
1 Jul 1925 - 15 Apr 1926 Wang Jingwei (Wang Ching-wei)
(b. 1883 - d. 1944) KMT
16 Apr 1926 - 29 Mar 1927 Tan Yankai (T'an Yen-k'ai)
(s.a.)
KMT
Chairmen of the Standing Committee of the National Government
20 Mar 1927 - 13 Sep 1927 Wang Jingwei
(s.a.)
KMT
17 Sep 1927 - 10 Oct 1928 Tan Yankai
(s.a.)
KMT
Chairmen of the National Government
10 Oct 1928 - 15 Dec 1931 Chiang Kai-shek (1st time)
(b. 1887 - d. 1975) Mil/KMT
15 Dec 1931 - 1 Aug 1943 Lin Sen (acting to 1 Jan 1932)
(b. 1867 - d. 1943) KMT
1 Aug 1943 - 20 May 1948 Chiang Kai-shek (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Mil/KMT
(acting to 10 Oct 1943)
Presidents
20 May 1948 - 21 Jan 1949 Chiang Kai-shek
(s.a.)
KMT
21 Jan 1949 - 1 Mar 1950 Li Zongren (Li Tsung-jen)(acting¹) (b. 1890 - d. 1969) KMT
(from 8 Dec 1949 on Taiwan)
Presidents of the Executive Yuan (premiers)
10 Oct 1928 - 22 Sep 1930 Tan Yankai (T'an Yen-k'ai)
(s.a.)
KMT
Sep 1930 - 4 Dec 1930 Song Ziwen (Soong Tzu-wen)(acting) (b. 1891 - d. 1971) KMT
("T.V. Soong")(1st time)
4 Dec 1930 - 15 Dec 1931 Chiang Kai-shek (1st time)
(s.a.)
KMT
15 Dec 1931 - 28 Dec 1931 Chen Mingshu (Ch'eng Ming-hsu)
(b. 1890 - d. 1965) KMT
(acting)
28 Dec 1931 - 28 Jan 1932 Sun Fo (1st time)
(b. 1895 - d. 1973) KMT
28 Jan 1932 - 7 Dec 1935 Wang Jingwei (Wang Ching-wei)
(s.a.)
KMT
7 Dec 1935 - 1 Jan 1938 Chiang Kai-shek (2nd time)
(s.a.)
KMT
1 Jan 1938 - 20 Nov 1939 Kong Xiangxi (K'ung Hsiang-hsi)
(b. 1880 - d. 1967) KMT
("H.H. Kung")
20 Nov 1939 - 31 May 1945 Chiang Kai-shek (3rd time)
(s.a.)
KMT
31 May 1945 - 1 Mar 1947 Sung Tzu-wen (Song Ziwen)(2nd
time)(s.a.)
KMT
1 Mar 1947 - 18 Apr 1947 Chiang Kai-shek (4th time)
(s.a.)
KMT
18 Apr 1947 - 24 May 1948 Zhang Qun (Chang Ch'ün)
(b. 1889 - d. 1990) KMT
24 May 1948 - 26 Nov 1948 Weng Wenhao (Wong Wen-hao)
(b. 1889 - d. 1971) KMT
26 Nov 1948 - 12 Mar 1949 Sun Fo (2nd time)
(s.a.)
KMT
12 Mar 1949 - 3 Jun 1949 He Yingqin (Ho Ying-ch'in)
(b. 1889 - d. 1987) KMT
3 Jun 1949 - 7 Mar 1950 Yan Xishan (Yen Hsi-shan)
(s.a.)
Mil/KMT
(from 8 Dec 1949 on Taiwan)
¹The ambiguity of the Constitutional situation leaves
it unclear whether this was a vacancy
or a substitution for Chiang.
Party Abbreviations: KMT = Chungkuo Kuomin Tang ("Kuomintang" or Chinese Nationalist Party, Chinese nationalist, authoritarian, only legal party 1928-49 [1914-1919 Chung-hua Ke-ming Tang (Chinese Revolutionary Party]); Mil = Military
Alternative governments of the Republic of China:
![[Flag of Republic of China]](tw.gif)
Chairmen of the Standing Committee of the National Government (at
Nanjing)
18 Apr 1927 - 15 Aug 1927 Chiang Kai-shek
(s.a.)
KMT
26 Aug 1927 - 15 Sep 1927 Tan Yankai (T'an Yen-k'ai)
(s.a.)
KMT
Chairman of the Committee of the National Government (at
Beiping)
1 Sep 1930 - 31 Oct 1930 Yan Xishan (Yen Hsi-shan)
(s.a.)
Mil
Chairman of the National Government (at Canton [Guangzhou])
1 Jul 1931 - 1 Jan 1932 Wang Jingwei (Wang Ching-wei)
(b. 1883 - d. 1944) KMT
![[Flag of Fujian People's Revolutionary Government's of Republic of China, similar to later NLF (Vietcong) flag in Vietnam]](ch-fz33.gif)
Chairman of the People's Government (at Fuzhou)
21 Nov 1933 - 21 Jan 1934 Li Jishen
(b. 1884 - d. 1959) KMT
China under Japanese occupation:
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![[China National Government - Japanese occupation flag 1940-41]](cn_1939union-v.gif)
![[National Government, Japanese puppet state flag 1941-43]t](cn_40b.gif)
![[Japanese KMT National Government - outdoor State Flag 1943-45]](cn_cn40j.gif)
Chairman of the East Hebei Autonomous Council (at Tongzhou [Tungchow])
15 Nov 1935 - 14 Dec 1937 Yin Rugeng (Yin Ju-keng) (b. 1885 - d. 1947)
Acting Chairman of the Provisional National Government (at Beiping)
14 Dec 1937 - 30 Mar 1940 Wang Kemin (Wang K'o-min)
(b. 1873 - d. 1945)
(Chairman of North China Political Council 30
Mar 1940 - Aug 1945)
Acting Chairman of the Reformed National Government (at
Nanjing)
28 Mar 1938 - 30 Mar 1940 Liang Hongzhi (Liang Hung-chih)
(b. 1883 - d. 1946)
Chairmen of the National Government (at Nanjing)
30 Mar 1940 - 10 Nov 1944 Wang Jingwei (Wang Ching-wei)
(b. 1883 - d. 1944) KMT-WC
(acting to 1940)
20 Nov 1944 - Aug 1945 Chen Gongbo (Ch'en Kung-po)(acting)(b. 1892 - d. 1946) KMT-WC
Japanese Commanders of Shanghai Expeditionary Army
15 Aug 1937 - 2 Dec 1937 Iwane Matsui
(b. 1878 - d. 1948)
2 Dec 1937 - 14 Feb 1938 Prince Asaka Yasuhiko (b. 1887 - d. 1981)
Commanders of China Expeditionary Army
22 Sep 1939 - 1 Mar 1941 Nishio Toshizou (Nishio Juzo) (b. 1881 - d. 1960)
1
Mar 1941 - 23 Nov 1944 Shunroku Hata
(b. 1879 - d. 1962)
23 Nov 1944
- 9 Sep 1945 Yasuji Okamura
(b. 1884 - d. 1964)
Commander of Central China Area Army
30
Oct 1937 - 14 Feb 1938
Iwane Matsui
(s.a.)
Commanders of Central China Expeditionary Army
14 Feb 1938 - 14 Dec 1938 Shunroku Hata
(b. 1879 - d. 1962)
15 Sep 1938 - 23 Dec 1939 Otozo Yamada
(b. 1881 - d. 1965)
Commanders of Central Army
2 Aug 1937 - 26 Aug 1937 Kesago Nakajima (b. 1881 - d. 1945)
26 Aug 1937 - 28 Dec 1937 Shigeru Hasunama (b. 1883 – d. 1954)
28 Dec 1937 - 1 Aug 1939 Hisao Tani (b. 1882 - d. 1947)
1 Aug 1939 - 9 Mar 1940 Waichiro Sonobe (Ichiro Sonobe) (b. 1883 – d. 1963)
9 Mar 1940 - 20 Jun 1941 Yoshio Iwamatsu (b. 1886 – d. 1958)
20 Jun 1941 - 17 Aug 1942 Yoji Fujii (b. 1887 – d. 1945)
17
Aug 1942 - 21 Feb 1944
Jun Ushiroku
(b. 1884 - d. 1973)
21
Feb 1944 - 1 Dec 1944 Shojiro Iida
(b. 1888 - d. 1980)
1 Dec 1944 - 7 Apr 1945 Masakazu Kawabe
(b. 1886 -
d. 1965)
7 Apr 1945 - Sep 1945 Eitaro Uchiyama
(b. 1887 -
d. 1973)
Commanders of Northern China Area Army
26 Aug 1937 - 9 Dec 1938 Count Hisaichi Terauchi
(b. 1879 - d. 1946)
9 Dec 1938 - 12 Sep 1939 Hagime Sugiyama
(b. 1880 - d. 1945)
12 Sep 1939 - 7 Jul 1941 Hayao Tada
(b. 1882 - d. 1948)
7 Jul 1941 - 25 Aug 1944 Yasuji Okamura
(b. 1884 - d. 1966)
25 Aug 1944 - 22 Nov 1944 Noasaburo Okabe
(b. 1886 - d. 1946)
22 Nov 1944 - 19 Aug 1945 Sadamu Shimomura
(b. 1887 - d. 1968)
19
Aug 1945 - Sep 1945 Hiroshi Nemoto
(b. 1891 - d. 1961)
Commanders of Southern Area Army
10 Feb 1940 - 5 Oct 1940 Rikichi Ando
(b. 1884 - d. 1946)
5 Oct 1940 - 26 Jun 1941 Jun Ushiroku
(s.a.)
6 Nov 1941 - 12 Sep 1945 Count Hisaichi Terauchi
(s.a.)
Party Abbreviations: KMT = Chungkuo Kuomin Tang ("Kuomintang" or Chinese Nationalist Party, Chinese nationalist, authoritarian, only legal party 1928-49 [1914-1919 Chung-hua Ke-ming Tang (Chinese Revolutionary Party]); KMT-WC = Kuomintang-Wang Ching-wei (Nationalist Party-Wang Ching-wei faction, personalist [Japanese puppet government 1940-44]); Mil = Military
People's Republic of China
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![[Soviet Republic of China 1931-34]](chi_s-1.gif)
Ruijin)(often referred to as 'Jiangxi Soviet Republic').
19 Aug 1948 People's Government of North China
1 Oct 1949 People's Republic of China
8 Dec 1949 Final remnants of Nationalist government flee to Taiwan.
Note: Deng Xiaoping (Teng Hsiao-ping)(b. 1904 - d.
1997) was de facto leader from the late 1970's to the early 1990's. He
did not take over the chairmanship of the State, the Government or the
General Secretary of the Party, but from 1978 to his death in 1997 he was
the unquestionable Paramount Leader. From Jun 1981 he was Chairman of the
Military Affairs Committee. It is impossible to provide exact dates; he
rose to power in the aftermath of Mao's death (9 Sep 1976) and became more
and more frail in the 1990's (he last appeared in public
9 Feb 1994).
General Secretaries of the Communist Party of China (CPC)
18 Jun 1928 - 24 Jun 1931 Xiang Zhongfa (Hsiang Chung-fa) (b. 1880 - d. 1931)
1931 - Sep 1932 Wang
Ming (de faco acting) (b.
1904 - d. 1974)
Sep 1932 - Jan 1935 Bo Gu (Qin Bangxian)(acting) (b. 1907 - d. 1946)
Jan 1935 - 20 Mar 1943 Zhang Wentian (Chang Wen-t'ien) (b. 1900 - d. 1976)
(acting)
Chairmen of the Communist Party of China (CPC)
20 Mar 1943 - 9 Sep 1976 Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung)
(b. 1893 - d. 1976)
9 Oct 1976 - 29 Jun 1981 Hua Guofeng (Hua Kuo-feng)
(b. 1921 - d. 2008)
29 Jun 1981 - 12 Sep 1982 Hu Yaobang
(b. 1915 - d. 1989)
General Secretaries (top party post from 12 Sep 1982)
29 Feb 1980 - 16 Jan 1987 Hu Yaobang
(s.a.)
16 Jan 1987 - 24 Jun 1989 Zhao Ziyang (acting to 2 Nov 1987)
(b. 1919 - d. 2005)
24 Jun 1989 - 15 Nov 2002 Jiang Zemin
(b. 1926)
15 Nov 2002 -
Hu Jintao
(b. 1942)
Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Republic
of China
1 Dec 1931 - 15 Oct 1934 Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung)
(s.a.) CPC
Chairman of the People's Government of North China
19 Aug 1948 - 1 Oct 1949 Dong Biwu (Tung Pi-wu)
(b. 1886 - d. 1975) CPC
Chairman of the People's Government of the North-East
27 Aug 1949 - 1 Oct 1949 Gao Gang (Kao Kang)
(b. 1895 - d. 1954) CPC
Chairman of the Central People's Government
1 Oct 1949 - 27 Sep 1954 Mao Zedong
(s.a.)
CPC
Chairmen¹
27 Sep 1954 - 27 Apr 1959 Mao Zedong
(s.a.)
CPC
27 Apr 1959 - 31 Oct 1968 Liu Shaoqi (Liu Shao-ch'i)
(b. 1898 - d. 1969) CPC
31 Oct 1968 - 24 Feb 1972 Dong Biwu
(s.a.)
CPC
+ Song Qingling (f) (acting)
(b. 1893 - d. 1981) CPC
(Sung Ch'ing-ling)
24 Feb 1972 - 17 Jan 1975 Dong Biwu (acting)
(s.a.)
CPC
Chairmen of the Permanent Standing Committee of the National
People's Congress²
17 Jan 1975 - 6 Jul 1976 Zhu De (Chu Teh)
(b. 1886 - d. 1976) CPC
6 Jul 1976 - 5 Mar 1978 Vacant³
5 Mar 1978 - 18 Jun 1983 Ye Jianying
(b. 1897 - d. 1986) CPC
Presidents²
18 Jun 1983 - 8 Apr 1988 Li Xiannian
(b. 1909 - d. 1992) CPC
8 Apr 1988 - 27 Mar 1993 Yang Shangkun
(b. 1907 - d. 1998) CPC
27 Mar 1993 - 15 Mar 2003 Jiang Zemin
(s.a.)
CPC
15 Mar 2003 -
Hu Jintao
(s.a.)
CPC
Premiers
1 Oct 1949 - 8 Jan 1976 Zhou Enlai (Chou En-lai)
(b. 1898 - d. 1976) CPC
4 Feb 1976 - 10 Sep 1980 Hua Guofeng (acting to 7 Apr
1976) (s.a.)
CPC
10 Sep 1980 - 24 Nov 1987 Zhao Ziyang
(s.a.)
CPC
24 Nov 1987 - 17 Mar 1998 Li Peng (acting to 9 Apr 1988)
(b. 1928)
CPC
17 Mar 1998 - 16 Mar 2003 Zhu Rongji
(b. 1928)
CPC
16 Mar 2003 -
Wen Jiabao
(b. 1942)
CPC
²The title "chairman" for the heads of state in 1954-75 represents the same Chinese term (zhuxi) that is commonly translated "president" for the heads of state after 1983.
³Vice-chairmen of the Standing Committee during the
vacancy: Wu De (b. 1914 - d. 1995), Song Qingling (f) (b. 1893 - d. 1981),
Liu Bocheng (b. 1892 - d. 1986), Wei Guoqing (b. 1913 - d. 1989), Seypidin
(b. 1915 - d. 2003), Chen Yun (b. 1905 - d. 1995), Tan Zhenlin (b. 1902 -
d. 1983), Li Jingquan (b. 1909 - d. 1989), Ulanhu (b. 1906 - d. 1988), Guo
Moruo (b. 1892 - d. 1978), Xu Xiangqian (b. 1901 - d. 1990), Nie Rongzhen
(b. 1899 - d. 1992), Zhang Dingcheng (b. 1898 - d. 1981), Cai Chang (f) (b.
1900 - d. 1990), Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme (b. 1910 - d. 2009), Zhou Jianren (b. 1888 -
d. 1984), Xu Deheng (b. 1890 - d. 1990), Hu Juewen (b. 1895 - d. 1989), Li
Suwen (f) (b. 1933), Yao Lianwei (b. 1935), and, from 2 Dec 1976, Deng Yingchao
(f) (b. 1904 - d. 1992).
Party Abbreviations: CPC = Zhongguo Gongchandang (Communist Party of China, communist, authoritarian, only legal party since 1 Oct 1949); Mil
= Military
Territorial Disputes: Continuing talks and confidence-building measures work toward reducing tensions over Kashmir that nonetheless remains militarized with portions under the de facto administration of China (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas); India does not recognize Pakistan's ceding historic Kashmir lands to China in 1964; China and India continue their security and foreign policy dialogue started in 2005 related to the dispute over most of their rugged, militarized boundary, regional nuclear proliferation, and other matters; China claims most of India's Arunachal Pradesh to the base of the Himalayas; lacking any treaty describing the boundary, Bhutan and China continue negotiations to establish a common boundary alignment to resolve territorial disputes due to cartographic discrepancies; Chinese maps show an international boundary symbol off the coasts of the littoral states of the South China Seas, where China has interrupted Vietnamese hydrocarbon exploration; China asserts sovereignty over the Spratly Islands together with Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; the 2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea" eased tensions in the Spratly's but is not the legally binding "code of conduct" sought by some parties; Vietnam and China continue to expand construction of facilities in the Spratly's and in Mar 2005, the national oil companies of China, the Philippines, and Vietnam signed a joint accord on marine seismic activities in the Spratly Islands; China occupies some of the Paracel Islands also claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; China and Taiwan continue to reject both Japan's claims to the uninhabited islands of Senkaku-shoto (Diaoyu Tai) and Japan's unilaterally declared equidistance line in the East China Sea, the site of intensive hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation; certain islands in the Yalu and Tumen rivers are in dispute with North Korea; North Korea and China seek to stem illegal migration to China by North Koreans, fleeing privations and oppression, by building a fence along portions of the border and imprisoning North Koreans deported by China; China and Russia have demarcated the once disputed islands at the Amur and Ussuri confluence and in the Argun River in accordance with their 2004 Agreement; China and Tajikistan have begun demarcating the revised boundary agreed to in the delimitation of 2002; the decade-long demarcation of the China-Vietnam land boundary is expected to be completed by the end of 2008, while the maritime boundary delimitation and fisheries agreements in the Gulf of Tonkin, ratified in Jun 2004, have been implemented; citing environmental, cultural, and social concerns, China has reconsidered construction of 13 dams on the Salween River, but energy-starved Burma, with backing from Thailand, remains intent on building five hydro-electric dams downstream despite regional and international protests; Chinese and Hong Kong authorities met in Mar 2008 to resolve ownership and use of lands recovered in Shenzhen River channelization, including 96-hectare Lok Ma Chau Loop; Hong Kong developing plans to reduce 2,000 out of 2,800 hectares of its restricted Closed Area by 2010 .
Manchuria and Manchukuo
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![[Manchuria (1922) under Chang Tso-lin]](cn-mk22.gif)
![[Manchuoko, flag 1932-34]](cn-manch.gif)
![[Flag of Manchukuo, 1934-45]](cn-ma34.gif)
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"National Anthem of the Great Manchu Empire" (5 Feb 1942 - 15 Aug 1945) |
"Nation's Founding Song" (24 Feb 1933 - 15 Aug 1942) |
(1 Mar 1934; in German) |
|
Capital: Hsinking (Changchun) (1916-1931: Shenyang [Mukden]) |
Manchukuo Yuan (CNMY) |
State Foundation Celebration Day ---------------------------------- 7 Feb (1906) Emperor's Birthday |
(850,000 Japanese by 1945) |
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Imports: $221.7 million (1937) note: excluding trade with the rest of China |
between Manchurian & Chinese) 95%, Korean 3%, Japanese 1.5% (1938) |
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Total Armed Forces: 111,044 (1934) Japanese Troops: est. 1,000,000 (1945) Merchant marine: N/A |
Catholic, Shinto, Protesant |
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| International Organizations/Treaties: None | |||
1897 - 1917
Russian protectorate over Manchuria (from Sep 1905,
only northern Manchuria).
21 May 1900 - 10 Mar 1905 Russian occupation.
10 Mar 1905 - 15 Apr 1907 Southern Manchuria occupied by
Japan.
1916
Manchuria under warlord control
(nominally still of
of the Republic of China).
1922
Autonomy declared the by local
warlord.
29 Dec 1928
Manchuria "formally" reunified with China.
18 Sep 1931
Japanese invasion and occupation begins.
9 Mar 1932
Great Manchu State (Manchukuo [Manzhouguo])(not recognized¹).
21 Jan 1933
Chinese province of Jehol annexed.
1 Mar 1934
Great Manchu Empire
9 Aug 1945
Soviet forces begin invasion.
15 Aug 1945 - May 1946 Occupied by the
Soviet Union.
Russian Military Governors
21 May 1900 - 25 Oct 1904 Yevgeny Ivanovich Alekseyev
(b. 1843 - d. 1918)
25 Oct 1904 - 16 Mar 1905 Aleksey Nikolayevich Kuropatkin
(b. 1848 - d. 1925)
Japanese Military Governors
10 Mar 1905 - 15 Apr 1907 ....
Military Governors
1916 - 7 Jun 1928 Zhang Zuolin (Chang Tso-lin)
(b. 1873 - d. 1928)
(civil governor from 13 May
1922)
7 Jun 1928 - 18 Sep 1931 Zhang
Xuelian (Chang Hsüeh-liang) (b. 1901 - d. 2001)
18 Sep 1931 - 9 Mar 1932 Jiro Minami (military governor)
(b. 1874 - d. 1957)
Chief Executive
9 Mar 1932 - 1 Mar 1934 Puyi ("Henry" Pu-yi)
(b. 1906 - d. 1967)
nianhao: Datong (Hsüan-T'ung)
Emperor
1 Mar 1934 - 15 Aug 1945 Puyi
(s.a.)
nianhao: Kangde (Kang Teh)
Soviet Military Governor
15 Aug 1945 - May 1946 Aleksandr Mikhailovich
Vasilevsky (b. 1895 - d. 1977)
Premiers
9 Mar 1932 - 21 May 1935 Zheng Xiaoxu (Cheng Hsiao-hsü)
(b. 1860 - d. 1938)
21 May 1935 - 15 Aug 1945 Zhang Jinghui (Chang Ching-hui)
(b. 1871 - d. 1959)
Japanese Ambassadors (and Commanders of the Kwantung Army)
1 Aug 1931 - 8 Aug 1932 Baron Shigeru Honjo
(b. 1876 - d. 1945)
8 Aug 1932 - 27 Jul 1933 Baron Nobuyoshi Muto
(b. 1868 - d. 1933)
29 Jul 1933 - 10 Dec 1934 Takashi Hishikari
(b. 1871 - d. 1952)
10 Dec 1934 - 6 Mar 1936 Jiro Minami
(b. 1874 - d. 1955)
6 Mar 1936 - 7 Sep 1939 Kenkichi Ueda
(b. 1875 - d. 1962)
7 Sep 1939 - 18 Jul 1944 Yoshijiro Umezu
(b. 1882 - d. 1949)
18 Jul 1944 - 11 Aug 1945 Otozo Yamada
(b. 1881 - d. 1965)
¹only the following countries established diplomatic relations with
Manchukuo: Japan (14 Sep 1932), El Salvador (3 Mar 1934), Vatican City (18 Apr 1934), Italy (20 Nov 1937), Spain (2 Dec 1937), Germany (12
May 1938), Hungary (14 Jan 1939), Slovakia (1 Jun 1939), Poland (19 Oct 1939),
Japanese-sponsored National Government China (30 Nov 1940), Rumania (3 Dec 1940), Bulgaria
(14 May 1941), Finland (19 Jul 1941), Denmark (Aug 1941), Thailand (1 Aug 1941), Croatia (2 Aug 1941), Japanese-sponsored Philippine Republic (1943) and the Japanese-sponsored Provisional Government of Free India (1944).
Inner Mongolia
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![[Mongolian League flag, 1934-36]](cn-im40.gif)
![[Flag of Inner Mongolia (Mengjiang), 1936-39]](cn-im36.gif)
![[Mongolian Federated Autonomous Council, 1939-45]](cn-mf37.gif)
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(= Hohhot [Pailingmiao]) |
Meng Chiang Yuan (CNPM) | Articles of Corporation (1 Sep 1939) |
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23 Apr 1934
Mongols in Inner Mongolia establish autonomous Mongolian
Federation (or League).
22 Dec 1935
Independence declared.
28 Jun 1936
Japanese form Mongol provinces into the Mengjiang Joint Committee
(Meng-chiang), parallel to
the Japanese puppet Provisional
Government of the Republic
of China, then later subordinate to
the Japanese puppet National
Government of the Republic of
China (in former Chahar and
Suiyuan provinces).
22 Nov 1937
Menggu zizhi bang (Mêng-ku Tzu-chih Pang [Menggu/Manzhou),
the
Mongolian Federated Autonomous
Government formed
(Mongol Obesbeen Jasaha Uls).
1 Sep 1939 Mengjiang United Autonomous Government
4 Aug 1941 Mongolian Autonomous Federation
Chairman of the Inner Mongolian Autonomy Committee
Oct 1933 - 1938 Yün Wang (Yundenvanchig) (d. 1938)
Chairman of the Autonomous Political Council
23 Apr 1934 - 8 Dec 1937 Dewang
(b. 1902 - d. 1966)
(Prince Teh [Demcuk Dongrup])
Chairman of Inner Mongolia Federation
8 Dec 1937 - Dec 1949 Dewang
(s.a.)
(Chinese prisoner 1945 - Aug 1949)
Commanders of the Japanese Garrison Army in (Inner) Mongolia
28 Dec 1937 - 31 Aug 1939 Shigeru Hasunuma
(b. 1883 - d. 1954)
31 Aug 1939 - 12 Sep 1939 Hajime Sugiyama
(b. 1880 - d. 1945)
12 Sep 1939 - 29 Sep 1940 Noasaburo Okabe
(b. 1886 - d. 1946)
29 Sep 1940 - 20 Jan 1941 Masataka Yamawaki
(b. 1886 - d. 1974)
20 Jan 1941 - 2 Mar 1942 Shigetaro Amakasu
(b. 1887 - d. 1958)
2 Mar 1942 - 28 May 1943 Ichiro Shichida
28 May 1943 - 22 Nov 1944 Yoshio Kozuki
(b. 1886 - d. 19..)
22 Nov 1944 - 19 Aug 1945 Hiroshi Nemoto
(b. 1891 - d. 1961)
Kashgaria/East Turkestan
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![[Islamic Republic of Eastern Turkestan (Xinjiang) 1933-34]](cn_tk43.gif)
![[Flag of East Turkestan Republic (Xinjiang) 1944-46]](cn-xj.gif)
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Capital: Urumqi (Kashgar 1865-1877; Ghulja [Yining] 1762-1888) |
National
Anthem "Qozghal, Birlesh" (March, Unite) (1933-1934) |
Population: 4,360,000 (1943) |
1514
Khanate of Kashgaria founded
part of Djagataide Khanate.
17th cent.
Divided into several minor khanates without importance, real
power going to the so-called
Khwaja, Arabic islamic religious
leaders.
c.1678
Hidayat Allah Hazrat Apaq of the Aqtaghlik, with the help of the
Dzungars, deposed the last
Djagataide Khan and ousted the rival
Qartaghlik, becoming the real
ruler of Kashgaria under Dzungar
(Dörben Oyirad) protection.
1694 - 1720
Occupied by Dörben Oyirad.
Jul 1759 - May 1826 Occupied
by Qing Empire.
1820 - 1828
Aqtaghliq rebellion.
1864
Detached from the Qing Empire
Kingdom of Qäshqäriyä
(Kashgaria).
1870
Polity renamed Jiti Shahar.
28 Jun 1871 - 24 Feb 1881 Ghulja (Ili) basin occupied by Russia.
28 Dec 1877
Re-incorporated into Qing empire.
1888
Eastern Turkestan formally
annexed to Qing Empire,
renamed Sinkiang (Xinjiang).
1928 - 16 Jun 1946
De facto autonomous from central Chinese government.
12 Dec 1933 - 6 Feb 1934 Islamic Republic of Eastern
Turkestan (in rebellion)
(also known as Uighuristan
or Turkish Islamic Republic of
East Turkestan).
16 Jan 1943
Re-incorporation into China declared.
12 Nov 1944 - 16 Jun 1946 East Turkestan Republic (in rebellion)
16 Jun 1946
Re-incorporated into China.
1 Oct 1955
Creation of Xinjiang Ughur Autonomous
Region.
Khans
c.1693 - 1720
Ahmed Khan
(d. af.1720)
1720 - 1754
Daniyal Khwaja (2nd time)
1754 - 1757
Yusuf ibn Daniyal
1757
`Abd Allah Badshah Khwaja ibn
Yusuf
1757 - Jul 1759
Burhan ad-Din ibn Ahmad
(d. 1760)
1820 - 1828
Jahangir Hodja (in rebellion) (b. 1783? -
d. 1828)
Sep 1830 - Dec 1830 Muhammad
Yusuf Hodja (in rebellion)
May 1857 - Aug 1857 Wali
Khan (in rebellion)
1864 - Feb 1865
Qutlugh Beg
Feb 1865 - 1866
Buzurg Khwaja ibn Jahangir Khan
(1st time)
1866
Muhammad Amin ibn Jahangir
Khan
1866 - 1867
Buzurg Khwaja ibn Jahangir Khan
(2nd time)
1867 - 6 Dec 1873
Muhammad Ya`qub Beg ibn Pir (b.
c.1820 - d. 1877)
Muhammad Mirza
Amir Khans
6 Dec 1873 - 29 May 1877 Muhammad Ya`qub Beg ibn Pir
(s.a.)
Muhammad Mirza
29 May 1877 - 28 Dec 1877 Quli Beg ibn Muhammad Ya`qub Beg
(b. 1821 - d. 1877)
President of the Turkish-Islamic Republic of East Turkestan
12 Dec 1933 - 6 Feb 1934 Xoca Niyaz Haci
(b. 1887 - d. 1938)
President of East Turkestan Republic
12 Nov 1944 - 16 Jun 1946 Alikhan Tore
(b. 1885 - d. 1976)
Prime minister
Dec 1933 - Feb 1934 Abdul-Bakr
Tabit Damla
Dörben Oyriad (Dzungar Khanate)
1626
Dörben Oyriad (Four Confederates)
or Dzungar Kalmyk (or Kalmuck)
Khanate formed. Covering Xinjiang
region of China, Kyrgyzstan,
eastern Kazakhstan, and western
Mongolia.
1755 - 4 Oct 1755
Tributary of China.
4 Oct 1755 - 4 Oct 1757 In rebellion against
Chinese suzerainty.
Mar 1756
Annexed by China.
Khans
.... - 1634
Khara Khula
(d. 1634)
1634 - 1653 Erdeni
Batur
(d. 1653)
1653 - 1671
Sengge
(d. 1671)
1671 - 3 May 1697 Galdan Boshugtu Khan
(b. 1644 - d. 1697)
1697 - 1727
Tsewang Rabtan (d. 1727)
1727 - Aug/Sep 1745 Galdan
Tseren
(d. 1745)
1745 - 1750
Tsewang Dorji Namjal (Bayan Khan)
1750 - 1753
Lamdarjaa (Lama Dardja)
(d. 1753)
1753 - 1755 Dawaachi (Dawadji)
(d. 1759)
1755
- 4 Oct 1757
Amursana
(b. 1722 - d. 1757)
(from 4 Oct 1755, in
rebellion)
Chinese Imperial Commissioner
1755
- 4 Oct 1755
Pan Ti
(d. 1755)
Tibet
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![[1920 Tibetan flag]](xt-1920.gif)
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"Gyallu" |
Adopted 1949 (or 1960) |
Charter of the Tibetans in Exile (14 Jun 1991) |
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Tibetan Silver Rupee (TBR) |
7 Jul (1935) Dali Lama's Birthday |
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| Total Armed Forces: 10,000 (1949) 4,000 (1914) |
Religions: Buddhist, Lamanist |
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| International Organizations/Treaties: 1912-1950 None; Govt. in Exile: UNPO (from 1991) | |||
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c.600
Kingdom of Tibet
842 - 1244
State fragmented.
1244
Under Mongol rule.
c.1642 - 2 Dec 1717 Under
suzerainty of the Qoshot (Khoshut) Khanate.
2 Dec 1717 - 24 Sep 1720
Under suzerainty of the Dörben Oyriad.
24 Sep 1720
Under suzerainty of the Qing (Chinese) Empire.
24 Mar 1856 - 7 Sep 1904 Makes tributary payments to
Nepal.
3 Aug 1904 - 23 Sep 1904 British occupation of Lhasa.
7 Sep 1904
Convention of Lhasa accords Britain commercial agents
in the Tibetan cities of Gyantse,
Gartok and Yatung.
7 Sep 1904 - 15 Aug 1947 Under British influence.
Apr 1906 - Feb 1908 British
occupation of Lhasa and Chumbi valley.
24 Apr 1906
Britain recognizes Chinese suzerainty by Treaty of Peking.
28 Oct 1912
Dalai Lama rejects inclusion in the Republic of China.
Jan 1913
Nominally independent (Kingdom of Tibet), de jure still part
of China (officially from 8
Mar 1913).
3 Jul 1914
By Convention of Simla, all of Tibet, Inner and Outer,
recognized by Britain as "state
under the suzerainty but
not the sovereignty of China."
7 Oct 1950
Chinese invasion and occupation.
23 May 1951
Annexed by China (see Tibetan region).
Note: Although the dates are firm in the Tibetan calendar,
the correspondence between the Tibetan and the Gregorian calendars is only
approximate, as are, consequently, the dates
given here.
Secular rulers (title Junwang, usually translated
king)
1642 - 14 Jan 1655 Güshi
(Gushri) Khan (b.
1582 - d. 1655)
1656 - 1669 Dayan Khan
1669 - 1698 Gonchug Dalai Khan
1701 - 1703 Vangjal
(d. 1703)
1703 - 2 Dec 1717 'Lha-bzang Khan
(d. 1717)
2 Dec 1717 - 24 Sep 1720 sTag-rtse-pa lha-rgyal-rab-brtan (d. 1720)
(regent)(Tagtsepa Lhagyel Raben)
1728 - 12 Mar 1747 Pho-lha-nas bSod-nams-stobs-rgyas
(b. c.1689 - d. 1747)
"Mi-dbang Pho-lha"
(Miwang Pholhanas Sönam Tobgye)
(administrator to 11 Jan 1740)
1747 - 11 Nov 1750
Pho-lha-nas 'Gyur-med-rnam-rgyal (d. 1750)
"Ta-la'i-ba-dur" (Gyurme Namgyel)
Dalai Lamas
14 Jul 1679 - 1703 sDe-srid Sangs rgyas-rgya-mtsho (b. 1653 - d. 1705)
(Sanggye Gyatso)
(adminstrator to 1683, then
regent)
8 Dec 1697 - 27 Jun 1706 Rin-chen-blo-bzang-rig-'dzins-
tshangs-dbyangs-rgya-mtsho
(6th Dalai Lama)
(b. 1683 - d.
1706)
1703 - 1706
sDe-srid Ngag-dbang Rin-chen -Regent
(Ngawang Rinchen)
27 Jun 1706 - 1707
Vacant
1707 - 1717
Ngag-dbang-ye-shes-rgya-mtsho (b. 1681/5
- d. 1723)
(usurping Dalai Lama)
1717 - 24 Sep 1720 sTag-rtse-zhabs-drung -Regent (s.a.)
(Taktse Shabdrung)
24 Sep 1720 - 1721 Yanxin -Chinese military commander
16 Oct 1720 - 22 Mar 1757 rGyal-dbang-blo-bzang-bskal-
bzang-rgya-mtsho (7th Dalai
Lama) (b. 1708 - d. 1757)
(ritually presumed to have
ruled from 1708)
22 Mar 1757 - 29 Apr 1757 Council of Ministers
29 Apr 1757 - 28 Aug 1762 De-mo sprul-sku Ngag-dbang-'jam-
(d. 1770)
dpal-bde-legs-rgya-mtsho -Regent
28 Aug 1762 - 19 Nov 1804 Blo-bzang-'jam-dpal-rgya-mtsho
(8th Dalai Lama)
(b. 1758 - d. 1804)
1804 - 5 Mar 1808
Kun-bde-gling rTa-tshag-rje-drung- (d. 1810)
sprul-sku Ye-shes-blo-bzang-
bstan-pa'i-mgon-po -Regent
5 Mar 1808 - 26 Mar 1815 Blo-bzang-lung-rtogs-rgya-mtsho
(9th Dalai Lama)
(b. 1806 - d. 1815)
1815 - 28 Mar 1819
De-mo sPrul-sku Blo-bzang-thub-
bstan-'jigs-med-rgya-
(d. 1819)
mtsho -Regent
30 Mar 1819 - 6 Feb 1822 mTsho-smon-gling sPrul-sku
(d. 1844)
Ngag-dbang-'jam-dpal-tshul-khrims
(1st time) -Regent
6 Feb 1822 - 30 Sep 1837 Blo-bzang-tshul-khrims-rgya-mtsho
(10th Dalai Lama)
(b. 1816 - d. 1837)
30 Sep 1837 - 29 Sep 1841 mTsho-smon-gling sPrul-sku
(s.a.)
Ngag-dbang-'jam-dpal-tshul-khrims
(2nd time) -Regent
29 Sep 1841 - 31 Jan 1856 Blo-bzang-mkhas'-grub-rgya-mtsho
(11th Dalai Lama)
(b. 1838 - d. 1856)
31 Jan 1856 - 1856
Council of Ministers
1856 - 26 Feb 1858
Rva-sgreng sPrul-sku Ngag-dbang- (d. 1888)
ye-shes-tshul-khrims-rgyal-
mtshan -Regent
26 Feb 1858 - 25 Apr 1875 Ngag-dbang-blo-bzang-'phrin-las-
rgya-mtsho (12th Dalai Lama)
(b. 1856 - d. 1875)
25 Apr 1875 - 1875
Council of Ministers
1875 - 12 Feb 1878
Kun-bde-gling sPrul-sku rTa-tshag-
rje-drung-ngag-dbang-dpal-ldan-
chos-kyi-rgyal-mtshan -Regent
12 Feb 1878 - 17 Dec 1933 Ngag-dbang-blo-bzang-thub-bstan-
rgya-mtsho-'jigs-bral-dbang-phyug-
phyogs-las-rnam-rgyal
(13th Dalai Lama)
(b. 1876 - d. 1933)
(30 Jul 1904 - 25 Dec 1909
in Mongolia, later China exile;
25 Feb 1910 - Jun 1912 in exile
in India)
30 Jul 1904 - 1910
Ganden Tripa Rimpoche Lobzang
Gyaltsen Lamashar -Administrator
(for exiled Dalai Lama)
23 Feb 1910 - 1913
Gaden Tripa Tsmoling Rimpoche
Ngawang Lozang -Administrator
(for exiled Dalai Lama)
17 Dec 1933 - Jan 1934 Council of Ministers
Jan 1934 - 25 Aug 1939 Rva-sgreng sPrul-sku
Thub-bstan- (b. 1911 - d. 1947)
'jam-dpal-ye-shes-rgyal-mtshan -Regent
(regent [for the Dalai Lama
to 16 Jan 1941])
25 Aug 1939 -
rJe-btsun-'Jam-dpal-ngag-dbang-
blo-bzang-ye-shes-bstan-'dzin-
rgya-mtsho (14th Dalai Lama)
(b. 1935)
(Head of state Mar 1951 - Mar
1959)
(from 31 Mar 1959 in exile
[from 1 May 1960 in Dharamsala, India])
16 Jan 1941 - 1950
Stag-brag ngag-dbang gsung-rab -Regent
(Taktra Rimpoche Sungrab Ngawang)
(b. 1874 - d. 1952)
31 Mar 1959 - Dec 1964 Bskal-bzang Tshe-brtan
-Head of state
(10th Panchen Lama)
(b. 1938 - d. 1989)
Military Commander-in-chief
Jan 1951 - Feb 1967 Zhang
Guohua (Chang Kuo-hua)
(b. 1914 - d. 1972)
Regents
1642 - 5 Apr 1658 sDe-srid
bSod nams-chos-phel (b. 1595 - d. 1658)
(Sönam Chöphel)
19 Aug 1660 - 30 Mar 1668 gRong-smad Paphri-las-rgya-mtsho (d. 1668)
(Thrinle Gyatso)
26 Sep 1669 - Mar 1675 sDe-srid Blo-bzang-mthu-stobs
(Lobsang Thutob)
16 Oct 1675 - 21 Jun 1679 sDe-srid Blo-bzang-sbyin-pa
(Lobsang Chinpa)
14 Jul 1679 - 1703 sDe-srid sangs rgyas-rgya-mtsho (s.a.)
(Sanggye Gyatso)
1703 - 1706 sDe-srid Ngag-dbang Rin-chen
(Ngawang Rinchen)
1706 - Nov 1750 Vacant
Nov 1750 - 23 Apr 1751 dGa-bzhi Pandita (acting)
23 Apr 1751 - 29 Apr 1757
Vacant
29 Apr 1757 - 1 Mar 1777 de-mo qutuqtu
(d. 1777)
(Demo Trulku Jampel Delek)
17 Aug 1777 - 22 Jul 1781 Nag-dban-ts'ul-krims (1st time) (d. 1791)
(Tsemoling Ngawang Tsultrim)
22 Jul 1781 - 26 May 1789 Vacant
26 May 1789 - 28 Sep 1790 Ye-ses-blo-bzan-bstanpa'i-mong-po (d.
1810)
(1st time)
(Tenpai Gonpo Kindeling)
13 Jan 1791 - 29 Apr 1791 Nag-dban-ts'ul-krims (2nd time) (s.a.)
5 Sep 1791 - 1810 Ye-ses-blo-bzan-bstanpa'i-mong-po (s.a.)
(2nd time)
9 Apr 1811 - 28 Mar 1819 Dde-mo blo-bzan-bstan-jigs-med- (d. 1819)
rgya-mts'o
(Demo Thubten Jigme)
30 Mar 1819 - 18 Sep 1844 Nag-dban-'jam-dpal-ts'ul-k'rims
(Jampel Tsultrim Tsemoling)
1844 - May 1845
Blo-bzang-bstan-pa'i-nyi-ma
(7th Panchen Lama)
(b. 1781 - d. 1854)
(Tenpai Nyima)
31 May 1845 - 1 Mar 1855 Nag-dban-ye-ses ts'ul-k'rims-
rgyal-mts'an (1st time)
(Reting Rimpoche = Yeshe Gyastso)
1 Mar 1855 - 1856
Vacant
1856 - 1862
Nag-dban-ye-ses ts'ul-k'rims-
rgyal-mts'an (2nd time)
Jul 1862 - 25 Sep 1864 bSad-sgra-dban-p'yug-rgyal-po (d. 1864)
(Wangchuck Gyalpo Shatra)
28 Oct 1864 - 19 Oct 1872 blo-bzan-nk'yen-rab-dban-p'yug
(Khenrab Wangchuk Dedrug)
19 Oct 1872 - 8 Nov 1875 Vacant
8 Nov 1875 - 11 May 1886 Nag-dban-dpal-ldan-c'os-kyi-rgyal- (d. 1886)
mts'an
(Choskyi Gyaltsen Kundeling)
14 Jun 1886 - 26 Sep 1895 Nag-dban-blo-bzan-p'rin-las-rab- (d. 1899)
rgyas (Demo Trinley Rabgyas)
1895 - 1913
Ganden Tripa Isomolin Rimpoch'e
1913 - Jan 1934
Vacant
Jan 1934 - Feb 1941 T'ub-bstan-'jam-dpal-ye-ses-
rgyal-mts'an
(Reting Rimpoche = Jampal Yeshe)
Feb 1941 - 17 Nov 1950 Nag-dban-gsun-rab-grub-t'ob-bstan- (s.a.)
pa'i-rgyal-mts'an (acting)
(Tatkra Rimpoche Ngawang Sungrab)
Presidents of the Council of Ministers (style
Desi)
(usually serving jointly)
1721 - 1727 K'an-c'en-nas bSod-nams-rgyal-po
1727 - 1862 the Dali Lamas
1862 - Sep 1864
bSad-sgra dBan-p'yug rGyal-po (d. 1864)
(Wangchuck Gyalpo Shatra)
1864 - 1907
Post abolished
1907 - 1920
Changkhyim
(d. 1920)
1907 - 1923
Paljor Dorje Shatra
(d. 1923)
1907 - 1926
Sholkhang
(d. 1926)
1926 - 1940
Silong Yakkyi Langdun
1950 - Apr 1952
Lozang Tashi
Chinese ambans (representatives of the emperors at the
court of the Dalai Lama)
1709 - 1711
Ho Shou -Envoy
24 Sep 1720 - 1721 Yanxin -Military commandant
1721 - 1723
Ts'eban Norbu -Military commandant
1723 - 1724
Orai
1724 - 1726
Vacant
1726
Oci
+ Bandi
1727 - 1728
Sengko (1st time) -Envoy
+ Mai-u (2nd time) -Envoy
1728 - 1728
Jalangga -Military commandant
1728 - 1733
Sengko (2nd time)
+ Mailu (2nd time)
1733 - 1734
Qingbu
1733 - 1734
+ Miyuser
1734
Nasutai (1st time)
+ Arxun
1734 - 1737
Nasutai (2nd time)
1737 - 1739
Hanggilu
1739 - 1741?
Jishan (1s time)
1742 - 1745
Sopai (1st time)
1745 - 1747
Fujing (1st time)
(d. 1750)
1747 - 1748
Sopai (2nd time)
1747 - 1748
Fujing (2nd time)
(s.a.)
1748
Sopai (3rd time)
1748 - 1749
Labdon (La-bu-dun)
(b. 1703 - d. 1750)
1749 - 1750
Jishan (2nd time)
1750
Fujing (3rd time)
(s.a.)
1750
Jishan (3rd time)
1751 - 1751
Bandi (1st time)
1751 - 1751
Ts'ebin -Commissioner
1751 - 1752
Bandi (2nd time)
+ rNamrgyal
1752 - 1754
Duoerji
1754 - 1757
Salashan
1757 - 1761
Guanbao (1st time)
1761 - 1764
Funai
1764 - 1766
Aminertu (Amiletu)
1766 - 1767
Guanbao (2nd time)
1767 - 1773
Manggulai
1773 - 1775
Wumitai
1775 - 1779
Liubaozhu (1st time)
1779 - 1780
Suolin
1780 - 1785
Beqing'e
1785 - 1786
Liubaozhu (2nd time)
1786 - 1788
Yamantai
1788 - 1789
Fozhi
1788 - 1790
Shulian
+ Bazhong
1790
Pufu
1790 - 1791
Bao-tai
1791
Kuilin
1791 - 1792
Ehui
1792 - 1793
Chengde
1792 - 1794
Helin
1794 - 1799
Songyun
1799 - 1803
Yingshan
1803 - 1804
Funing
1804 - 1805
Ts'e-pa-k'e (Cebake)
1805 - 1808
Yuning
1808 - 1811
Wenbi
1811 - 1812
Yangchun (Yangchun-bao)
1812 - 1813
Hutuli
1814 - 1817
Ximing
1817 - 1820
Yulin
1820 - 1823
Wen'gan (Wenning)
1823 - 1827
Songting
1827 - 1830
Huixian
1830 - 1833
Xingke
1833 - 1834
Longwen
1834 - 1835
Wenwei
1835 - 1836
Qinglu
1836 - 1839
Guanshengbao
1839 - 1842
Mengbao
1843 - 1847
Qishan
1847 - 1848
Binliang
1848 - 1852
Mutenge
1852
Haimei
1852 - 1854
Zhunling
1854 - 1857
Hetehe
1857 - 1862
Manqing
1862 - 1869
Jing Wen
1869 - 1872
Enlin
1872 - 1874
Chengii
1874 - 1879
Songgui
1879 - 1885
Selenge
1885 - 1888
Wenshi
1886 - 1888
Wenshi
1888 - 1892
Shengtai
1893 - 1897
Kuihan
1897 - 1902
Wenhai
1902 - 1904
Yugang
1904 - 1906
Yutai
1906 - 1912
Lianyu
Chinese Special Envoys to Tibet
9 May 1912 - 2 Apr 1914 Zhong Ying
2 Apr 1914 - 16 May 1924 Lu Xingqi (Lu Hsing-ch'i)
2 Mar 1916 - 16 May 1924 Li Jiazhe (acting for Lu)
British Agents (resident in Sikkim)
1904 - 1921
Charles A. Bell
(b. 1870 - d. 1945)
1921 - 1928
Frederick Marshman Bailey
(b. 1882 - d. 1967)
1928 - 1932
Leslie Weir
(b. 1883 - d. 1950)
1932 - 1935
Frederick Williamson
(b. 1891 - d. 1935)
1935 - 1937
Basil J. Gould
(b. 1883 - d. 1956)
Heads of the British Mission in Lhasa
Feb 1937 - Jul 1937 Hugh Edward Richardson (1st time) (b. 1905 - d. 2000)
Jul 1937 - Oct 1938 Norbu Dhondup (1st time) (b. 1904 - d. 1947)
Oct 1938 - Oct 1939 Hugh Edward Richardson (2nd time) (s.a.)
Oct 1939 - Apr 1942 Norbu Dhondup (2nd time) (s.a.)
Apr 1942 - Apr 1943 Frank Ludlow
(b. 1885 -
d. 1972)
Apr 1943 - Jun 1944
George Sheriff (1st time) (b. 1898 - d. 1967)
Jun 1944 - Sep 1944
Hugh Edward Richardson (3rd time) (s.a.)
Sep 1944 - Apr 1945
George Sheriff (2nd time) (s.a.)
Apr 1945 - Apr 1946
Pemba Tsering (1st time)
Apr 1946 - Sep 1947
Hugh Edward Richardson (4th time) (s.a.)
Sep 1947 - Dec 1947 Pemba Tsering (2nd time)
Dec 1947 - 1950
Hugh Edward Richardson (5th time) (s.a.)
Indian Trade Agents
1950
Surendra Mohan Krishnatry
(b. 1921)
1950 - Jan 1951
S. Sinha
Tibet Government in Exile: Tibetan Administration
![[Tibetan flag]](xt.gif)
1959 Central Tibetan Administration
31 May 2011 Renamed Tibetan Administration.
Dalai Lama
25 Aug 1939 -
rJe-btsun-'Jam-dpal-ngag-dbang-
blo-bzang-ye-shes-bstan-'dzin-
rgya-mtsho (14th Dalai Lama)
(s.a.)
(from 31 Mar 1959 in exile
[from 1 May 1960 in Dharamsala, India];
political role ended 31 May 2011)
Chairmen of the Cabinet (Kalon Tripa)(in
exile)
1959 - 1960
Jangsa Tsang
Non-party
1960 - 1965
Zurkhang Ngawang Gelek
(b. 1910 - d. 1977) Non-party
1965 - 1970
Shenkha Gurney Topgyal Non-party
1970 - 1975
Garang Lobsang Rigzin
Non-party
1975 - 1980
Kunling Woeser Gyaltsen
(b. 1915 - d. 2000) Non-party
1980 - 1985
Wangdue Dorjee
Non-party
1985 - May 1990
Juchen Thupten Namgyal
Non-party
May 1990 - Aug 1991 Kelsang
Yeshi (1st time)
(b. 1941) Non-party
Aug
1991 - Feb 1993 Gyalo
Thondup
(b. 1928) Non-party
Feb 1993 - 4 Jun 1996 Tenzin Namgyal
Tethong (b. 1947?) Non-party
4 Jun 1996 - Apr 1997 Kelsang Yeshi (2nd time) (s.a.) Non-party
Apr
1997 - 5 Sep 2001 Sonam Topgyal
(b. 1934) Non-party
5 Sep 2001 - 8 Aug 2011 Samdhong Rinpoche (Lobsang Tenzin)
(b. 1939) Non-party
8 Aug 2011 - Lobsang
Sangay
(b. 1968) Non-party
Note: No political parties existed prior to the 7 Oct 1950 Chinese invasion.
©2000 Ben Cahoon